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the Western market, digital cameras now outsell their 35 mm film counterparts.
The digital camera and other gadgets are among the hottest items in the
computer industry. They're fun, easy to use and get results fast. You'll find
and film cameras. These include Canon, Kodak, Fujitsu, Hewlett-Packard, Apple
and Casio.
While many digital cameras look just like regular point-and-shoot film
cameras, they don't use film. Instead they record your image on a small
CCD turns the image into tiny electronic dots, or pixels, which are stored in the
camera's memory. Instead of developing the images, you transfer them to your
computer, where they show up as standard files that can be used by desktop
publishing or graphics programs. Once you've captured the photo, you can edit
it to your heart's content. Change the brightness, contrast and color balance,
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OBJCTIVES OF THE STUDY
1) To bring out the views of the digital camera among the consumers’.
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METHODOLOGY
To furnish this project in a good way the following are all the
important items are required. Source of data is the first one. Here primary
data is collected through the questionnaires from the consumers’ directly for
the best results. The data’s collected are original and truly from the consumers.
The time period taken for the study is three months. During these three
months time the data’s are collected first and then the tables and charts have
been prepared. Also data’s from other sources are also used as secondary
data’s from various websites and magazines and are also used for the
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HISTORY
Early development
video signals, predate the concept of making still pictures by digitizing signals
from an array of discrete sensor elements. Eugene F. Lally published the first
still photos of star and planet locations during transit and when approaching a
known if it was ever built. The first recorded attempt at building a digital
weighed 8 pounds (3.6 kg), recorded black and white images to a cassette tape,
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capture its first image in December of 1975. The prototype camera was a
technical exercise, not intended for production, and it still existed as of 2005.
used like a handheld film camera, appeared in 1981 with the demonstration of
the Sony Mavica (Magnetic Video Camera). This is not to be confused with the
later cameras by Sony that also bore the Mavica name. This was an analog
floppy". In essence it was a video movie camera that recorded single frames, 50
per disk in field mode and 25 per disk in frame mode. The image quality was
Analog cameras do not appear to have reached the market until 1986 with the
Canon RC-701. Canon demonstrated this model at the 1984 Olympics, printing
the images in newspapers. Several factors held back the widespread adoption
of analog cameras; the cost (upwards of $20,000), poor image quality compared
to film, and the lack of quality affordable printers. Capturing and printing an
was beyond the reach of the average consumer. The "video floppy" disks later
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had several reader devices available for viewing on a screen, but were never
The first analog camera marketed to consumers may have been the Canon RC-
250 Xapshot in 1988. A notable analog camera produced the same year was the
greyscale, and the quality in newspaper print was equal to film cameras. In
The first true digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was
card that used a battery to keep the data in memory. This camera was never
marketed in the United States. The first commercially available digital camera
was the 1991 Kodak DCS-100, the beginning of a long line of professional SLR
cameras by Kodak that were based in part on film bodies, often Nikons. It used
The move to digital formats was helped by the formation of the first JPEG and
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compressed for storage. The first consumer camera with a liquid crystal
display on the back was the Casio QV-10 in 1995, and the first camera to use
The marketplace for consumer digital cameras was originally low resolution
(either analog or digital) cameras built for utility. In 1997 the first megapixel
cameras for consumers were marketed. The first camera that offered the
ability to record video clips may have been the Ricoh RDC-1 in 1995.
1999 saw the introduction of the Nikon D1, a 2.74 megapixel camera that was
the first digital SLR developed entirely by a major manufacturer, and at a cost
and high end consumers. This camera also used Nikon F-mount lenses, which
meant film photographers could use many of the same lenses they already
owned. 2003 saw the introduction of the Canon Digital Rebel, also known as
the 300D, a 6 megapixel camera and the first DSLR priced under $1,000, and
marketed to consumers.
Since the first digital backs were introduced, there have been three main
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The first method is often called single-shot, in reference to the number of times
the camera's sensor is exposed to the light passing through the camera lens.
Single-shot capture systems use either one CCD with a Bayer filter mosaic it, or
three separate image sensors (one each for the primary additive colors red,
green, and blue) which are exposed to the same image via a beam splitter.
The second method is referred to as multi-shot because the sensor is exposed to the
image in a sequence of three or more openings of the lens aperture. There are
originally was to use a single image sensor with three filters (once again red, green
and blue) passed in front of the sensor in sequence to obtain the additive color
information. Another multiple shot method utilized a single CCD with a Bayer
filter but actually moved the physical location of the sensor chip on the focus plane
of the lens to "stitch" together a higher resolution image than the CCD would
allow otherwise. A third version combined the two methods without a Bayer filter
on the chip.
