ULTRA-SONO-GRAFI

Upper Abdominal Transverse Scan:

The upper abdominal transverse scan displays the following
structures from anterior to posterior:
liver (L), splenic vein (SV), pancreas (P), aorta (AO). (Gambar
2)

Upper Abdominal Longitudinal Scan:

The following structures can be identified from anterior to
posterior:
liver (L), pancreas (P), superior mesenteric vein (Vms), celiac
trunk
(Tc), and superior mesenteric artery (Ams), the latter two arising
from the aorta (AO). The spinal column (Sc) is visible (Gambar
13)

Lower abdominal transverse scan:

The following structures are defined from anterior to posterior:
abdominal
wall, bladder (B), and uterus (U), which is flanked by
the fallopian tubes (T). (Gambar 14)

Lower abdominal longitudinal scan:

From anterior to posterior: abdominal wall, bladder (B), and
uterus
(U), which is bounded by the fundus above and the vagina (V)
below. (Gambar 15)
Right Subcostal Oblique Scan:
The probe is placed below the right costal arch and angled
laterally upward. The beam is directed posterolaterally and
superiorly.
The beam passes through the liver (L) and gives a longitudinal
view of the hepatic veins, which open posteriorly into the
vena cava. RHV = right hepatic vein, MHV = middle hepatic
vein, LHV = left hepatic vein (Gambar 3)

Right Intercostal Scan:

The intercostal scan is placed on an imaginary line between the
right
shoulder and the umbilicus. From this point the beam can be
swept across the liver (L) in a fan-shaped pattern. The kidney (K)
is posterior. (Gambar 4)

Extended Right Intercostal Scan:

The probe can be slightly angled and rotated to demonstrate
the bile duct (BD), vena cava (Vc), and portal vein (Vp) in
approximate longitudinal sections. These structures are easier to
define in left lateral decubitus at full inspiration. (Gambar 5)

Right longitudinal Paramedian Scan:

The probe is oriented longitudinally and is placed lateral to the
midline
in an intercostal space or below the costal arch. The liver (L) is
displayed in
longitudinal section, and the shape of the (normally acute)
inferior hepatic angle can be evaluated. The fundus of the
gallbladder (Gb) projects past the inferior border of the liver. The
vena cava (Vc) is displayed in longitudinal section and is
posterior to the liver. (Gambar 6)

Right Flank Scan:

The flank scan is done by moving the probe laterally from the
paramedian
position. It is used to evaluate the pleural angle distal to the
diaphragm (D)
and displays a longitudinal section of the kidney (K) posterior to
the liver (L). (Gambar 7)
Right midabdominal transverse scan:
The kidney (K) is displayed in cross-section posterior to the liver
(L). The vascular pedicle with the renal vein (Vr) and renal
artery (Ar) can be identified from anterior to posterior at the
level of the renal hilum. In thin patients, one section may display
the termination of the renal vein at the vena cava (Vc), the origin
of the renal artery from the aorta (Ao), and the gallbladder (Gb)
at the inferior border of the liver. (Gambar 8)

High lateral intercostal scan (high left flank scan):

The probe is placed in an intercostal space cranial to the left
flank to demonstrate the spleen (S) in longitudinal section. The
upper pole of the spleen appears on the left side of the image.
The probe is rotated, slid, and angled until the longest diameter
is visualized. The length of the spleen and its thickness at the
level of the splenic hilum are measured. (Gambar 9)

Left flank scan:

As the probe is moved caudal from the high flank scan, the
kidney (K) appears in longitudinal section posterior to the spleen
(S). The orientation of the kidney, its posteriorly placed upper
pole, and its anteriorly directed lower pole can be clearly
identified. (Gambar 10)

Left midabdominal transverse scan:

While still over the kidney, the probe is rotated to a transverse
position
and is angled, rotated, and slid to a midabdominal transverse scan
that displays the renal hilum with its vascular pedicle and may
define the proximal ureter. The probe is then moved slowly down
the kidney (K) from its upper to lower pole to survey the organ in
transverse sections. Vr = renal vein. (Gambar 11)

Left Subcostal Oblique Scan:

From the midabdominal transverse scan, the probe is slid to a
position
below the left costal arch to obtain a left subcostal oblique scan.
The liver (L) is visible on the left side of the image. The spleen
(S) appears posterolaterally on the right side of the image,
displaying its true width and a foreshortened longitudinal
diameter. (Gambar 12)