BRITISH STANDARD 2853 : 1957 a) UDC 624.072 : 669.14-423 : 621.86 oO THE DESIGN AND TESTING OF STEEL OVERHEAD RUNWAY BEAMS BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTIONBRITISH STANDARD SPECIFICATION 4 THE DESIGN AND TESTING OF 0 STEEL OVERHEAD RUNWAY BEAMS B.S. 2853 : 1957 Tncorporating amendments issued May, 1959 (PD 3362), ‘August, 1961 (PD 4279), August 1967 (PD 6225) and ‘April, 1970 (AMD 495) BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION Incorporated by Royal Charter 2 PARK STREET, LONDON WIA 28S ‘Teen: 266933 ‘Telephone: 01-629 9000BS, 2853 1957 ‘Tiss Bains SraNDARD, having been approved by the Mechanical Engineering Industry Standards Committee and endorsed by the Chairman of the Engineering Divisional Council, was published under the authority of the General Councit on 8th May, 1957, ‘The Institution desires to call attention to the fact that this British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary Provisions of a contract. Jn order to keep abreast of progress in the industries ‘concerned, British Standards are subject to periodical review. Suggestions for improvements will be recorded and in due course brought to the notice of the eommitices charged with the revision ofthe standards to which they refer. A complete list of British Standards, numbering over 9.000, fully indexed and with a note ofthe contents of each, will be found in the BSI Catalogue which may be purchased from BSI Sates Department, The Catalogue may be eonsulted in ‘many public libraries and similar institutions. ‘This standard makes reference to the British Standards listed in Appendix B, British Standards are revised, when necessary, by the ise elther of amendment sips or of revised editions. It's important that users of British Standards should ascertain that they are tn ossession of the latest amendments or editions. {he following BSL, references tlae to the work on this tunard Comite reereace MEEIIZB. rat for comment CV(MER tae 2conven Page ee i ; ee ; omar ees ; coe ; 0 a ; atest tty [cases eee ; foes ; oo ; eee as ft ees are ° fe i eee ert ee 2 oe 2 penal ® Dey eoeie a fees © @. Amount ofthe proof load 2 al ees eee = : te : | eee te eer personals = : uae Hf ecm : See ee, =<. : Certificate of thorough examination 14 11, Compliance with statutory requirements 14 3 B.S. 2853 : 1957BS, 2853 : 1957 APPENDICES Page Appendix A. Recommended minimum run- way beam sizes Appendix B List of British Standards for materials and equipment Appendix C. Certificate of tet and thor- ough examination of runway beams Appendix D. Certificate of thorough exam- jon of runway beams Appendix E. Statutory requirements Appendix F. Crushing steength FIGURES Figs. 2,3 & 4, Cantilever beams 18 16 8 19BS. 2853 : 1957 CO-OPERATING ORGANIZATIONS cp es ny seer teBS. 2853 : 1957 BRITISH STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR THE DESIGN AND TESTING OF STEEL OVERHEAD RUNWAY BEAMS FOREWORD “his British Standard was prepared atthe request of the Chain Testers Association of Great Britin, under the authoriy of the Mechanical ogincering Industy Standards Commitee. "The purpore ofthis Bish Standard isto specify such fundameotal principles av appear desabetoensre reliability and safety of overhead 7p onwaje, without hampering the freedom of the runway maker ia his selection of the most propriate design forthe purpose in view. “This standard is intended to apply to runway beans made fom rolled sel sctions. The suitability of ether materials may be considered in felation to the circomstances, bearing in mind the peticular properties ofthe raterial wed “The prime duty ofthe ester is to tet the actual reaway; nevertheless he should satsty inself thatthe supports and structures are sound and suitable for al loads which they will be called upon to take. In certain cases this may not be practicable it wil then be the responsibilty of the purchaser, n consultation with the architect, consulting engineer, or other ommpetcotsuthority, to stsythe tester thatthe structure is sultable ‘Users ofthis Bish Standard should satisfy themeeves that effective compliance is secured with statutory roquirements (eg. the Factories ‘Acta, 1937 and 1948, the Mines and Quarries Acts, 1984, regulations rade under these Acts (ice Appendix E, focal byes and regaltion), tnd for i isuraace purposes, with the rules ofthe Fue Ofices' Com tte, a appropriate SPECIFICATION 1 This eth Sundard specice We minimum eoucomens for the espn and testing of fac overhead ronmay teas made fom tolled Scabne of nel complag wih the reqtenens of BS. 13" and seca 8.960 “this Bich Standard aplis tothe runway beams an tei com fe eae ea er atiy and iting spans epee o the Gea ot to ease ee te: Score mporing nay Stns ous cme euro ‘tthe sdevaot Brat Sanrds © or Seacoast me BS. 4%, "The we ot siento ena Se +t BS. 968," High yield stress (welding quality) structural stec $ Noec BS. 2853: 1957 Deerioss 2. For the purposes of this British Standard the following definitions ‘shall apply: ‘2, Rurway:* The runway bear and runway components. 