Introduction

ENCE 710 Following subjects are covered:

Design of Steel Structures „ Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)

„ Flange Local Buckling (FLB)

„ Web Local Buckling (WLB)

V. Lateral-Torsional Buckling of „ Shear strength

Beams „ Lateral Bracing Design

Reading:
C. C. Fu, Ph.D., P.E. „ Chapters 9 of Salmon & Johnson

„ AISC LRFD Specification Chapters B (Design Requirements)

Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
and F (Design of Members for Flexure)
University of Maryland
2

Design of Members for Flexure

Introduction (about Major Axis)
A beam can fail by reaching the plastic moment and
becoming fully plastic (see last section) or fail
prematurely by:
1. LTB, either elastically or inelastically
2. FLB, either elastically or inelastically
3. WLB, either elastically or inelastically
If the maximum bending stress is less than the
proportional limit when buckling occurs, the failure
is elastic. Else it is inelastic.
For bending ϕbMn(ϕb = 0.9)
3 4

1
 Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB) Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.)
„ Compact Members (AISC F2) „ Failure Mode
„ Failure Mode A beam can buckle in a
lateral-torsional mode
„ Plastic LTB (Yielding)
when the bending
„ Inelastic LTB moment exceeds the
„ Elastic LTB critical moment.
„ Moment Gradient Factor Cb

5 6

Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.) Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.)

„ Nominal Flexural Strength Mn
„ plastic when Lb ≤ L p and M n = M p
inelastic when L p < Lb ≤ Lr and M p > M n ≥ M r
„
I-Beam
„ elastic when Lb > Lr and Mn < Mr in a
Mn

C b = 1.0
Buckled
Mp
Position
plastic inelastic elastic
Mr

Lb
Lp Lr
7 8

2
 Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.) Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.)
„ Elastic LTB „ Plastic LTB (Yielding)
„ coupled differential equations for rotation and lateral „ Flexural Strength M n = M p = Fy Z (AISC F2-1)
translation dφ d 3φ (8.5.10)
M z = GJ − ECw
dz dz 3 where Z= plastic section modulus & Fy= section yield stress
where „ Limits

Mz = moment at location z along member axis „ Lateral bracing limit E

Lb < Lp = 1.76ry (AISC F2-5)
z = axis along member length Fy
ϕ = angle of twist
G = shear modulus „ Flange and Web width/thickness limit (AISC Table B4.1)
J = torsional constant (AISC Table 1-1 for torsional prop.)
E = modulus of elasticity (Note: Lpd in Salmon & Johnson Eq. (9.6.2) is removed from AISC 13th Ed.)
Cw = warping constant (AISC Table 1-1 for warping)
9 10

Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.) Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.)

„ Inelastic LTB L p < Lb ≤ Lr „ Elastic LTB Lb > Lr
„ Flexure Strength (straight line interpolation) „ Flexure Strength
⎡ ⎛ L − L p ⎞⎤ M n = Fcr S x ≤ M p (AISC F2-3)
M n = Cb ⎢ M p − (M p − M r ) ⎜ b ⎟ ≤ Mp (9.6.4)
⎜ L − L ⎟⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ r p ⎠⎦⎥ Cbπ 2 E Jc ⎛ Lb ⎞
2

Fcr = 2
1 + 0.078 ⎜ ⎟
S x ho ⎜⎝ rts ⎟⎠
(AISC F2-4)
⎛ Lb ⎞
or ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ rts ⎠
(The square root term may be conservatively taken equal to 1.0)
⎡ ⎛ L − L p ⎞⎤ (c in AISC F2-8a,b for doubly symmetric I-shape, and channel, respectively)
M n = Cb ⎢ M p − (M p − 0.7 Fy S x ) ⎜ b ⎟ ≤ Mp (AISC F2-2)
⎜ L − L ⎟⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ r p ⎠⎦⎥
E Jc ⎛ 0.7 Fy S x ho ⎞
2

„ Limit Lr = 1.95rts
0.7 Fy S x ho
1 + 1 + 6.76⎜⎜
⎝ E Jc ⎟⎠
⎟ (AISC F2-6)
I yC w
2
rts =
Sx
(AISC F2-7)
11 12