The third method is called scanning because the sensor moves across the focal
plane much like the sensor of a desktop scanner. Their linear or tri-linear sensors
utilize only a single line of photosensors, or three lines for the three colors. In some
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The choice of method for a given capture is of course determined largely by the
moves with anything but a single-shot system. However, the higher color
fidelity and larger file sizes and resolutions available with multi-shot and
CONNECTIVITY
• Early cameras used the PC serial port. USB is now the most widely used
some have a FireWire port. Some cameras use USB PTP mode for
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• Other cameras use wireless connections, via Bluetooth or IEEE 802.11
reading several types of storage media, as well as high speed transfer of data to
the computer. Use of a card reader also avoids draining the camera battery
during the download process, as the device takes power from the USB port. An
collection of storage media. But if only one storage card is in use, moving it
back and forth between the camera and the reader can be inconvenient.
Many modern cameras offer the PictBridge standard, which allows sending
INTEGRATION
Many devices include digital cameras built into or integrated into them. For
example, mobile telephones often include digital cameras; those that do are
those used for communication) such as PDAs, laptops and Blackberries often
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Due to the limited storage capacity and general emphasis on convenience
rather than image quality in such integrated or converged devices, the vast
majority of these devices store images in the lossy but compact JPEG file
format.
STORAGE
Digital cameras need memory to store data. A wide variety of storage media
Onboard flash memory - Cheap cameras and cameras secondary to the device's
3.5" floppy disks - Mainly the Sony Mavica line of the late 1990s.
Video Floppy - A 2x2 inch (50 mm × 50 mm)floppy disk used for early analog
cameras.
CD single or DVD - a 185 MB small form factor CD, most commonly seen in
Thermal printer - Known only in one model of camera that printed images
Memory Card
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CompactFlash cards/Microdrives - Typically higher end professional
cameras. The microdrives are actual hard drives in the CompactFlash form
supplanting CompactFlash. The original storage limit was 2 GB, which is being
revision was made to the SD standard as SDHC (SD High Capacity). The cards
also have to be formatted in the FAT32 file format while many older cameras
MiniSD Card - A smaller (slightly less than half-size) card used in devices such as
camera phones.
MicroSD Card - A smaller yet (less than a quarter size) version of the SD card.
than an SD card.
was limited to 128 MB in capacity. One of the major differences was that
SmartMedia had the memory controller built in the reading device, while in
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CompactFlash it was in the card. The xD picture card was developed as a
BATTERIES
Digital cameras have high power requirements, and over time have become
battery small enough to fit in the camera and yet able to power it for a
reasonable length of time. Essentially two broad divisions exist in the types of
Off-the-shelf
The first is batteries that are an established off-the-shelf form factor, most
The CR2 batteries are lithium based, and intended for single use. They are also
enough power for only a very short time in most cameras. Most consumers use
AA Nickel metal hydride batteries (NiMH) (see also chargers and batteries)
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instead, which provide an adequate amount of power and are rechargeable.
NIMH batteries do not provide as much power as lithium ion batteries, and
they also tend to discharge when not used. They are available in various
they last in use. Typically mid-range consumer models and some low end
cameras use off-the-shelf batteries, only a very few DSLR cameras accept them.
Proprietary
replacement parts or OEM. Almost all proprietary batteries are lithium ion.
While they only accept a certain number of recharges before the battery life
performance for their size. A result is that at the two ends of the spectrum both
high end professional cameras and low end consumer models tend to use
AUTONOMOUS DEVICES
computer. The camera connects to the printer, which then downloads and
prints its images. Some DVD recorders and television sets can read memory
cards too. Several types of flash card readers also have a TV output capability.
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CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL CAMERA
Video cameras
moving images.
production.
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A Hasselblad 503CW with a digital camera back
• These typically have multiple image sensors (one per color) to enhance
record sound, and feature a small liquid crystal display to watch the video
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Nikon D200 SLR with Nikon film scanner, which converts film images to
digital
which images are continuously acquired at a frame rate sufficient for video.
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A Live-Preview Digital camera (LPD) is a camera that uses a conventionally
means of framing and previewing before taking the photograph. With the
exception of very few live-preview DSLRs, any digital camera that has live-
Many modern LPDs have a movie mode, and a growing number of camcorders
can take still photographs. However, even a low-end LPD can take far better
still pictures than a mid-range video camera, and mid-range LPDs have much
lower video quality than low-end Video cameras. In addition, some newer
camcorders record video directly to flash memory and transfer over USB and
FireWire. Among digital LPDs, most have a rear liquid crystal display for
reviewing photographs. They are rated in megapixels; that is, the product of
computer are commonly carried out using the USB mass storage device class
(so that the camera appears as a drive) or using the Picture Transfer Protocol
supported among more digital cameras. All use either a charge-coupled device
novel sensors based upon either of those two principles, i.e. chips comprised of
a grid of phototransistors to sense the light intensities across the plane of focus
of the camera lens. CMOS sensors are differentiated from CCDs proper in that
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it uses less power and a different kind of light sensing material, however the
differences are highly technical and many manufacturers still consider the
CMOS chip a charged coupled device. For our purposes, a chip sensor is a
CCD.