2, Runway components. Those parts of the runway immediately attached to the runway beam, eg, splices end stops, clamps and switches, Runway beam, An overhead track for carrying Joads which are ‘moved along it 4, Effective spon, The distance between the centres of two adjacent supports, due allowance being made for end fixity, continuous ‘beams and cantilevers. ¢. Calculated deflections, The deflections due to the safe working and proof loads computed by using the formula applicable to the particular circumstances. ‘fr Measured deflections, The defections measured in such a manner that they relate to precisely the same conditions as those covering the ealeulated deflection referred to in Clause 2, INFORMATION To De SUPPLIED 3. The purchaser shall supply to the manufacturer full details of the loads to be handled and the service required of the runway; this information shall form the basis of the design and test. These loads shall include any ‘ditional items, such as apparatus or services, which may have to be supported by the runway. 4. The runway beam on which the trolley moves shall be of proper size and adequate strength, and have an even running surface. It shall be Adequaly supported oF suspended, and ape of bang popely maintained. ‘2. Runway beams. When computing stresses in runway beams, account shall be taken of foad lifted, weight of beam, weight of iting appliance, {he effort on the hand chain, and any other superimposed loads. Also, to allow for swinging loads, dynamic effects due to slipping sings, and kinetic action of acszieration and retardation, te total maximam static wheel-loads shall be increased by the following percentages:— @ Runways for poweroperated appliances 25 pe cent (i) Runways for and-operated appliances 10 percent 4 te should be soe wa thus defiaon i more mite ints scope than that on laiced in Secon 24 (8) ofthe Factores Act, 1937; a the later case the expression “Tupway *acades the actual ise eaetioe. 1BS. 2853 1957 ‘These allowances are deemed adequate for normal runways, but itis emphasized that all the stress calculations given in Clause 4 are based fon the assumption thatthe load is applied in the plane of the web. If this isnot the case the use of Esection beams will probably be uneconomical, and the use of beams specially designed to resist torsion should be con- sidered. Appropriate additional allowances shall be made to cover any ‘known special conditions, such as possible accumulation of loads (eg. ‘more than one trolley on the same span), or non-vertcal lis. Whea the runway is used for special duty of greater severity, eg. over molten metal or where there is a possibility of accidental overloads, higher factors of safely are recommended with proportionately lower working stresses. Provided that iting and lowering speeds of power-operated appliances fon runways do not exceed 10 fi/min, and travelling speeds of power- ‘operated trolleys do not excced 50 ft/min, for the purpose of the above allowances () and (i), they may be clased as hand operated. INOTE. tn consection withthe detail deten ofthe runway beam itis impraciable to speciy a standard minimum Secon of runway beam for any pacar loadiog, 1 ti vill depend on the standards adopted by the manufacturer ofthe hoist block fr oahereguiment whch eto be std onthe runny. The deta ofthe Blk aod Colley sem il afer sch portant considerations 3 1. Type of runway beam section. This might be ofa pronstry deen, 2 Minium sect of runway beam to support a given Toad locally 5. Pro of section 1 sult tale wheat sre. 4 Detals of runway joins and suspensions wo allow the ncestry clearances 5. Minimam runway ads, Head roost requed. 1. Type of runway switches, crossovers and jontions. 