Pile foundations

Design the following pile foundation for a column of a water pipeline.

n  85 n = uneven => C.F.A

Dimensions of the column are:

b c  40cm h c  50cm

Characteristic loads at the inferior part of the column:

Pk  ( 300  0.4 n )kN  334 kN

Qk  ( 200  0.2 n )kN  217 kN

M xP.ek  0.35 Pk  m  116.9 kN m TyP.ek  0.25 Pk  83.5 kN

M xQ.ek  0.25 Qk  m  54.25 kN m TyQ.ek  0.18 Qk  39.06 kN

M yP.ek  0.25 Pk  m  83.5 kN m TxP.ek  0.15 Pk  50.1 kN

M yQ.ek  0.20 Qk  m  43.4 kN m TxQ.ek  0.15 Qk  32.55 kN

Ground statigraphy:

 CTN .... -1.00m: Filling material:

kN
γk1  18.2 h str1  1.00m
3
m

 -1.00 ... -6.50m: Yellow sandy clay, plastic soft:

kN
γk2  18.5
3
m
Ic2  0.4  0.004 n  0.74
h str2  5.50m
ϕ'k2  15°

c'k2  18kPa

 -6.50 .... -15.00: Bluish marly clay, plastic-hard:

kN
γk3  19.5
3
m

Ic3  0.98

cuk3  65kPa

Sr3  0.98
The piles will be executed "in situ", with 600mm diameter, using the technology:
C.F.A n-uneven
The bearing capacity of the piles will be verified with DA1 Combination 2: A2+M2+R4

γG  1
A2
γQ  1.3

γφ'  1.25

γc'  1.25
M2
γcu  1.4

γγ  1

γb  1.45

γs  1.3
R4 for CFA
γt  1.4

γs.t  1.6

Design values of the loads:

Pd  γG Pk  334  kN

Qd  γQ Qk  282.1  kN

M xP.ed  0.35 Pd  m  116.9  kN m TyP.ed  0.25 Pd  83.5 kN

M xQ.ed  0.25 Qd  m  70.525 kN m TyQ.ed  0.18 Qd  50.778 kN

M yP.ed  0.25 Pd  m  83.5 kN m TxP.ed  0.15 Pd  50.1 kN

M yQ.ed  0.20 Qd  m  56.42  kN m TxQ.ed  0.15 Qd  42.315 kN

1. Initial sizing:

1.1. Evaluation of vertical loads:

 
Vdp  1.2 Pd  Qd  739.32 kN

1.2. Minimum number of piles:

n piles.min  3
1.3. Distance between piles:

d  600mm
Hfrost  1m

Df  Hfrost  ( 20cm)

Hfrost  20cm  1.2 m

Df  1.2m

t  2 d t - length of pile in Good Foundation Ground

t  2  d  1.2 m

D  Df  6.5m  Df  t  7.7 m

3 D
s  2.d   1.431 m
100

s  1.5m s - distance between piles 1.5 d  0.9 m

2. Bearing capacity calculation for piles foundation

2.1. End bearing capacity of a pile, on its toe:

2
π d 2
Ab   0.283 m Ab - area of the pile
4

Nc  9 Nc - bearing resistance coefficient

cuk3
cud   46.429 kPa c ud - design value of cohesion in undrained conditions
γcu

γk1 1 m  5.5m γk2  t γk3 kN γ d.1 - weighted average for the unit weight of
γd.1   18.617
( 1m  5.5m  t)  γγ 3 the layers traversed by the pile
m

q b.k  Nc cud  γd.1 D  561.207  kPa

q b.k - pressure at the end

Rbk  Ab  q b.k  158.678  kN

2.2. Shaft resistance of a pile, friction on the lateral surface of the pile:

U  π d  1.885 m U - pile cross-section perimeter

Dividing in layers

li  2m

lh  h str1  h str2  Df  5.3 m

 Elementary layer 1 ( -1.2m...-3m ) Layer 2

l1
l1  1.8m h 1   1.2m  2.1 m
2
Ic2  0.74 D  7.7 m

Online bilinear interpolator:

q sk1  34.5kPa

 Elementary layer 2 ( -3m...-5m ) Layer 2

l2
l2  2m h 2  l1   1.2m  4 m
2
Ic2  0.74 D  7.7 m

Online linear interpolator:

q sk2  42.2kPa

 Elementary layer 3 ( -5m...-6.5m) Layer 2

l3
l3  1.5m h 3  l1  l2   1.2m  5.75 m
2
Ic2  0.74 D  7.7 m

Online bilinear interpolator:

q sk3  45.525kPa

 Elementary layer 3 ( -6.5m...-7.7m) Layer 3

l4
l4  1.2m h 4  l1  l2  l3   1.2m  7.1 m
2
Ic3  0.98 D  7.7 m

Online bilinear interpolator:

q sk4  60.17kPa
Rsk  U Σq ski li

kN
Σ  q sk1 l1  q sk2 l2  q sk3 l3  q sk4 l4  286.991 
m

Rsk  U Σ  540.966  kN

2.3 Design value for the bearing capacity of the pile:

 Rbk   Rsk 
Rcd   γ    γ   525.561  kN
 b  s

2.4 Group bearing resistance of the pile:

mu  1 mu - coefficient for base bearing piles

Rcg  mu  Rcd  525.561  kN

Vdp
n'   1.407 choose 4 piles
Rcg

n'  4

3. Load evaluation:

kN kN
Hraft  1m γmed  21 γconcrete  25
3 3
m m

3.1. Determination of loads at the base of raft foundation:

Lr1  s  2  ( 1.5 d )  3.3 m

Br  Lr1  3.3 m

Lr  Lr1  3.3 m

Graft  Hraft Lr Br γconcrete  272.25 kN

 
Vd  γG Pk  Graft  γQ Qk  888.35 kN

Lp  D  Df  6.5 m
2
π d
Gpile  γG Lp   γconcrete  45.946 kN
4
M xf.ed  M xP.ed  TyP.ed Hraft  M xQ.ed  TyQ.ed  Hraft  321.703  kN m

M yf.ed  M yP.ed  TxP.ed Hraft  M yQ.ed  TxQ.ed  Hraft  232.335  kN m

3.2. Check of piles at bearing capacity (GEO):
s
x 1   0.75 m s
2 y 1   0.75 m
2
s s
x 2   0.75 m y 2   0.75 m
2 2
Vd M xf.ed y 1 M yf.ed x 1
S1d   Gpile    452.713  kN
n' 2 2
4y 1 4x 1

Vd M xf.ed y 1 M yf.ed x 1
S3d   Gpile    297.823  kN
n' 2 2
4y 1 4x 1

Vd M xf.ed y 1 M yf.ed x 1
S2d   Gpile    238.244  kN
n' 2 2
4y 1 4x 1

Vd M xf.ed y 1 M yf.ed x 1
S4d   Gpile    83.354 kN
n' 2 2
4y 1 4x 1

S1d  Rcg S1d  452.713  kN Rcg  525.561  kN

4. Raft reinforcement
The raft is considered to be a fix console at the column side, being driven by the loads from the
pile. Considering maximum loads from piles (Smax) it can be determined the bending moments at
the column side – resulting in the reinforcement area.

s hc
lc1    0.5 m lc4  lc1  50 cm
2 2
s bc
lc2    0.55 m lc3  lc2  55 cm
2 2

Moment on direction x :

 
M 22  S1d  S3d  lc2  412.794  kN m

M 33   S2d  S4d  lc3  176.879  kN m

Moments on direction y :

 
M 11  S1d  S2d  lc1  345.478  kN m

M 44   S3d  S4d  lc4  190.588  kN m

 
M x.max  max M 22 M 33  412.794  kN m

M y.max  max M 11 M 44  345.478  kN m

concrete C20/25 and steel PC52
C20/25 PC52
N N
fck  20 fyk  345
2 2
mm mm
fck 7
fyk N
fcd   1.333  10 Pa fyd   300 
1.5 1.15 2
mm
kN
γbet  25
3
m
ϕsl  14mm

cnom  50mm

b  1m

 Reinforcement for Mx:

ϕsl
d x  Hraft  cnom   943  mm
2
M y.max
μx   0.029
2
b  d x  fcd

ωx  1  1  2  μx  0.0296

fcd 2
Asxc  ωx  1 m d x   12.395 cm
fyd

2
p min  0.15% Hraft b  15 cm

ϕ20/200 Aeff=15.72 cm2 Book of Kiss: Proiectarea structurilor din beton

Table XVI.2

 Reinforcement for My:

ϕsl
d y  Hraft  cnom   ϕsl  929  mm
2
M x.max
μy   0.036
2
b  d y  fcd

ωy  1  1  2  μy  0.0365

fcd 2
Asyc  ωy  1 m d y   15.087 cm
fyd

2
p min  0.15% Hraft b  15 cm

ϕ20/200 Aeff=15.72 cm2 Book of Kiss: Proiectarea structurilor din beton

Table XVI.2
 2 2
p min.middle  0.05% Hraft b  5  cm Aeff.middle  5.65cm ϕ12/200

5. Pile reinforcement:
Longitudinal reinforcement:
p min  0.5% superior part
σsd  235 fbd  3 ϕest  28mm fcd  13.33MPa fyd  300MPa

Asmin 100 π 2
Asmin  p min  d  14.137 cm
2
p  4
Ab
cnom  70mm Smin  100mm Smax  350mm
ϕest
d s  cnom   84 mm
2
h  d  0.6 m
M xf.ed
μed   0.142
Ab  h  fcd

ω  1  1  2  μed  0.1541

S1d
νed   0.12
Ab  fcd

fcd 2
Asl  ω Ab   19.365 cm
fyd

8ϕ18 Aeff=20.35 cm2

Transversal reinforcement:
- spiral ϕ10/150mm

- stiffening ring ϕ20/1m

- spacers ϕ12

Settlement calculation:

Vd
p n   81.575 kPa 0.4 Br  1.32 m h i  1m
Br Lr

s  1.48cm It is okay!
Smaller value than the admissible one!
Table in excel document!