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Number Theory

By: Arielle Enriquez


What is Number Theory?

- Is the study of the set of positive whole numbers


- Often called a set of natural numbers
- There are many relationships such as
- Odd (1,3,5,7,9,11...)
- Even (2,4,6,8,10...)
- Square (1,4,9,16,25,36...)
- Cube (1,8,27,64,125...)
- Prime (2,3,7,11,13,17...)
- Composite (4,6,8,9,10...)
- 1 (modulo) 4
- 3 (modulo) 4
- Triangular (1,3,6,10,15,21...)
- Perfect (6,28,496...)
- Fibonacci (1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21...)
Triangular

- A number is called triangular if that number of marbles can be arranged in


a triangle, with one marble at the top, two marbles in the next row, and so
on.
Perfect
- a number is perfect if the sum of all its divisors, other than itself, adds
back up to the original number
Fibonacci

- The Fibonacci numbers are created by starting with 1 and 1. Then, to get the
next number in the list, just add the previous two.
- Written as a rule, the expression is xn = xn-1 + xn-2.
- Named after Fibonacci aka Leonardo of Pisa
- First introduced in his Liber abaci in 1202
- Book by him
- Describes the Hindu-Arabic numbers aka Arabic Numerals
- Son of a Pisan Merchant
- Traveled
- Traded
- Math was very important to traders
- At a young age he learned about his love numbers and math
- He studied the Hindu-Arabic numbers growing up in North Africa
- He also helped develop the concept of zero
Fibonacci (continued)

- Appear in nature such as


- Sunflowers
- Hurricanes
- Galaxies
- Fetus
- Egg
- Ear
- Cabbage
- Etc.
- Fibonacci Spiral: quarter circles drawn in squares with Fibonacci numbers for
dimensions
- Squares fit together perfectly because of the sequence
- According to LiveScience, any two successive Fibonacci numbers have a ratio
very close to the Golden Ratio, which is roughly 1.618034
- The bigger the Fibonacci pair the closer the approximation
- The rectangle that is made and the spiral are called the Golden Rectangle
Fibonacci (continued)

- The Golden Ratio is denoted by the letter phi


- Phi is the 21st letter in the greek alphabet
- Greek architects used the ratio 1:phi for a necessary part of their designs
- including the Parthenon in Athens
- The ratio was not purposely used by greeks or artists
- The Golden Rectangle is in the Mona Lisa
Modular Arithmetic

https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computer-science/cryptography/modarithmeti
c/a/what-is-modular-arithmetic

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