WOOD

CONNECTIONS II
Michelle Kam-Biron, S.E.
Wood Products Council –
WoodWorks!

Continuing Education
Wood Products Council is a Registered Provider with The American 
Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems.  Credit 
earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES 
Records for AIA members.  Certificates of Completion for non‐AIA 
members are available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing 
/
professional education.  As such, it does not include content that 
may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement 
by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or 
manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material 
or product.  Questions related to specific materials,  methods, and 
services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presen‐
tation.  

1
 Learning Objectives

„Basic Theory
„Design Examples
„Resources Available

Mechanical Connectors

Common Fasteners
• Nails 
• Staples 
• Wood Screws
• Metal plate connectors
• Lag screws 
• Bolts

Mechanical Connectors

Other types:
• Rivets
• Split rings
• Shear plates
• Wood dowels

2
 Mechanical Connectors

Codes, Provisions, and Guidance

„Prescriptive „Engineered
– Follows a recipe – NDS & NER-272
– CBC, ER, NER reports – Design values
– No design
g values – Accounts for
performance of different
materials
– Nominal value
• End use application

Codes, Provisions, and Guidance
ICC Reports
ƒ NER-272
International Staple,
Nail and Tool
Association
ƒ ESR-1539
p
International Staple,
Nail and Tool
Association ISANTA

3
 Codes, Provisions, and Guidance

„CBC & ICC-ES

Codes, Provisions, and Guidance

„National Design
Specification for
Wood Construction,
2005 Edition (NDS)

Where to Find Specifics

„ The NDS has design

provisions

„ Allowable = nominal
j
x adjustment factors

„ Adjustment factors
account for a wide
range of different end
use applications

4
 Basic Theory:  Engineered Design

„ Nominal Design Values defined by a 
table in code or NDS.
„ Nominal Design Values based on 
equations in the NDS
„ Nominal Design Values based on 
N i lD i V l b d
assumed end‐use conditions
– Normal Load Duration (10 year)
– Dry Condition of Use
– No Sustained exposure to elevated 
temperatures
– And others.

Basic Theory:  Engineered Design

„ For nails, spikes, bolts, lag screws and 
wood screws
– Lateral load design values are calculated by 
yield‐limit equations – Yield Model
g p y
– Withdrawal design capacity calculated from 
empirical (test‐based) equations.
„ Split rings, shear plates, dowels, drift 
pins, and timber rivets etc.
– Lateral and withdrawal design values from 
empirically based tables.

Connection Behavior

ƒStrength
ƒDuctility

5
 Mechanical Connections

Basic Type of Connections

ƒ Dowel-type fasteners
ƒ Bolts, Lag Screws, Wood Screws,
Nails/Spikes, Drift bolts, and Drift
Pins
ƒ Split Ring and Shear Plate
Connectors
ƒ Timber Rivets
ƒ Lateral and Withdrawal Loads.

NDS DOWEL YIELD EQUATIONS

MODE I
– bearing-
dominated yield
of wood fibers
MODE II
– pivoting
i ti off
fastener with
localized
crushing of wood
fibers

NDS DOWEL YIELD EQUATIONS

MODE III
– fastener yield in
bending at one
plastic hinge and
bearing –dominated
yield of wood fibers
MODE IV
– fastener yield in
bending at two
plastic hinges and
bearing –dominated
yield of wood fibers

6
 NDS DOWEL YIELD EQUATIONS

•4 Modes

•6 Equations

•Single
Si l &
Double shear

•Reduction
term Rd

NDS DOWEL YIELD EQUATIONS

NDS DOWEL YIELD EQUATIONS

7
NDS DOWEL YIELD EQUATIONS

Fastener Values

NER’s are now 
called:
ƒESR
ƒES
ƒICC Evaluation 
Service Reports

Connecting Wood

„Wood Bearing Strength
Sawn wood
Glulam
OSB
Plywood
Structural Composite 
Lumber (SCL)

8
 Making Angle to Grain Adjustments

„ Calculate wood bearing strength, Fe, at any

angle to grain (for fastener dia. > 0.25”)
™Hankinson Formula
Fe Fe⊥
Feθ =
θ Feθ
Fe sin θ + Fe ⊥ cos 2 θ
2

Fe⊥
Fell

The Basics ‐ Engineered
Lateral connection 
strength, Z, depends on:
ƒ Crushing (bearing) strength 
of wood
ƒ Size of wood pieces
ƒ Fastener size and strength
ƒ Plus appropriate end use  Z
adjustment factors
¾i.e. Wet service, edge 
distance, end grain, etc.

