Rocks

Rocks

What is a rock?
ƒ A rock is a naturally formed aggregate
composed of one or more minerals
ƒ Rocks are aggregates of one or more
minerals

Which one is the best answer?

 Rocks

Example of a rock, an aggregate of more than one minerals

 Rocks

Rocks are classified on the basis of

how they form

ƒ There are 3 major classes of rocks:

ƒ Igneous rocks
ƒ Sedimentary rocks
ƒ Metamorphic rocks
 Igneous Rocks

ƒ Igneous Rocks form by crystallization of molten

rock material
ƒ Molten rock material below Earth’s surface is
called magma

ƒ Molten rock material erupted above Earth’s

surface is called lava

ƒ The name changes because the composition

of the molten material changes as it is erupted
due to escape of volatile gases
 Metamorphic Rocks

• Metamorphic rocks are changed rocks

• They are formed in the solid state in
response to one or more of the
following agents of metamorphism:
• Change in pressure
• Change in temperature
• Change in pressure and temperature
• Exposure to chemically active fluids
 Metamorphic Rocks

• The protolith (the parent rock) is the

preexisting rock from which the
metamorphic rock was formed

• Metamorphism may cause a change in a

rock’s:
• Composition
• Mineral assemblage
• Texture
• All of the above
 Sedimentary Rocks

• Rocks formed from material derived

from preexisting rocks by surfacial
processes followed by diagenesis
 Sedimentary Rocks
ƒ There are two main classes of sedimentary rocks
ƒ Clastic (detrital) sedimentary rocks
ƒ Chemical sedimentary rocks

ƒ Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed from bits and

pieces of previously existing rocks, called clasts or
detritus

ƒ Chemical sedimentary rocks are formed in several ways

ƒ By precipitation from aqueous solution
ƒ From plant material
ƒ From animal material
 Sedimentary Rocks
Processes Leading to Formation of
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

ƒ Weathering: the processes that change rocks’ size and

composition at or near Earth’s surface
ƒ Erosion and Transportation: removal of rock particles
(clasts) from their source by water, wind, or glacial ice
ƒ Deposition: the settling of clasts on Earth’s surface as
sediments, leads to formation of a sedimentary bed
ƒ Compaction: pressing together of clasts, squeezing out
pore water, by pressure exerted by overlying beds
ƒ Lithification: cementation of clasts together to form a
sedimentary rock
ƒ Diagenesis: a process of conversion of unconsolidated
sediments to coherent sedimentary rocks
Rocks Cycle
Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphism
Due to Increased T and or P
 Rocks

ƒHow can you identify rocks megas

ƒ Colour
ƒ Mineral composition: normally expressed in
percentage
ƒ Texture: the relationship between the grains of
minerals forming a rock
ƒ Structure: the relationship between different
parts of a rock
BATUAN
Adalah merupakan semua bahan penyusun kerak bumi,
dan merupakan suatu kumpulan / agregat mineral-
mineral yang telah mengeras

KLASIFIKASI (berdasarkan tekstur dan cara

terbentuknya), ada 3 yaitu :
a. Batuan beku : batuan yang berasal dari hasil pembekuan
magma, teksturnya hablur / kristalin
b. Batuan sedimen : batuan yang terbentuk dari hasil proses
pengendapan, baik organik ataupun hasil pengendapan bahan
rombakan serta kimiawi, teksturnya klastik / nonklastik
c. Batuan metamorf : batuan ubahan oleh proses metamorfisme,
dimana perubahannya tanpa melalui fase cair terlebih dahulu,
tekstur hablur / kristalin
TEKSTUR adalah hubungan yang erat antara bentuk, ukuran butir
dari mineral-mineral sebagai bagian dari batuan.