Avoiding

Plagiarism
VJRElla | ENG 10 | January 31, 2018
Reference
List
Citing Definition
sources

Within the
Avoiding
text Plagiarism

Borrowing
Précis information
Types of
Plagiarism
Direct Quote Paraphrase
Credit: Showeet
 A few things

¡  On using succeeding sentences in a summary (“In the second half

of the paper, [author's surname here] presents . . .” from Swales and
Feak, 2004)

¡  On the idea that “paraphrasing is a valuable skill because the

mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to
grasp the full meaning of the original.” (Purdue Online Writing Lab, 2011)

¡  On summarizing/paraphrasing text not written in English:

Original Text Translation Summary/Paraphrase +
Citation
 To paraphrase properly…
Change the following:
REWORD ¡  Wording/phrasing
RESTRUCTURE ¡  Sentence structure (e.g., for
example)
REORGANIZE ¡  Organization/order of ideas
Keep these:
¡  Meaning
¡  Key points
 Original Text
“Statements that seem
complimentary in one context
may be inappropriate in another.
For example, women in business
are usually uncomfortable if
male colleagues or superiors
compliment them on their
appearance: the comments
suggest that the women are
being treated as visual
decoration rather than as
contributing workers. (p. 323)”
Locker, K. O. (2003). Business
and administrative communication
(6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Irwin/
McGraw-Hill.
Ineffective Paraphrase
“Words or expressions which
appear favorable in one situation
might be improper in a different
situation. For instance, employed
females are often uneasy when
they are given positive
comments on their looks. These
remarks imply that the females
are being viewed as adornment
instead of as productive
employees (Locker, 2003).”
University of Houston – Victoria, n.d.
 Original Text Ideas in the Good Paraphrase
Original Text
“Statements that seem “Appropriateness “Women may feel uneasy
complimentary in one of statements is upon receiving ordinarily
context may be situational.” positive comments on their
inappropriate in appearance from male
another. For example, “Example is that coworkers or supervisors.
women in business are working women To these women, the
usually uncomfortable may view remarks carry an implied
if male colleagues or compliments about meaning: instead of being
superiors compliment appearance as thought of as productive
them on their offensive.” employees, they are
appearance: the actually being viewed as
comments suggest that “These just a pretty part of the
the women are being compliments can atmosphere. Depending on
treated as visual be offensive the situation, words or
decoration rather than because they may expressions which appear
as contributing imply women are favorable may actually be
workers. (p. 323)” ‘decoration.’ ” unsuitable in a
conversation (Locker,
2003).”
University of Houston – Victoria, n.d.
How can you check your
work further?

¡  Use your best friend.

¡  You may also check out free
plagiarism checkers.
 Give credit where
credit is due.
Citing your sources
•  Within the text
•  In a reference list
 Manlapaz et al., 2005

More authoritative Academic Journals

Scholarly Books
Theses/Dissertations
Less
Documents & Vertical Files
authoritative Specialized Magazines
General Interest Magazines
and Newspapers
General Encyclopaedia
R-­‐E-­‐S-­‐P-­‐E-­‐C-­‐T  
Think Aretha. Think Otis.
 Step 1:
Cite within the text
The Basics: 3 Types
of In-Text Citations

¡  Open
¡  Closed
¡  Semi-open
Purposes of citing sources

¡  To avoid plagiarism

¡  To lead readers to your sources
¡  To provide credibility
 Citing within the text
Number of First Citation Subsequent
Authors Citations
1-2 (Ella & Reyes, 2010) (Ella & Reyes, 2010)

3-5 (Ella, Rubio, & (Ella et al., 2011)

Torres, 2011)
6 or more Ella et al. (2006) Ella et al. (2006)

Paiz et al., 2011

Citing within the text:
Conditions
¡ Unknown Author
¡ Use the title as the author (e.g., “Using APA.” 2001)
¡ “Anonymous” is rarely used. If used, treat it as the
author.

¡ Organization as an author
¡ According to the American Psychological
Association (2000)…
¡ If well-known:
¡ First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving
[MADD], 2000)
¡ Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
Paiz et al., 2011
Citing within the text:
Conditions
¡ Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses
¡  Order: Same as reference list
¡  Example: Ella, 2018; Palacpac, 2013)

¡ Authors with the Same Last Name

¡  Use initials
¡  Example: (V. Ella, 2012; J. Ella, 2016)

¡ Two or More Works by the Same Author in the

Same Year
¡  Use lowercase letters with the year
¡  Example: (Ella, 2017a; Ella, 2017b)
Paiz et al., 2011
Citing within the text:
Conditions

¡  Citing Indirect Sources

¡ Reyes argued that… (as cited in Mendoza, 2008,
p.100)
¡ Better: Find the original source