Nails
Nail capacity tables in 2005 NDS

9
 Fastener Interchangeability

NER‐272 & ESR‐1539
ƒ Has “conversion” tables for prescriptive requirements
ƒ For example, if model code requires 8d commons at 6” 
oc, then what fastener type and spacing is “equivalent”
ƒ Has values for engineered designs for staples and 
a variety of other power‐driven fasteners
ƒ Available from international staple, nail and tool 
association (ISANTA) 
ƒ www.isanta.org 708‐482‐8138

Mechanical Connections

Nail installation
ƒ Overdriving reduces performance

Mechanical Connections

Overdriven nails  TT‐012A

APA Recommendations – Prescriptive

If < 20% fasteners overdriven by <1/8”, 
then they may be ignored.

If > 20% fasteners overdriven by >1/8”, 
then add 1 additional fastener for every 2 
overdriven.

10
 CAUTION!

„If the additional nails violate the minimum 
spacing requirements (3” o.c. for 2 inch lumber 
for splitting), use staples and ignore the 
original nails.

Mechanical Connections

Overdriven nails
APA Recommendations – Mechanics Based
If < 20% fasteners overdriven by <1/8”, 
then they may be ignored.
Otherwise, 
re‐analyze capacity based on average thickness 
of panel measured from the bottom of the nail 
head.  
(i.e. 5/8” panel with fasteners overdriven by 
1/8” = capacity of ½” panel.) ‐ Adjust nailing 
schedule accordingly.

The Basics - Engineered

Withdrawal Connection 
Strength Depends On:
ƒ Depth of penetration
ƒ Wood density
ƒ Fastener size and type
ƒ Plus appropriate end use 
adjustment factors       
ƒ i.e. wet service, edge 
distance, end grain, etc.

11
 Fastener Penetration
Lag screws, wood screws, and nails
Minimum
Fastener Type Full reduced
Per 11.1
Tip

Lag Screws 8D 4D Excluded
6D
Wood Screws 10D Included
(inc. from 4D)

Nails & Spikes 10D 6D Included

D = Diameter (in)
If  min. < p < full  then Z x p/full per table footnotes.

Lag Screws

Full Body Diameter

Lag Screws

All tabulated values

in the 2005 NDS are
based on Dr

12
 Lag Screws

For calculations using the shank diameter, D

DOWEL BEARING STRENGTHS

Table 11.3.2 SAWN LUMBER

DOWEL BEARING STRENGTHS

ENGINEERED WOOD
TABLE 11.3.2B PRODUCTS

Glulam is a function of the species used.

LVL and other SCL see manufacturer.

13
 Nominal Design Values

Tabulated Values in NDS
„ They must be adjusted to account for actual conditions.  Examples for 
dowel type fasteners:
„CD = Load duration factor (Only ASD Basic Load Combination)
„CM = Wet service factor
„Ct = Temperature Factor
„Cg g = Group action factor,
p
„C∆ = Geometry factor
„Ceg = End grain factor
„Cdi = Diaphragm Factor
„Ctn = Toe‐nail factor
„KF = Format conversion Factor, Appendix N.3.1 (Only LRFD)
„Φz =Resistance Factor (Only LRFD)
„λ = Time effect factor, Appendix N.3.3 (Only LRFD)

CD, Load Duration Factor

ASD ONLY
TABLE 2.3.2 Wood capacity greater for short time loading
LOAD DURATION Load Duration Factor - Typical Loads
CD
Permanent 0.9 Dead Load

Ten years 1.0 Floor live load

Two months 1 15
1.15 Snow load

Seven days 1.25 Construction

load
Ten minutes 1.6 Wind/Earthquake

Impact (does not 2.0 Vehicles

apply to
connections)
These factors are applied to member capacity

14
 CM, Wet Service Factor

Design Values
ƒ Wood seasoned to a
moisture content of 19%
ƒ Continuously dry
conditions (most covered
structures)
CM apply to:
ƒ Wood unseasoned or
partially seasoned or
ƒ Exposed to wet service
use
ƒ Shall not apply for nails
in withdrawal