1 Deal of pover supply urangements, any 1b. Bending stresses in tension. The bending steesses in the extreme fibres in tension for British Standard universal beams complying with BS 4, Part 1f shall not exceed the following @ Due to longitudinal bending stress f, If made from steel complying with BS 13* 10'5 conffin® If made from steel complying with BS 968 14:5 tonffin* (i) Due to transverse bending stress fy arising from Mange loading. (For method of calculation see Appendix G.) If made from steel complying with BS 15° 1455 tootfint If made from steel complying with BS 968t 17-0 tonffin® ‘The bending stresses due to longitudinal bending and flange loading shall, when plotted on the graph (Fig. 5) for stee! complying with BS 15° 1 Nevertheless some guidance it sven in Appendix A. + 8-15," Maid ste! or geoera sectoral purpovs BS. 964, “igh yield sess (welding qualiyy stuceral see 4 BS. 4" Seoctral steel sections Pat I," Hot rolled sections ABS, 2853 : 1957 or on the graph (Fig. 6) for steel complying with BS 968%, as f, and fy, fall within the hatched areas, [NOTE, Runway beam danges should bof ulin thichnes fo ensue thatthe sess ‘ue to uansverse tending (assed by the Walley wheal tenet bend the bottom af the Mange downward, ofthe faing ending t9 vend toe top ange, prey Join in conjunction with al oer srs do not exceed thew pele €. Bending siress in compression. The bending stress in the extreme ‘ibres in compression for British Standard universal beams complying with BS 4, Part 1 shall not exceed the lesser ofthe values of Pee obtained as follows (@) tf made from steel complying with BS 15 Poo = 10'S tonffin? ‘Piz = the allowable stress given in Fig. 1 (i) Ir made from steel complying with BS 968* Poe = 14°5 tonffin® Pre = the allowable stress given in Fig, 2. the effective span or, where effective lateral restraint is provided, the length, centre to centee, between the restraint ‘members in inches. the radius of gyration, in inches, ofthe beam section about its axis lying in the plane of bending. D = the overall depth ofthe bear in inches. T~ the mean thickness, in inches, of the Range as given in the appropriate British Stendard oF other reference book. NOTE. The efective length of compresion anges should te in accordance with BS. 49, Clase 26 4, Cantilever beams. The effective length 1 to be used in the above ‘equation in Clause 4 (i) for cantilever beams shall be taken a¢ follows (see Figs. 2,3 and 4):== Where L = the length of the cantilever: Where: (@) Cantilever beam continuous at the support, unrestrained against torsion atthe support and unrestrained atthe end; ! = 32, Gi) Camitever beam continuous at the support with partial restraint ‘against torsion atthe support and unrestrained at the end, as, foe example, a cantilever bolted hard up to a lintel, = 21, (ili) Cantilever beam continuous at the support, restrained against torsion at the support and unrestrained at the end; 1 = L. Cantilever runway beams shall be side stayed to a lintet or other supporting structure where practicable, + Bg 968, - Hiph yield a TBS Asuna (welding quai tuctral ste” sn Batt a cenBS, 2853: fittta 1957 e. Shear stress. The average shear stress on gross section of rolled steel joist webs (gross section being taken as depth of beam in inches by Wweb ihickness in inches), of any material complying with BS 15° shall not ‘exceed 6'5 tonffin® and of any material complying with BS 968t shall not exceed 85 tonfin’. “f- Curved beams. Curved runway beams shal be supported in such a way thatthe stresses due to torsional bending moments are negligible, and they shall also be such as to withstand the maximum vertical bending ‘moment and shearing force induced by travelling loads and the dead weight ofthe beam, |g. Bolts mace of 28-ton steel 10 B.S. 916t and rivets made of steel 10 BS.1S. ( Allowable siresses in bos. Maximum allowable teosile stress calculated on the area the root of the thread 4 tons/sq.i0. for bolts in. diameter and upwards. 3 toas/sqi for bolts las (thas 5 in, diameter, Black bolts: 4 tons/sqin. Mera alloente stress i {sa eerie 6 tons/sq.in. {fom bolts: 8 tons/sqin. Maximam allowable stress in eae ‘Turned and fitted bolts: 12 tons/sqin. NOTE, Where tuned and fited bolts ate in double shear, the permissible bearing ‘Nreron the cera thekoes of etal ay be Increased by 25 pe ent. ‘Where high tensile steol bolts are used they shall comply with B.S. 10838 of BS. 17688 with a minimum factor of safety of 8. ‘Where friction grip bolts are used, they shall comply with BS. 3139 “High strength friction grip bolts for structural engineering, Part 1 = General grade bolts" and their application shall be in accordance with BS. 3294 The usc of high strength frition grip bolts in structural steel work, Part 1: General grade bolts*. ‘th cases where bolts are used exclusively under tensile Yoading, the permissible working loads shall not exceed 60 per cent of the proof loads Shown in Table 3 of BS. 3294. + 5.15, Mild tel for nner stucura purposes 7 BS bea, lps Visas weldine goal) srueturt set | BE IR BiB rent ands ee 585, es. ed eet hesanon vate ew she (UNC ond UNF threads) 10BS, 2853 : 1957 Where high strength ftiction grip bolts are used, special attention is ‘draven to Clause 7, Note 2, in B.S. 3254 ‘All bolts in tension, other than high strength friction grip bolts, shal be fitted with