¡  Electronic Sources

¡ Use the author-date style

Paiz et al., 2011

Citing within the text:
Conditions

¡  Unknown Author and Unknown Date

¡ Use the title and “n.d.” for no date

¡  Sources Without Page Numbers

¡ Use the paragraph number if they are
numbered or include the heading and specify
the paragraph
¡ Necessary when quoting
Paiz et al., 2011
Citing social media sites

3 Ways

•  URL

•  As personal communication

•  Regular author-date in-text citation

and proper reference list citation

Lee, 2013
Option #1
¡  “If you discuss any website or page in general in a
paper (including but not limited to social media), it is
sufficient to give the URL in the text the first time it is
mentioned. No reference list entry is needed. Here is an
example”:

“News agencies like CNN provide breaking news

coverage to millions of people every day on their
website (http://www.cnn.com) and Twitter
account (http://twitter.com/CNN). In our first
investigation, we analyzed the content of CNN’s
Twitter feed during the year 2012.”

Lee, 2013
Option #2
¡  “If you paraphrase or quote specific information from
social media but your readership will be unable to
access the content (e.g., because of friends-only
privacy settings or because the exchange occurred in a
private message), cite the content as a personal
communication (see Publication Manual § 6.20). A
personal communication citation should be used
because there is no direct, reliable path for all readers
to retrieve the source. Here is an example”:

“K. M. Ingraham (personal communication, October

5, 2013) stated that she found her career as an
educational psychologist intellectually stimulating as
well as emotionally fulfilling.”
Lee, 2013
On personal communication

¡  No need to cite this in a reference list

because it’s not retrievable.

¡  You may use this for other non-

retrievable sources, such as class
lectures, interviews, conversations, etc.
Option #3
¡ If specific, accessible information is
quoted, summarized, or paraphrased, use
the regular author-date in-text citation and
proper reference list citation.

Lee, C. (2013, October 18.) How to Cite Social Media in

APA Style (Twitter, Facebook, and Google+)
[Blog Post]. Retrieved from http://
blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/10/ how-to-
cite-social-media-in-apa-style.html
Lee, 2013
 Step 2:
Cite in a reference list
Basic Rules
1.  “All lines after the first line of each entry in your
reference list should be indented one-half inch
from the left margin. This is called hanging
indentation.”

2. “Authors' names are inverted (last name first)”

Up to 7 authors List all
More than 7 authors List first 6, use an ellipsis,
then list last author

3. “Reference list entries should be alphabetized by

the last name of the first author of each work.”
Paiz et al., 2013
Basic Rules
4.  For multiple articles by the same author, or authors
listed in the same order, list the entries in
chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

5.  Present the journal title in full.

6.  Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is

used by the journal in its title.

For example: ReCALL not RECALL or

Knowledge Management Research & Practice not
Knowledge Management Research and Practice.
Paiz et al., 2013
Basic Rules
7.  Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

8.  When referring to books, chapters,

articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the
first letter of the first word of a title and
subtitle, the first word after a colon or a
dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not
capitalize the first letter of the second
word in a hyphenated compound word.
Paiz et al., 2013
 See handouts on the
APA Style Guide and
Citing in a reference list
Other sources

¡  Papers presented

Nguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising:
When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper
presented at the meeting of the American Psychological
Association, Orlando, FL.

¡  Works about to be published

Castle, R. (in press). Shadowing a police officer: How to be
unobtrusive while solving cases in spectacular
fashion. Professional Writers’ Journal.

Hume-Pratuch, 2012; Stefanie, 2012

References
Hume-Pratuch, J. (2012, August 2). How to cite materials from
meetings and symposia [Blog Post]. Retrieved from http://
blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/08/how-to-cite-materials-from-
meetings-and-symposia.html
Lee, C. (2013, October 18). How to cite social Media in APA Style
(Twitter, Facebook, and Google+) [Blog Post]. Retrieved from
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/10/how-to-cite-social-
media-in-apa-style.html
Manlapaz, E.Z., Francisco, M.E., Perfecto, M.R.G., Paterno, M.G., &
Pison, R.A. (2005). The new anvil guide to research paper writing.
Pasig City, Philippines: Anvil Publishing.
Paiz, J.M., Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson,
M., ... Keck, R. (2011). In-text citations: author/authors. Retrieved
from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/
Paiz, J.M., Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson,
M., ... Keck, R. (2013). Reference list: Basic rules. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/
 References

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (2011). Retrieved August 31, 2011 from http://
owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/
Stefanie. (2012, August 17). Almost published [Blog Post]. Retrieved from
http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2012/08/almost-published.html
Swales, J. M. & Feak, C. B. (2004). Academic writing for graduate students:
Essential tasks and skills. (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press.
Turabian, K.L. A manual for writers of research papers, theses, and
dissertations: Chicago style for students and researchers (8th ed.).
Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
University of Houston-Victoria. (n.d.). Learn to paraphrase. Retrieved
January 31, 2018 from https://www.uhv.edu/student-success-center/
resources/e-p/learn-to-paraphrase/#maincontent