Also called digicams, this encompasses most digital cameras. They are
characterized by great ease in operation and easy focusing; this design allows
for limited motion picture capability. They tend to have significantly smaller
zooms than prosumer and DSLR cameras. They have an extended depth of
accounts for much of their ease of use. It is also part of the reason professional
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landscape photography and casual use. They typically save pictures in only the
Bridge cameras
Prosumer or Bridge digital cameras form a general group of higher end LPDs
that physically resemble DSLR cameras and share with these some advanced
features but share with compacts the same basic LPD design. Traditionally
DSLRs are considered much more professional than bridge cameras which
different manufacturers, a new class of DSLR has emerged and the distinction
become less black and white than it used to be. The new class of DSLRs can be
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Comparison between the bridge and entry-level DSLRs would reveal that they
are on par.
The name prosumer from professional (or producer) and consumer, means a
Bridge cameras tend to have long- or ultrazoom lens, which compromises -in
varying degrees, depending on the quality of the zoom lens- a "do it all" ability
marketed as and confused with digital SLR cameras since the bodies resemble
each other. The distinguishing characteristics are that prosumer cameras lack
the mirror and reflex system of DSLRs, have so far been always produced with
only one single sealed (non-interchangeable) lens (but accessory wide angle or
telephoto converters can be attached to the front of the sealed lens), can usually
take movies, record audio and the scene composition is done with either the
performance tends to be slower than a true digital SLR, but they are capable of
very good image quality while being more compact and lighter than DSLRs.
The high-end models of this type have comparable resolutions to low and mid-
range DSLRs. Many of the these cameras can save in JPEG or .RAW format.
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Digital single lens reflex cameras
Digital single lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) are digital cameras based on film
Single lens reflex cameras (SLRs), both types are characterized by the existence
of a mirror and reflex system. See the main article on DSLRs for a detailed
Digital rangefinders
rangefinder show two images that when coincident give the proper focus
the lens focusing ring. Most recent designs are coupled rangefinders —
that is, the focus is adjusted both in the rangefinder and in the lens by the
224.6 MB. Medium format digitals are geared more towards studio and
portrait photography than their smaller DSLR counterparts, the ISO speed in
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particular tends to have a maximum of 400, versus 3200 for some DSLR
cameras.
1 BELOW 20 Yrs 11 11
2 21 - 25 Yrs 38 38
3 26 - 30 Yrs 23 23
23
38 % of the respondents are in between 21-25 years of age.
1 MALE 57 57
2 FEMALE 43 43
24
57 % of the respondents are Male.
1 UNDER GRADUATE 58 58
2 POST GRADUATE 11 11
3 PROFESSIONAL 18 18
4 OTHERS 13 13
25
58 % of the respondents are Under Graduated.
1 STUDENT 61 61
2 EMPLOYEE 14 14
3 BUSINESS 20 20
4 OTHERS 5 5
26
61 % of the respondents are Students.
27
22 % of the respondents earn less than Rs. 50,000.
1 MARRIED 60 60
2 UNMARRIED 40 40
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The above table shows that,
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S.NO DIGITAL CAMERA RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 SONY 45 45
2 NIKON 30 30
3 CANNON 14 14
4 OTHERS 11 11
30
D IG IT A L C A M E R A S
50
40
30
R E S P O N D E N TS
20
P E R C E N TA G E
10
S o nN y i k Co an n O n to h n e r s
31
S.NO MODE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 ADVERTISEMENT 57 57
3 OWN INTEREST 8 8
4 OTHERS 14 14
Advertisement.
Relatives.
Own Interest.
sources.
Advertisement.
32
M O D E O F C H O O S IN G D IG IT A L C A M E R
6 0
5 0
4 0
3 0 R E S P O ND E N T S
2 0 P E R C E NT A G E
1 0
0
ERS
OTH
T
RES
ENT
INTE
SEM
OWN
ERTI
VES
ADV
LATI
& RE
NDS
FRIE
33
TABLE SHOWING THE RESPONDENTS REASON TO PREFER
1 CLARITY 25 25
2 TECHNOLOGY 41 41
3 PRICE 22 22
4 OTHERS 12 12
34
R E A S O N S
50
40
30
20
10
0
C L A R T I ET YC H N OP LR OI C G EOY T H E R S
R E S P O NP DE AR NC TE S N T A G E
35
TABLE SHOWING THE RESPONDENTS HAVING MEGA PIXELS
1 LESS THAN 3 13 13
2 3 TO 5 36 36
3 5 TO 8 42 42
4 8 TO 10 9 9
36
M E G A P IX E L S
45
40
35
30
25 RES PO NDA NTS
20 PERC EN TA G E
15
10
5
0
L E S S T 3H TA ON 55 T O 8 T O 1 0
3
37
TABLE SHOWING THE RESPONDENTS LEVEL OF
LEVEL OF
S.NO SATISFACTION RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 HIGHLY SATISFIED 61 61
2 SATISFIED 35 35
3 NOT SATISFIED 4 4
38
39
L E V E L O F S A T IS F A C T IO N
140
120
100
80
P E R C E N TA G E
60
R E S P O N D A N TS
40
20
0
H I G SH AL TY I NS OF I TE D
S A T I S F SI E A D T I S F I E D
40
S.NO OPTION RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 YES 38 38
2 NO 62 62
camera.