3
 Lateral Torsional Buckling (cont.) Cb for a Simple Span Bridge
„ Moment Gradient Factor Cb
„ The moment gradient factor Cb accounts for the variation
of moment along the beam length between bracing
points. Its value is highest, Cb=1, when the moment
diagram is uniform between adjacent bracing points.
„ When the moment diagram is not uniform
12.5M max (9.6.3)
Cb =
2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C (AISC F1-1)
where
Mmax= absolute value of maximum moment in unbraced length
MA, MB, MC= absolute moment values at one-quarter, one-half, and
three-quarter points of unbraced length
13 14

Nominal Moment Strength Mu as

affected by Cb Flange Local Buckling (FLB)
„ Compact Web and Noncompact/Slender
Flanges (AISC F3)
„ Failure Mode
„ Noncompact Flange
„ Slender Flange
„ Nominal Flexural strength, Mn = Min (F2, F3)

15 16

4
 Flange Local Buckling (cont.) Flange Local Buckling (cont.)
„ Failure Mode „ Nominal Flexural Strength Mn
plastic when b / t f ≤ λp and M n = M p
The compression flange „

of a beam can buckle „ inelastic when λ p ≤ b / t f ≤ λr and M p > M n ≥ M r

elastic when and Mn < Mr
locally when the „
Mn
b / t f > λr

bending stress in the Mp

flange exceeds the
critical stress.
compact noncompact slender
Mr

bf
λ=
λp λr tf
17 18

Flange Local Buckling (cont.) Flange Local Buckling (cont.)

„ Noncompact Flange (straight line „ Slender Flange
interpolation) „ Flexure Strength
„ Flexure Strength
⎛ λ − λ pf ⎞ 0.9 Ekc S x
M n = M p − (M p − 0.7 Fy S x ) ⎜ ⎟ Mn = (AISC F3-2)
⎜λ −λ ⎟ λ2
⎝ rf pf ⎠ (AISC F3-1)
4
kc =
h / tw
(kc shall not be less than 0.35 and not greater than 0.76)

„ Limit (AISC Table B4.1)

19 20

5
 Web Local Buckling (WLB) Web Local Buckling (cont.)
„ Compact or Noncompact Webs (AISC F4) „ Failure Mode
„ Failure Mode The web of a beam can
also buckle locally
„ Compact Web (Yielding) when the bending
„ Noncompact Web stress in the web
„ Slender Web exceeds the critical
stress.
„ Nominal Flexural Strength, Mn=min (compression
flange yielding, LTB, compression FLB, tension
flange yielding)
21 22

Web Local Buckling (cont.) Web Local Buckling (cont.)

„ Nominal Flexural Strength Mn „ Compression Flange Yielding
„ plastic when λ ≤ λp and M n = M p „ Flexural Strength
„ inelastic when λ p < λ ≤ λr and M p > M n ≥ M r
„ elastic when λ > λr and Mn < Mr
M n = R pc M yc = R pc Fy S xc (AISC F4-1)
Mn

Mp where Rpc= web plasticification factor (AISC F4-9a, b) &

compact noncompact slender Fy= section yield stress
Mr

„ Limits (AISC Tables B4.1)

E
λ=
h
Lb < Lp = 1.1rt
λp λr tw
23
Fy 24

6
 Web Local Buckling (cont.) Web Local Buckling (cont.)
LTB (Elastic) Lb > Lr
„ LTB (Inelastic)L p < Lb ≤ Lr „
„ Flexure Strength
„ Flexure Strength M n = Fcr S xc ≤ R pc M yc (AISC F4-3)

⎡ ⎛ λ − λ pf ⎞⎤
M n = Cb ⎢ R pc M yc − (R pc M yc − FL S xc ) ⎜ (AISC F4-5)
2
⎟⎥ ≤ M p Cbπ 2 E J ⎛ Lb ⎞
⎜λ −λ ⎟ Fcr = 1 + 0.078 ⎜ ⎟
⎣⎢ ⎝ rf pf ⎠⎦⎥ (AISC F4-12) ⎛ Lb ⎞
2
S x ho ⎜⎝ rt ⎟⎠
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ rt ⎠

where FL= a stress determined by AISC F4-6a, b „ Limit (AISC Table B4.1)
2
E J ⎛F S h ⎞
Lr = 1.95rt 1 + 1 + 6.76⎜ L x o ⎟ (AISC F4-8)
FL S x ho ⎝E J ⎠

25 26

Web Local Buckling (cont.) Web Local Buckling (cont.)