effective locking devices and, where the bolts pass through tapered flanges, they shall be fitted with washers complying with BS, 2466.t In the case of high strength friction grip bolts, they shall be ‘ited with washers complying with BS. 3139. Gi) Allowable stresses in rivets. ‘Maximum allowable stress in {Suatin: stn in, single shear Field-driven: 4 tons/sq.in. Maximum allowable stress in bearing = 10 tons/sqin. Rivets shall not be used in tension. |. Connections to supporting structure. Connections shall be of ade- quate strength and stiffness to withstand safely the maximum loads applied. Clamps are an acceptable method of support, provided that the strength of the various parts complies with the foregoing and the various parts do not produce stresses in excess of the permissible stresses. The ‘lamps themselves shall be made of steel complying with the requirements Of B.S. 15§ of other material equally suitable for the purpose. (For bolts and rivets, see Clause 4g.) |j Joints in runways, Joints shall be of adequate strength to withstand ‘the maximum loads occurring atthe joint(s) and to ensure the maintenance (of true aligoment, When welded joints are used they shall comply with the following requirements:— © Bure welds, Butt welds shall be treated as parent metal with a thickness equal to the throat thickness (or a reduced throat thickness as specified in B.S, 449° for incomplete penetration butt welds), and the basic stress shall be that used for the parent meta. Gi) Fillet welds. The basic stress in a fillet weld, for a thickness ‘equal to the throat thickness, shall be 6:5 tons/sq.in. [NOTE. When «weld is subjected to combination of dicct bending of axial stress And shoar stress, the mano slant stress sal be calculated us te oer sua ‘k. Deflection, The maximum measured deflection of runway beams ‘under the safe working load shall not exceed 1/500 of the span. For cantilever beams the maximum measured deflection under the safe ‘working load shall not exceed 1/250 of the span. 1. Permissible pressure under bearings. The area of beatings shall be 0 proportioned that the maximum pressure due to normal load on ‘material forming the bed shall not exceed the following limits:— 1 BLS. 2466, * Black taper waters”. § BS. 15,"Strctral se #15. 443," The we ofstrctral see in bul 4BS. 2853 : 1957 On brickwork FYI tons/sq., where Fis the crushing strength ‘of the bricks used in tons per square foot. Onstone masonry Fyj6 tons/sqtt, where F, is the crushing strength of the stone used in tons per square foot, On cement concrete Fy tonsisqcf, where Fs the crushing strength in vunreinforced tons per square foot for 6 in, test cubes at 28 days for ordinary Portland cement or the cqivalent period of time for other cements, On cement concrete Where adequate shear and distribution rein reinforced orcement is provided distributing the load over at least twice the area of bearing the above value for unreinforeed concrete may ‘be doubled. Where the normal load is not transmitted centrally to the bearing Plates and the maximum intensity of pressure is not computed, the above values shell be halved. For typical crushing strengths, see Appendix F. '. Materials shall comply with the relevant British Standards listed in Appendix B. FABBICATION AND ERECTION 6. The fabrication and erection of overhead runways shall bein accordance With the requirements of Part 6 of B.S, 449, “The use of structural steel building 7. Effective end stops shall be provided on the runway (o prevent the trolley ether falling from the beams or fouling the structure of the building in which the runway is installed, The stops shall aot operate on the ‘anges of the trolley wheels. {TESTING AND INSPECTION 8, a, Duty of certifier. The person signing the certificate specified in ‘Clause 10 a and given in Appendix C shall satisy himself that the maxi- ‘mum allowable stresses and calculated deflections specified in this British ‘Standard are not exceeded and that all other requirements ofthis standard ‘are complied with, He shall also satisty himself that any curved runway beams are sup- ported in such a way that the stresses due to torsional bending moments ‘are negligible, b. Accuracy of the weights. Where practicable the load used shall be ‘made up of certifed weights. In other cases the weight shall be measured bby a recognized form of certified weighing machine, such that the sum (of the inaccuracies of the load and weighing machine do not exceed plus 2 ‘saBS, 2853 : 1957 ‘or minus 4 per cent. The load referred to includes the test frame, chain slings, tackle, etc, and the weighing machine i used on the actual test. ‘Amount ofthe proof load. The proof load applied for the purpose of the certificate given in Appendix C shall be the weight of the appropriate heaviest lifting appliance supported by the runway plus 25 per cent in ‘excess of the safe working load lift by this appliance. Where the runway supports more than one lifting appliance due allowance shall be made for the permissible proximity of any other lifting appliance or appliances supported by the runway. 