2005 NDS Provisions

Wet Service Factor, CM for connection Z values

Saturated ƒ Bolts
ƒ Lag screws
ƒ Wood screws
19% MC
fabrication MC
in-service MC

Dry
CM 1.0 0.7 0.4 Lateral Load
1.0 0.7 1.0 Withdrawl Load (lag & wood
screws only)

2005 NDS Provisions

Wet Service Factor, CM for connection Z values
ƒ Bolts
ƒ Lag screws CM = 0.7 if D < ¼”
ƒ Wood screws
Saturated CM = 1.0 if:
1 fastener

19% MC
2+ fastener

Dry
CM 0.4 Lateral Load
Split splice
plates
fabrication MC
in-service MC Table 10.3.3 footnote 3

15
Ct, Temperature Factor
Ct apply to:
ƒ Sustained exposure to
elevated temperatures up to
150 degree Fahrenheit

Mechanical Connections

Larger fasteners
„ Group action factor, Cg
– NDS tables
– Equation calculation
„ Does
D NOT apply
l to
t sill
ill
plates
– Unit loads act along the
length of the member
– Loads are not axial

Mechanical Connections

Figure 10B

16
 Calculated – Group Action Factor, Cg

EQ. 10.3-1

Applicable for split ring connectors, shear

plates connectors, or dowel-type fasteners
with D < 1” in a row.

Calculated – Group Action Factor, Cg

10.3.6

Calculated – Group Action Factor, Cg

Example:
Find Cg for two rows of 1” diameter bolts spaced 4” apart in a wood-
to-wood double shear splice connection using 2x12’s for main and
side members.

17
 Calculated – Group Action Factor, Cg

EQ. 10.3-1

m = 0.808

u = 1.023

REA = min (EsAs/EmAm, EmAm/EsAs) = 0.5

Cg = 0.669

Tabulated – Group Action Factor, Cg

• As/Am> 1.0, so use 
Am /As =0.5 to enter 
column 1 of the table 
(footnote 1)
• Use Am 
m for column 2 
(footnote 1)
• Read across to column 
for 10 fasteners in a 
row
• Interpolate Cg = 0.665

Tabulated – Group Action Factor, Cg

Am= gross x-sectional As = sum of gross x-

area of main sectional areas of all
member, in2 side members, in2
Table 10.3.6C

18
 Geometry Factor, C∆
Bolts ‐ Spacing, End, & Edge Distances
„ Parallel and perpendicular to grain Figure 11G
„ Tables 11.5.1A  through D
„ When D < ¼” CΔ = 1.0
„ When D > ¼” If end distance OR spacing < required, then CΔ
min. applied to all bolts 
pp

Local Stress in Fastener Group

10.1.2 Stresses in Members at

Connections
ƒ “Local stresses in connections using
multiple fasteners shall be checked in
accordance
d with
ith principles
i i l off engineering
i i
mechanics. One method for determining
these stresses is provided in Appendix E.”

Local Stress in Fastener Group

Closely spaced
fasteners
•Brittle failure
•Lower capacity
•Lower capacity
Wood failure mechanism need
to be consider in design

19
 Local Stress in Fastener Group

Properly spaced
fasteners
•Increased ductility
•Higher capacity
•Higher capacity
Spread out the fasteners!

Local Stresses in Fastener Groups

Appendix E NDS Expressions

Local Stresses in Fastener Groups

Appendix E NDS Expressions

Group tear-out:

20
 Geometry Factor, C∆
Lag Screw - Spacing, End, & Edge Distances
„ 11.1.3.7 Shall not be less than the requirements for bolts
Tables 11.5.1A through D plus E.
Wood Screw, Nails and Spikes - Spacing, End, &
Edge Distances
„ 11
11.1.4.7
1 4 7 & 11
11.1.5.6
1 5 6 Shall be sufficient to prevent splitting of
the wood.
Drift Bolts and Drift Pins - Spacing, End, & Edge
Distances
„ 11.1.6.3 Shall not be less than the requirements for bolts
Tables 11.5.1A through D.

