Transmission Line Theory

UCF
Transmission Line Equations (1)
At low frequencies:
Can simply use a wire to
connect two components
At high frequencies:
Cannot simply use a wire to
connect two components

f  60 Hz    5  10 m 6

3  10 8
f  600 MHz     0.5m
600  10 6
 UCF
Transmission Line Equations (2)

Lz Rz
Source Load Gz
Cz
Differential Length

z z z + z

R: Series resistance per unit length (/m)

G: Shunt conductance per unit length (S/m)
L: Series inductance per unit length (H/m)
C: Shunt capacitance per unit length (F/m)
Lossless Line: R = G = 0
 UCF
Transmission Line Equations (3)
i( z, t ) i(z  z, t)

+ Lz Rz +
v(z, t) v(z  z, t)
Source Load
Gz Cz
 
Differential Length

z z z + z
 Cannot apply Kirchhoff's Laws to the whole line
 Can apply Kirchhoff's Laws to the differential length
KVL: v( z, t )  i( z  z, t )Rz  Lz i( z  z, t )  v( z  z, t )
t
v( z, t )  v( z  z, t ) i( z  z, t )
  Ri( z  z, t )  L
z t
v( z, t ) i( z, t )
z  0    Ri( z, t )  L
z t
 UCF
Transmission Line Equations (4)
i( z, t ) i(z  z, t)

+ Lz Rz +
v(z, t) v(z  z, t)
Source Load
Gz Cz
 
Differential Length

z z z + z

v ( z , t )
KCL : i ( z , t )  v ( z , t )G  z  C  z  i( z  z , t )
t
i( z , t )  i( z  z , t ) v ( z , t )
  Gv ( z , t )  C
z t
i ( z , t ) v ( z , t )
z  0    Gv ( z , t )  C
z t
UCF
Transmission Line Equations (5)
v( z , t ) i ( z , t )
  Ri ( z , t )  L (1)
z t
i ( z , t ) v( z , t )
  Gv( z , t )  C ( 2)
z t
If R  G  0 (Lossless Line)
v( z , t ) i ( z , t )
 L (3)
 z t
i ( z , t ) v( z , t )
 C ( 4)
z t
 2v( z, t )  i ( z , t )  2v( z, t )
From (3)  L ( )   LC
z 2
t z t 2
 2 v( z , t ) 1  2 v( z , t ) 1
   0 v 
z 2 v p2 t 2
p
LC
Wave Equation
 Phasor Form Representation for
UCF Sinusoidal Steady State (Review)
u  A cos(  t   )
j j t 
 Re  Ae e
 

j
U  Ae
 2
 j   2
t t 2
u   A cos(  t  kz )
 jkz j t   jkz
 Re  Ae e U   Ae
 

U
 Sinusoidal Excitation of
UCF Transmission Line (1)
v( z, t ) i( z, t )
  Ri( z, t )  L
z t
i ( z, t ) v( z, t )
  Gv( z, t )  C
z t

dV ( z )
  RI ( z )  jLI ( z )  Z I ( z )
dz
dI ( z )
  GV ( z )  jCV ( z )  Y V ( z )
z

Z   R  jL  Series Impedance per Unit Length

Y   G  jC  Shunt Admittnace per Unit Length
 Sinusoidal Excitation of
UCF Transmission Line (2)
dV ( z )
  Ri ( z )  jLI ( z )  ( R  jL) I ( z )
dz
From
dI ( z )
  Gv( z )  jCV ( z )  (G  jC )V ( z )
dz

d 2V ( z )
 2
 ( R  jL)(G  jC )V ( z )  0
dz
2
d V ( z)
or
2
 k 2
V ( z )  0  2
  k 2
 ( R  jL)(G  jC )
dz
d 2V ( z )
2
  2
V ( z)  0
dz
 Sinusoidal Excitation of
UCF Transmission Line (3)

General Solution is
This image cannot currently be display ed.
V ( z )  V 0 e   z  V 0 e  z
 V 0 e  jkz  V 0 e jkz
 
Forward Wave Backward Wave
Define V   V 0 e  jkz V   V 0 e jkz
 Sinusoidal Excitation of
UCF Transmission Line (4)
Substitute the above solution t o :
dV ( z )
  ( R  j L ) I ( z )
dz
V0 z V0 z
 I ( z)  e  e
Z0 Z0
 
 I  I
R  j L 

V  z 

V z
where Z 0  I  0
e I  0
e
G  j C Z0 Z0
 Characteristic Impedance
UCF

R  j L 1
Z  
G  j C
0
Y0
If R=G=0 (lossless case)

L
Z 0 
C
 Propagation Constant
UCF

  k  ( R  jL)(G  jC )
2 2

 : propagation constant, k : wavenumber

Let     j or k   - j
 : phase constant, rad/m
 : attenuation constant, nep/m
  0 when R  G  0 (losses)
 z  j z z
e  jkz
e e e .   jk
 Reflection Coefficient (1)
UCF

 (z )

Source Load

0 z
z
Reflection Coefficient (or: Voltage Reflection Coefficient) at
any point along the transmission line is defined as:

V (z)
(z)  
V (z)
   jkz

V (z)  V (z)  V (z) V ( z )  V0 e
  jkz
 V ( z )( 1   ( z )) V ( z )  V 0 e

 Reflection Coefficient (2)
UCF

 ( z1 ) ( z2 )

Source d Load

0 z1 z2
z
  jkz 1 z
V ( z1 ) V e
 ( z1 )    0
  jkz 1
  ( 0 ) e 2 jkz1
V ( z1 ) V e 0

( z2 )  (0)e2 jkz2  (0)  ( z2 )e2 jkz2

  ( z1 )   ( z 2 ) e  2 jk ( z 2  z1 )   ( z 2 ) e  2 jkd
  ( z 2 ) e  2  d e  2 j d
 Input Impedance (1)
UCF

Z in (z )

Source  (z )
Load

0 z
z
Defined as: V (z)
Z in ( z )  for any points along z
I (z)
V ( z )  V  ( z )  V  ( z )  V  [1   ( z )]

  V
I (z)  I (z)  I (z)  [1   ( z )]
Z0
1  ( z ) Z in ( z )  Z 0
 Z in ( z )  Z 0 or  ( z ) 
1  ( z ) Z in ( z )  Z 0
 Input Impedance (2)
UCF

Z in ( z1 ) Z in ( z 2 )

 ( z1 ) ( z2 )
Source d Load

0 z1 z2
z
From Z in ( z 1 )  Z
 ( z1 )  0
Z in ( z 1 )  Z 0
 ( z1 )   ( z 2 ) e  2 d
Z in ( z 2 )  Z 0
 (z2 ) 
Z in ( z 2 )  Z 0

Z in ( z 2 )  Z 0 tanh(  d )
 Z in ( z1 )  Z 0
Z 0  Z in ( z 2 ) tanh(  d )
 Input Impedance (3)
UCF

Z in

Source d ZL
0
d 0 z
Impedance Transformation Formula:
Z L  Z 0 tanh(d )
Z in  Z 0
Z 0  Z L tanh(d )
Note: as – d
Z in  Z 0 tanh(d )
Z L  Z0
Z 0  Z in tanh(d )
 Input Impedance (4)
UCF

Yin  1 / Z in

Source d ZL
0
d 0 z
z
1 1  ( z )
Yin   Y0
Z in 1  ( z )
YL  Y0 tanh(d )
Yin  Y0
Y0  YL tanh(d )
 Lossless Terminated Transmission Line (1)
UCF

Zin

Source 
d ZL
0
d 0 z
z
L
  0, k   ,   j , Z 0  real
C
 2 j dZ in  Z 0
  L e    L constant
Z in  Z 0
Z L  jZ 0 tan(d )
Z in  Z 0
Z 0  jZ L tan(d )
 Lossless Terminated Transmission Line (2)
UCF

Zin

Source 
d ZL
0
d 0 z
Z L  jZ 0 tan(  d )
Z in  Z0
Z 0  jZ L tan(  d )
Discussions:
( 2 n  1) 
(1) When d   , or  d  ( 2 n  1)
4 2
Z 02
 Z in  If Z L  0 , Z in   ;
ZL
if Z L   , Z L  0 .
 Lossless Terminated Transmission Line (2)
UCF

Zin

Source 
d ZL
0
d 0 z
Z L  jZ 0 tan(  d )
Z in  Z0
Z 0  jZ L tan(  d )
n
(2) When d   , or d  n , Z in  Z L
2
(3) When Z L  0 (s.c.)  Z in  jZ 0 tan(d )
(4) When Z L   (o.c.)  Z in   jZ 0 cot(d )
(5) When Z L  Z 0  Z in  Z 0 ,   0
 Average Power on Lossless
UCF Transmission Line
I (z )
V ( z)  V  ( z)  V  ( z)
Source V (z ) V  (z) V  (z)
Load I (z)  
Z0 Z0
0 z
z
1
 P(z)  Re[ V ( z ) I * ( z )]
2
1   V * V *
 Re[( V  V )(  )]
2 Z0 Z0
1 | V  | 2 | V  | 2 V V *
 V V *
 Re[   ]
2 Z0 Z0 Z0
 
1 | V 0 |2 1 | V 0 |2
   P   P  (constant)
2 Z0 2 Z0
 Chain Matrix of Transmission Line (1)
UCF

I ( 0) I (d )

Source V ( 0) V (d ) Load

0 d
z
V (0)  V0  V0 V (d )  V0 e jkd  V0e jkd
V 0 V 0 V 0 e  jkd V 0 e jkd
I (0)   I (d )  
Z0 Z0 Z0 Z0
 cos kd  jZ 0 sin kd 
V ( d )    V ( 0 ) 
    sin kd
 I (d )   j Z cos kd   I ( 0 ) 
 0 
Chain Matrix A
 Chain Matrix of Transmission Line (2)
UCF


Z01 Z02 Z03 Z0,N-2 Z0,N-1 Z0N
k1 k2 k3 kN-2 kN-1 kN

d2 d3 dN-2 dN-1

A tot  A N 1A N 2 A3A2