4. Inspection before application of loads. All joints, connections and ‘supports shall be carefully inspected, special attention being paid to the security of nuts on bolts. The nuts shall not be tightened to such an extent as to over-stress the bolts, - ‘Attention shall be paid to the condition of walls surrounding and adjacent to the end fastening of runways fixed therein, Where the runway beam is carried on timber supports (which in many cases may be rool trusses) it shall be the responsiblity ofthe purchaser, in consultation with his architect, consulting engineer, or other competent authority to satisfy the tester that the members are suitable for the load to be carried, tis recommended that, where reinforced concrete beats ure used for the suspension of runways, the beams should be coated with solution (eg, whitewash) so that any eracks will show under proof load test. ¢. Application of loads. The preliminary inspection having been carted ‘out as specified in Clause 8 da test load equivalent to the maximum safe ‘working lond, together with the weight of the appropriate heaviest lifting appliance supported by the runway, shall be applied and traversed along the whole length of the runway. The load shall be halted during its passage along the runway and kept at rest at suitable positions, in order that stable deflection readings may be taken at these positions and recorded, Sufficient stable readings shall be taken to ensure that the maximum reading is obtained. ‘The procedure outlined shall then be repeated except that, instead of the test load referred to in the previous paragraph, the proof load (see ‘Clause 8 ¢) shall be applied. A stable deflection reading shail be taken and recorded only at that position where the maximum reading. was ‘obtained during the application ofthe test load refered to in the previous paragraph. Jf. Deflection measuring equipment, Deflection measuring equipment shall be adequate to ensure accurate measurement ofthe vertical deflection Of the beam at any point under any system of vertical loading, § Inspection and thorough examination. During the application of the test load referred to ia Clause 8 e and of the proof load as specified in Clause 8 ¢ the runway shall be kept under such observation as will ensure the ready detection of any obvious defect in the runwa Bei 957 Following the application of the proof load as specified in Clause 8 ¢ the runway shall be thoroughly examined in order to ascertain, for the Purposes of Clause 10, thatthe reaway has withstood the proof load with- ‘out injury or permanent deformation. For the purpose of this clause, ‘thorough examination means a visual examination, supplemented if necessary by other means, carried out as carefully asthe conditions permit, in order to arrive ata relinble coactusion as to the safety of the runway, and, if necessary for the purpose, parts of the runvay shall be dismantled, aman 9. The safe working load, identification number and any limiting condt- tions shail be plainly and permanently marked on the runway so as to be clearly visible tothe operator. IC high yield stress steel complying with BS 968° is used, and if the leers HS are not marked permanently on the beam, as specified in [BS 968", then the manufacturer of the runway shall stamp the letters HIYS on the beam adjacent (othe identification mark. ‘The safe working load here referred to applies to the runway beara ‘and its components only; it does not apply toa travelling trolley or lifting appliance operating on the runway beam. Hence, the actual load lifted, lowered, or transported in any particular instance, wil not only be governed by the safe working load of the runway beam, but also the safe working load of the trolley and lifting appliance ‘used, and any other relevant factors, eg. any limitation governing the operation of an adjacent trolley and lifting appliance. ‘The safe working load marked on the runway beam shall not exceed that of any transporting or lifting appliance used on it, even though the runway beam and its components have been tested satisfactorily with a ‘proof load greater than that specified for this safe working load, 10. a. Certificate of test and thorough examination. Before any runway ‘beam is takem into use the first time after erection, e-erection or having ‘undergone any substantial alteration or repair, a certicate that the run- way beam has been arvied and subsequently thoroughly examined as required by Clause 8 g shall be supplied. The certificate shall identify the runway beam to which it refers, quoting its distinguishing number or ‘mark and grades of ste! its size and length, and state (i) the date on whic the proof load was applied and thorough examination made, (i) the position and magnitude of the deflections obtained during the traversing ff the maximum safe working load and of the proof load as required by ‘Clause 8 e, (ii the maximum safe working lotd, and (iv) that the runway + BLS. 968," High ved sess (meting quality) stewctur! set” “ % ®BS. 2853 : 1957 ‘beam complies in all respects with this British Standard, ie, BS. 2853 The certificate, which shall be signed by the person making the test and ‘examination, shall indicate clearly that it applies to the ruaway beam ‘only and not to any trolley or lifting appliance travelling thereon (eee Appendix ©) 4. Certificate of thorough examination. When a thorough examination ‘only is made of a runway beam already in use and for which a certificate of test and thorough examination as refered to in Clause 10.4 above has been granted, the certificate of such examination shall identify the runway ‘beam to which it refers, quoting its distinguishing number or mark and grades of steel, its size and length, and state (i) the date on which the ‘examination was made, (i) dat of certificate of test and thorough examing- tion referred to in Clause 10 @ above, (i) particulars of any defect found during the examination and affecting the maximum safe working toad and of the steps taken to remedy such defect. The certificate, which sha be signed by the person making the examination, shall indicate clearly that it applies to the runway beam only and not to any trolley or lifting appliance travelling thereon (see Appendix D). ‘COMPLIANCE WITH STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS 11, Attention shall be paid to the appropriate statutory requirements, (For requirements under the Factories Acts and the Mines and Qua ‘Act, 1954, see Appendix E.) 15BS, 2853 : 1957 APPENDIX A RECOMMENDED MINIMUM RUNWAY BEAM SIZES ‘The minimum size of a runway beam is governed by the dimensions of the trolley required to run on it, but considerations oF oad and span ‘must be taken into account in deciding the actual size so be adopted. ‘There are not at present any generally recognized standard trolleys, ‘and runway spans vary according to site conditions; therefore dimensional standards for runway beams are not practicable, tis preferable to make a choice of trolley before considering other factors relating to beam details. However, as this i not always possible, in order to comply with good practice in runway design, the following ‘recommended sizes of rolled steet beams are given as a guide only; they are the minimum that will accept appropriate trolleys of ordinary design. SIZES OF RUNWAY BEAMS* | conc | Spent wo tana [Sma rane fein | Sa Gok) Beas for power ‘Speed takers tos = % 5x3 = % 8x3 ax4 Y 1x4 9x4 1% x4 wx 49% 2 9x4 1oxs 3 10x 4% x6 4 x5 . x6 3 x5 = x6 ™% 2x6 = 6x6 10 x6 ~ wx + The dimensions comply with BS. 4, “Dimeasions and propertis of channels and beams for sructoral purpor" “The above sizes allow for normal supporting bolts. Consideration should be given to other possible obstructions—such ‘a joint plates and clamps—which might interfere with the working of the troley. frunveay beams are smaller than those recommended in this appendix local bending stresses at open ends should be examined, and the bottom flange reinforced if necessary. 16BS, 2853 : 1957 APPENDIX B. LIST OF BRITISH STANDARDS FOR MATERIALS | AND EQUIPMENT LOTE, More than one grade or clas is provided for in certain ofthe standard, fi 1. Materials Case hardening steel 3 per cent nickel chromium Castings, steel Machined pars, steel bars for Structural steel and rivets Structural steel, high tensile Structural sted, high tensile fusion welding I guality 963° ‘Wrought iron sie I 2. Structural details, ete. i Bolts, nuts and washers 916, 1083, 1768, ' 1769, 1981+ 2465* 23139 PL.1,* 3294 PL Rivets 2759 64l* Sections, steel 2 4 6 Welding 683, 1856" 3. Miscellaneous Limits and fits 19169 Parts 1&2 Paint 2sasjzr ‘Screw threads 84," 1580" Use of structural steel 449° + BS. 4 Dimensions and propetes of chsanels and bess for strectorl pur- poses. S. 4A Dimcesions and propentzs of equal anges, unequal angles and T-bare for stuctoral prpose. S. 6 Dimeasioas and propeaies of blb angles and bulb plats fr strueturat patposs. BS. 15 Structural ste, Stel bars for the production of