Geometry Factor, C∆

Split Ring and Plate Connectors -

Spacing, End, & Edge Distances
„ Placement of Split Ring and Plate Connectors per
12.3
„ Geometry Factors,
Factors C∆ Table 1212.3
3
Timber Rivet - Spacing, End, & Edge
Distances
„ Placement of Timber Rivets per 13.3
„ Geometry Factors, C∆ Table 13.2.2B

Tabulated Values in NDS

Cd = Penetration Depth Factor
ƒ Split ring and Shear Plate.  See Tables12.2.3
Ceg = End grain factor (Not recommended)
ƒ Dowel‐type fasteners and Lag Screws Ch. 11.5.2 
Cst = Metal Side Plate Factor
ƒ Shear Plate – Table 12.2.4 (depends on Species group)
ƒ Timber Rivets – Table 13.2.3 (depends on thickness of metal 
side plate) Is only applied when rivet capacity controls.
Cdi = Diaphragm Factor
ƒ Applies to nails or spikes used in diaphragms
ƒ Lateral design values, Z x Cdi = 1.1

21
 Toe-nail Factor, Ctn

Nail installation (11.5.4)

ƒ Correct toe nailing Fig. 11A
ƒ Ctn
t = 0.67
0 67 for withdrawal
ƒ Ctn = 0..83 for lateral

"Air Nail" Factor, Cair

Cair= 0.00

Summary of Connection Design

ƒ Two General Approaches:

ƒ Prescriptive
ƒ CBC, NER and ER
ƒ Engineered
ƒ NDS and NER-272
ƒ Nominal strength calculated
ƒ Adjusted by for application, end-use
adjustment factors

22
 Design Example 1

„ Nail Tension Tie

Strap

Design connection ties

between first and second
floor. Given:
9 1/2 II-joist
ƒ9-1/2” joist floor framing 9-1/2”
9 1/2

ƒ2x6, dry Douglas Fir-Larch studs

spaced at 16”o.c.
ƒ2400 lbs. tension (overturning
wind)
2x6 Dbl.
Studs

3”

Design Example 1
„ Nail Tension Tie Strap = Side member
2‐2x6 = Main member

Fe=61850 psi

Table 11P
Table 11.3.2
Minimum Penetration for full 
values = 10D
= 10x.148 = 1.5”
Since penetration = 3”‐.06” > 
1.5” OK
Note:  If 6D < p < 10D  then Z = 
Z x (p/10D)  Table 11.3.1B

Design Example 1
„ Nail Tension Tie

Mode IIIs controls:  Table 11.3.1A

EQ. 11.3‐5

23
 Design Example 1

„ Nail Tension Tie

ASD
Z’ = Z x CD x CM× Ct
Z’ 0 116 1 60 X 1 0 1 0 186
Z’ = 0.116 x 1.60 X 1.0 x 1.0 = .186   
n = 2.4 kips/.186 kips = 12.9 nails  

Use: 14 – 10d  common nails per side, 
or 2 rows of 7 each.  
(Note: CD can not be used for Alternative Load 
Combinations)

Design Example 1

„ Nail Tension Tie LRFD

Appendix N 
Table N1, 
N2 & N3
N2 & N3

Design Example 1
Strap = Side member
„ Nail Tension Tie 2‐2x6 = Main member
Table 11P

Fe=61850 psi

Minimum Penetration for full 
values = 10D
= 10x.148 = 1.5”
Since penetration = 3”‐.06” > 
1.5” OK
Note:  If 6D < p < 10D  then Z = 
Z x (p/10D) 

24
 Design Example 1
„ Nail Tension Tie
Strap = Side member
2‐2x6 = Main member
Table 11P

Side Member thickness, ts = 18ga
Nail Diameter, D = 0.148” 
G=0.50   Douglas Fir‐Larch (Table 
11.3.2A)

Z = 115 lbs.

Design Example 1
2005 NDS Table 11P 
„ Nail Tension Tie notes & Table 10.3.1

Design Example 1
„ Nail Tension Tie

25
 Design Example 1
„ Nail Tension Tie

Design Example 1
„ Nail Tension Tie

Design Example 2
„ Group Fasteners Loaded Parallel to
Grain

Determine the group action factor for the bolted

butt joint shown.