„ Compression FLB (Noncompact Flange) „ Tension Flange Yielding S xt < S xc
„ Flexure Strength „ Flexure Strength
⎡ ⎛ λ − λ pf ⎞⎤
M n = ⎢ R pc M yc − (R pc M yc − FL S xc ) ⎜ ⎟⎥ ≤ M p (AISC F4-12)
⎜λ −λ ⎟
⎣⎢ ⎝ rf pf ⎠⎦⎥ M n = R pt M yt = R pt Fy S xt (AISC F4-14)
„ Compression FLB (Slender Flange)
„ Flexure Strength Rpt = web plastification factor to the tension flange yielding limit

0.9 Ekc S x (a) hc/tw ≤ λpw Rpt=Mp/Myt (AISC F4-15a)

Mn = (AISC F4-13) (b) hc/tw > λpw (AISC F4-15b)
λ2
4 ⎡Mp ⎛ Mp ⎞ ⎛ λ − λ pw ⎞⎤ M p
kc = R pt = ⎢ −⎜ − 1⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ≤
h / tw ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ λ − λ ⎟⎥ M
⎣⎢ M yt ⎝ M yt ⎠ ⎝ rw ⎥
pw ⎠ ⎦ yt

(kc shall not be less than 0.35 and not greater than 0.76)
27 28

7
 Shear Strength Shear Strength (cont.)
„ Failure Mode „ Failure Mode
„ Shear-Buckling Coefficient
The web of a beam or
„ Elastic Shear Strength plate girder buckles
„ Inelastic Shear Strength when the web shear
stress exceeds the
„ Plastic Shear Strength
critical stress.
For shear ϕvVn(ϕv = 0.9 except certain rolled I-
beam h/tw≤2.24√E/Fy, ϕv = 1.0)
Vn=0.6FyAwCv (AISC G2-1)
29 30

Shear Strength (cont.) Shear Strength (cont.)

„ Nominal Shear Strength Vn (ϕv = 0.9) „ AISC G2 Nominal Shear Strength Vn
„ plastic when λ ≤ λp and τ = τy (a) For h kE Cv = 1.0 (AISC G2-3)
≤ 1.10 c
„ inelastic when λ ≤ λr and τ = 0.8τ y tw Fyw

„ elastic when λ > λr and τ = τcr ⎡ kv E ⎤

kc E h kE ⎢1.10 Fy ⎥
Vn λ > λr (a) For 1.10 ≤ ≤ 1.37 c Cv = ⎢
h
⎥ (AISC G2-4)
Fy tw Fy ⎢ ⎥
Vp tw
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
plastic inelastic elastic
Vr ⎡ ⎤
For kc E h ⎢ 1.51Ek ⎥ (AISC G2-5)
(a) 1.37 ≤ Cv = ⎢ v
⎥
Fyw tw 2
⎢⎛ h ⎞ F ⎥
⎜ ⎟
⎣⎢ ⎝ tw ⎠ ⎦⎥
y

λ
λp λr
31 32

8
Lateral Bracing Design Lateral Bracing Design
AISC Provisions – Stability
Bracing Design for Beams

„ 1. For stiffness βreqd,

βreqd = 2 βideal
„ 2. For nominal strength Fbr,
(a) Fbr = βideal (2Δ0);
(b) Fbr = βideal (0.004Lb)
Where βideal = Pcr/Lb

33 34

Lateral Bracing Design (cont.) Lateral Bracing Design (cont.)

AISC Provisions – Stability Bracing Design for Beams Bracing Requirements for Inelastic Steel Beams
2
0.008M r C d L
1. Relative bracing Re quired I= b
1. Axial strength requirement
π 2 Eh0 ⎡ α −1 ⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤ Acomp
Re quired Abrace = ⎢ st ⎥⎢ ⎥
1 L ⎛ 4M C ⎞ ⎢⎣α e − α e ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎛⎜ Lav ⎞⎟
Re quired A= b
⎜ r d
⎟ ⎝ b⎠
φ E ⎜⎝ Lb h0 ⎟⎠

2. Nodal bracing 0.02M r C d L2b 2. Axial stiffness requirement

Re quired I=
π 2 Eh0 ⎡ α −1 ⎤ ⎡ actualAbrace ⎤ ⎡ La ⎤
Lbrace
≤ 0.57 ⎢ st ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
Lav ⎢⎣α e − α e ⎥⎦ ⎣ requiredAbrace ⎦ ⎣ b ⎦
1 L ⎛ 10M r C d ⎞
Re quired A= ⎜ ⎟⎟
φ E ⎜⎝ Lb h0 ⎠
35 36