machined pat “Wrought iron for general engineering purposes (Grades A, Parallel screw threads of Whtwort fora Dimensions of rivets Ga i. t 134 in diameter. Higivteasle suuetual sel for bridges ete, and general building ‘Carbon ste eatings for gneralengoseriog purposes. ‘Bimentons of smal vet for general purposes, Ony-tetylene welding in mild ee. Black bolts srows and aut. I igh-ensic (fusion welding quality) stevetural ate fr bridge, et, And general building constuction. i BS. 970 Wrought sees ie the form of har, bets and forgings. Ea scien, | LFoomotecontinted on nest poet | ” sd.BS, 2883 : 1957 APPENDIX ¢ CERTIFICATE OF TEST AND THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF RUNWAY BEAMS TO BS. 553 % ie Come' (Clawe 6 | go | tackes | tone (Do the runway beams comply in all respects with BS. 2853?.. : (9) Were the runway and supports thoroughly ‘examined after the application of the proof load refered to in Column 4 and found (0 have withstood the load without permanent deformation and to be free from cracks, flaws or other defets? .. (40) Name and address of makers or supplies... . 31 "BS. 108 Preckion hexagon bolt crows, nuts and pais washer BS. 1580 United serew tueade, BS IT6H Unlbed precision heagon bolts, serews, nuts (UNC and UNF threads) snd pai washers—norral wis, 1S. 1769 Unio back hexagon bole, serene tn 15. 1836 Geoeeal requiremeots for the metal-arc welling of mild steel '3 1916 Lima and fis fr englocerog, Parts 1 aod 2 ‘31981 Unided machine screws an mache seew aut 5.2406 Blkck taper washers, BS.2525/2 Ready tied oltbased uodercoaing and fishing pains (exterior ‘ale. 35,3139 High strength fiction grip bolts for structural engiacrng. Part 1: Gevera rade bolt. 5.3296 The we of high sieagth fiton grip bolts fa structural steelwork. Part 1? Geaeal sade bli. od pin washeceheavy957 (11) Name and address of public service, associa- tee, fm ot person making the tt end ‘examination (12) Position in public service, association or firm named above of person who made the test And examination or, if he is working on his ‘own account, qualification, Lert, on bebo the fm or perons nae a 1% above, that the above particulars are correct Cosimo - Date ‘This certificate applies to the runway beams only, and not to any trolley or lifting appliance travelling thereon, * Delete inapplicable figure APPENDIX D CERTIFICATE OF THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF RUNWAY BEAMS TO BS. 2853 Centfcate NO. eee ore | Sateoete | camino mark” | Saenety te | amd ate renvay beans | erking toa Sora therein cS | (© Particulars of steps taken to remedy the defects ‘mentioned in Colum $...nseenne () Name and address of public service association, firm or person making the examination 19BS. 2833 : 1957 | i (© Postion of signori. pubic seri, a | Eaton off numel above on ee So afingilaed ad SSuionoes ot acount quaieaton a if 1 certify on behalf of the firm or persons named in (7) above, that the store thay bas nee threeply omnes tt bo esas ‘ong the sas orig ned wee found ee tha hse nde } jim Column 5. ‘Signature. ‘This certificate applies to the runway beams only, and not to ‘| trolley of liting appliance traveling thereon, Date. il i APPENDIX E STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS I| (D) Factories Act, 1937, Sections 24, 26, 0 and 117, (@) The Cranes and Other Lifting Machines (Register of Examina- tions) Order, 1938, dated 16th Tune, 1938. SR. & 0. 1938, No, 600. ) Docks Regulations, 1934. SR. & O. 1934, No. 279. Regulations 18, 21-22, 29, 33,49, 51 and the schedule of manner of test and examina tion before taking ifting machinery and gear into use. (4) Shipbuilding Regulations, 1931. S.R. & O, 1931, No. 133, Regu } lations 34, 40 and 53, t (5) Building (Safecy, Health & Welfare) Regulations, 1948, 8.1. 1948, No, 1145. Regulations 2-3, 5, 29, 34-36, 38-41, 50,51, 52, 56, 91 and. third schedule to these Regulations (© Electricity Regulations, 1908, S.R. & 0. 1908, No, 1312. (1 Electricity (Factories Act) Special Regulations, 1944. S.R. & O, 1944, No. 733. () The Mines and Quarries Act, 1954, Sections 81, 82 and 85, ©) Coal and other Mines (Electricity) Regulations, 1956, (S11. No, 176, 1956.) (10) Miscellaneous Mines (Electricity) Regulations, 1956, (8.1. No. 1798, 1956.) (21) Quarries (Blctricity) Regulations, 1956. ($1. No, 1781, 1956.) 