26
 Design Example 2
„ Group Fasteners Loaded Parallel
to Grain
Solution:
An effective area for the 3 x 6 in. member is:
Am = 2.5 × 5.5 = 13.75 in.2

As = 2 × (1.5 x 5.5) = 16.50 in.2 for 2 - 2 x 6’s

Per footnote 1 of Table 10.3.6A

As/Am > 1 ‫ ׵‬use Am/As = 13.75/16.5 = 0.833 and use Am in place
of As

Design Example 2
„ Group Fasteners Loaded Parallel
to Grain
Group reduction:

Linear
ea interpolation:
e po a o
Cg = 0.87 + (0.93 – 0.87) ×
((0.833 – 0.5)/(1– 0.5)) =
0.91

Cg = 0.91

Design Example 3

„ Group
Fasteners
Loaded
Perpendicular
to Grain
Determine the
group action
factor for the
bolted connection
shown.

27
 Design Example 3
„ Group Fasteners Loaded
Perpendicular to Grain
Solution:
An effective area for the 4 x 12 in. member is:
Am = 2.5 × 2 x 3.5 = 17.5 in.2
Where 2.5 x 2 = overall width of fastener group and 3.5 is the
thickness of the main member.

As = 2 × (2.5 x 7.25) = 36.25 in.2 for 2 - 3 x 8’s

Per footnote 1 of Table 10.3.6A

As/Am > 1 ‫ ׵‬use Am/As = 17.5/36.25 = 0.48 (round to 0.5 for
simplicity) and use Am in place of As

Design Example 3
„ Group Fasteners Loaded
Perpendicular to Grain
Group reduction:

Linear
ea interpolation:
e po a o
Cg = 0.95 – (20 – 17.5) ×
((0.95 – 0.92)/(20– 12)) =
0.94

Cg = 0.94

Design Example 4
„ Bolted Splice Joint Check

Determine the size, number,

and placement of bolts
needed to transfer the 7500
lb. load (dead load plus snow
load) through the butt joint
shown. Wood is seasoned
No. 1 Douglas-fir (MC <
19%), which will remain dry
in service (MC < 19%).

28
 Design Example 4
„ Bolted Splice Joint Check
Size of member:

ƒAssuming a nominal 2 × 8 is used, 1.2 is the size factor

(Table 4a)

ƒC
CD = 1.15
1 15 (S
(Snow L
Load
dTTable
bl 22.3.2)
3 2)

ƒA (required) = P/Ft = 7500/(675 × 1.15 × 1.2*) = 8.05 in.2

ƒTry a 2 × 8 in., A = 10.875 in.2 for both main member and

side plates

Design Example 4
„ Bolted Splice Joint Check
Bolts:
ƒTry 5/8-in. bolts

ƒZ ((nominal)) = 1310 lb. p

per bolt ((Table 11F))

ƒZ’ (allowable) = Z × CD × CM
Z’ = 1310 × 1.15 × 1.0 = 1506 lb.

ƒNumber required = 7500/1506 = 4.98

ƒTry 6 - 5/8 in. bolts, two rows of (3) bolts.

Design Example 4
„ Bolted Splice Joint Check

Group reduction:

Am = 1.5 × 7.25 = 10.875 in.2

As = 2 × 10.875 = 21.75 in.2

Per footnote 1 of Table 10.3.6A

As/Am > 1 ‫ ׵‬use Am/As = 10.875/21.75 = 0.5 and use Am in place
of As

29
 Design Example 4
„ Bolted Splice Joint Check
Group reduction:

Linear interpolation:
Cg = 0.96 – (12 – 10.875) ×
((0.96 – 0.92)/(12–
(( )( 5))
)) =
0.95

Q = 1506 × 0.95 × 6 = 8584

lb. > 7500 lb.
‫ ׵‬ok

Design Example 5
„ Multiple-Bolt Tension Connection
„ Determine the adjusted ASD capacity of the multiple-bolt double shear tension
connection at the end of the 24F-V4 Douglas-Fir glulam member (24F-1.8E Stress
Class):
„ Given:
– (2) ¼” thick A36 steel side plates 5 1/8 x 12 GLB
– (6) 1” Φ A307 bolts GLB dry (initial & service)
– Seismic Tension Load Temperature normal

2 steel pl’s 5 1/8 x 12 glulam

(1/4”x6”) 8” 4” 4”

T T
3”
6”
3”
6”

1”Φ bolts typ.