Camera.
41
D IF F IC U L T Y IN U S A G E O F D IG IT A L C A M E R A
70
60
50
40 Y ES
30 NO
20
10
0
R E S P O N D A N PT ES R C E N T A G E
42
TABLE SHOWING THE DIFFERENT WAYS OF DIFFICULTY
CAMERA
1 COMPLICATED FUNCTIONS 9 24
2 NO ALTERNATIVE LANGUAGE 13 34
3 DIFFICULTY IN HANDLING 5 13
language.
43
Majority of the respondents feel difficult by having no
alternative
Language.
CAMERA
SATISFACTORY
S.NO LEVEL RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 VERY GOOD 32 32
2 GOOD 38 38
3 BETTER 24 24
4 POOR 6 6
44
6 % of the respondents feel that the battery life is poor.
45
19 % of the respondents have digital camera worth below Rs. 5,000.
43 % of the respondents have digital camera worth Rs. 5,000 – Rs. 10,000.
30 % of the respondents have digital camera worth Rs. 10,000 – Rs. 15,000.
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P R IC E L E V E L
A B O V E R s .1 5 0 0 0
R s .1 0 0 0 0 - R s .1 5 0 0 0
R s .5 0 0 0 - R s .1 0 0 0 0
B E LO W R s. 5000
0 10 20 30 40 50
R E S P OP NE DR AC NE TN ST A G E
47
S.NO MEMORY STICK RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 256 MB 25 25
2 512 MB 29 29
3 1 GB 35 35
4 2 GB 11 11
48
Majority of the respondents use a memory stick of 1
GB.
49
M E M O R Y S T IC K
40 PERCENTA G E
20
RES PO NDA NTS
0
2 5 6 5K 1B 2 K1 BG B2 G B
50
S.NO TECHNOLOGY RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 CYBER SHOT 51 51
2 COOL PIX 33 33
3 SHOCK WAVE 7 7
4 OTHERS 9 9
51
Majority of the respondents have digital camera with
cyber shot technology.
TEC H N O LO G Y
R E S P O NP ED RA NC TE SN T A G E
O TH E R S
SH O C K W AVE
C O O L P IX
C YBER SH O T
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
52
TABLE SHOWING THE OPTIMUM LEVEL OF ZOOM IN
1 MORE THAN 3X 21 21
2 MORE THAN 5X 29 29
3 MORE THAN 8X 39 39
53
21 % of the respondents have a digital camera with a zoom more than 3x.
29 % of the respondents have a digital camera with a zoom more than 5x.
39 % of the respondents have a digital camera with a zoom more than 8x.
11 % of the respondents have a digital camera with a zoom more than 10x.
a zoom
54
LE VE L O F ZO O M
M O R E TH AN 3X
M O R E TH AN 5X
M O R E TH AN 8X
M O R E TH AN 10X
55
S.NO OPTION RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
1 YES 73 73
2 NO 27 27
camera.
56
TABLE SHOWING THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE
1 TOUCH SCREEN 21 29
MULTIPLE
2 LANGUAGE 20 27
3 EASY NAVIGATION 17 23
4 SHORTCUT KEYS 15 21
option.
option.
57
Majority of the respondents have a digitl camera with
touch screen option.
FINDINGS
21-25 years.
1,00,000.
satisfied.
58
Majority of the respondents do not have difficulty in
alternative Language.
life is good.
59
SUGGESTIONS
plans to capture the market of the consumer. This study helps the
selling the commondities and it also helps the manufactures to improve the
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Advertising the product is neeeded for each an every commodity.
the consumers to buy the product. In digital camera the manufactures should
try to develop the battery life as long as possible. For digital cameras
advertising is very important, so that the people may come to know about the
The manufactures should give proper guide to the digital camera users.
CONCLUSION
preference also change from time to time. To avoid this the manufactures
should give some special offers to attract the consumers and the manufactures
should bring new innovation in the product. There should be proper guide for
using the digital camera this can be done through advertisement which should
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camera, so that the consumers may change there product according to the
modern world.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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WEBSITES
www.digitalcamera-hq.com
en.wikipedia.org
www.digicamera.com
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