20BS. 2853 :1957 APPENDIX F CRUSHING STRENGTH ‘The following approximate figures of crushing strength are given solely asa guide to users, for use where it is not practicable to make tests of the actual materials in use {0 Bricks i Type Crashing srengih tonsfag ft Cc ‘Common soft 96 Flettons 96.287 Load: bearing 27-514 Engincering 51710 Blue Stafford a Unreinforced concrete (6 in. test cubes at 28 days for ordinary Port i and coment) | ‘Nominal mi Crushing sirengis | ‘onsisg ft Leted 193 i tityes3 283 | tise 290 Type of Stone Crushing strength tonsiogf Min, Max. Limestone @s 956 Sandstone 204 1020 L Granite 830 130 APPENDIX G NOTES ON DESIGN OF RUNWAYS USING AS UNIVERSAL fl BEAMS AND BS BEAMS. i When considering the design of runways using universal beams com= plying with BS 4, Part 1*, calculations should be made to ensure that the Tongitudinet stresses combined with the transverse siress induced into the | bottom ange of the beam by trolley wheels is not excessive, It should WS. 4,*Strvtural ste! sections’, Part 1, * Hot rolled sections i a |BS, 2853 : 1957 also be ensured that the stresses on the top flange induced by beam fixing fare not excessive. In computing the cransverse stresses the following ‘equations apply’ hon the trolly is emote from the eal ofthe beam, 14cw > | aeons: o \ When the tole sat the end ofthe Beam or a joint where edges of| ftanges ae unsupported, i oy wer oat M fh z tonffin® ; fe ™ transverse stress. tonffin® } = a constant dependent on whee! centres oF beam fixing i centres and flange width (Table 3) 7 Kye. constant dependent on set-in of whess for trolleys \ {or set in of beam txings) remote from end of beam | or unsupported joint (Table 4) : ky ~ constant dependent on sein of wheels for troleys i (or sctin of Beam fixings) at oF near end of beam : (Table 5) — | W ov effective loads (se Clause 4) tont T= the mean thickness of the flange as given in the appropriate British Standard or other reference book in ‘The stress ; given by the above equations shall, when plotted with the : stress f;, due (the longitudinal bending, on the graphs Fig. 5 or Fig. 6, | 8 appropriate, fll within the hatched areas. BD FFor the purpose of calculating the transverse stress, f, in the flag of joists having 5° taper, i is permissible to substitute 7} in place of in Formulae (1) and (2): Dar eo ‘ange width, in inches. web thickness, in inches as given in the appropriate British Standard or other reference book.BS. 2853 : 1957 TABLE 1, ALLOWABLE STRESSES 7. IN BENDING (TONF/IN) {22h FOR BEAMS OF STEEL TO BS15 a er Tnermediat vues may be obtained by nea interpolation. NOTE |. Fig hat nee deletedin accordance with Amendaent No, I, PD 3362, May. 1959. NOTE 2, The above table supersedes that ven Amendment No.1, PD 3362, May, 1959. 2BBS. 2853 : 1957 ‘TABLE 2. ALLOWABLE STRESSES .: IN BENDING (TONF/IN®) FOR BEAMS OF STEEL TO BS 968 SESE EERE Eeeae EEE EERE ven eee seee| 5 Tatermedine values may be obtained By linear interpolavoa.‘TABLE 3. VALUES OF € BS, 2853: 1957 Fey pe rey vege | Di ‘teers ve |e [sie | om | 7m | tm | 2m lowsn 3 [10 [oso foxo|os [os [os | os + | 10 | os | oso |os jos Jos | os 5 | 10 [oss |oms}os | os Jos | os x | 10 | os joss |os | os Jos | os 5% | 10 | os | oss jos |os Jos | 05 © | x0 | oas {oss jos fos Jos | os o% | 10 | oe | os joss fos Jos | os ox | 10 | os | os | os [os Jos | os 7 | 19 | 066 | 060s | oss | 05 Jos | 0s m% | 10 | — | ows | ose | oss fos | 05 ag | 10 | — | oss | oe | oss | ons | 05 o | vo | = |= | oe | oss | oss | 0s TABLE 4. VALUES OF Ky Loading obtheia “Two 0 for riled leysuonzasiow 1¢ vonpauues J91184 16 PEOBS, 2853 : 1957fi BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION ‘The British Standards Institution was founded in 1901 ‘and incorporated by Royal Charter in 1929. ‘The principal objects of the Institution as set out in the charter are to co-ordinate the efforts of producers and users for the improvement, standardization and simplification of engineering and industrial materials (o simplify production and distribution; to eliminate the waste of time and material involved in the pro- duction of an unnecessary variety of patterns and sizes of articles for one and the same purpose; to set up standards of quality and dimensions, and to promote the general adoption of British Standards, Tn earrying out its work the Institution endeavours to ensure adequate representation of all viewpoints. Before embarking on any project it must be satisfied that there is a steong body of opinion in favour of processing and tha there is a recognized need to be met. ‘The Institution is a nom-profiemaking concern, It is financed by subscriptions from members—indivi- duals, companies, techaical and trade associations, and ‘other bodies interested in its work, by a Government grant and by the sale of its publications. Membership of the Institution confers a number of specie rights and privileges. The demands on the services of the Institution are steadily increasing and can only be met if continuing and increased support i& provided by those who use British Standards, %