1”Φ bolts typ.

Design Example 5
„ Multiple-Bolt Tension Connection
GIVEN:
D = 1.0 in. ts = 0.25 in
Fyb = 45 ksi Fes = 1.5Fu=1.5(58000)
tm = 5.125 in. = 87,000 psi (A36 steel plate)
θm = 0 degrees
Gm = 0.50
Fem = 5600 psi

From table 11I Z║ = 5720 lbs.

Adjusted ASD connection capacity based on bolt yield limit equations:
n = 3 bolts in each row
CD = 1.6 (seismic)
CM = 1.0 given
Ct = 1.0 given

30
 Design Example 5
„ Multiple-Bolt Tension Connection
Find Group Action Factor Cg 10.3.6:

EQ. 10.3-1

γ = 270,000(D1.5) load/slip modulus

= 270,000(11.5)= 270,000 lb/in.
m = 0.0.8601

u = 1.011

REA = min (EsAs/EmAm, EmAm/EsAs) = 0.8321

Cg = 0.993

Design Example 5
„ Multiple-Bolt Tension Connection
Find Group Action Factor Cg 10.3.6:

Or using
table
10.3.6C

As/Am
(3/61.5)
= 0.05
Cg = 0.993

Design Example 5
„ Multiple-Bolt Tension Connection
Find Group
Geometry
Action Factor C∆ 11.5.1:
Check spacing and edge distance requirements:
End distancemin = 7D = 7(1”) = 7 in. < 8 in. OK
(for C∆ = 1.0 parallel tension member table 11.5.1B)
c.-to-c. spacing between bolts in a row s = 4D OK
(for C∆ = 1
1.0
0 table 11
11.5.1C)
5 1C)
s = 4(4”) = 4 in.< 4 in. OK
Spacing between rows = 1.5D (table 11.5.1D)
=1.5(1”) = 1.5 in. < 3 in. OK
Edge distance = 1.5D (for lm/D = 5.125/1 = 5.125 < 6 table 11.5.1A)
= 1.5(1”) = 1.5 in. < 1.5

C∆ = 1.0 (since all NDS base dimensions are met or exceeded)

31
 Design Example 5
„ Multiple-Bolt Tension Connection

Adj P = N(Z’) = N(Z)(CDCMCtCgC∆)

= (6)(5720)(1.6)(1.0)(1.0)(0.993)(1.0)
= 54,500 lb

Design Example 5
„ Multiple-Bolt Tension Connection

Check local stresses:

Adjusted ASD capacity based on tension and

shear stresses in the glulam member:

Since the bolts penetrate the wide face of the 24F-V4 glulam member
the shear design value for bending about the strong x-axis. multiply by
a reduction factor 0.72 (footnote 4 supplement table 5A).

Fv = (0.72)(265psi) = 191 psi

F’v = Fv(CDCMCt)= 191(1.6)(1.0)(1.0) = 305 psi

F’t = Ft(CDCMCt)= 1100(1.6)(1.0)(1.0) = 1760 psi

Design Example 5
„ Multiple-Bolt Tension Connection
Net section tension for ASD (NDS eq. E.2-1):
An = 5.125[12-2(1.0+1/16)] = 50.6 in.2
(Note: 1/16” was added to the bolt to account for drilling oversize holes
in accordance with NDS 11.1.2)
Z’NT = F’t(An) = 1760(50.6) = 89100 lb > 54,500 lb OK

5 1/8” 5 1/8”

Net section of Portion of net

glulam area between
rows of bolts
12”

12”

Bolt
Holes

32
 Design Example 5
„ Multiple-Bolt Tension Connection
Row tear-out for ASD (NDS Eqs. E.3-2 and E.3-3):
scrit = s = 4.0 in
Z’RT-1 = Z’RT-2 = nFv’t scrit
= 3(305)(5.125)(4.0) = 18775 lb
nrow
Z’RT = ∑Z’RT-2 = 18,775 + 18,775 =37,500 lb. < 54,000 lb.
i 1
i=1
Group tear-out for ASD (NDS Eqs. E.4-1):
Agroup-net = 5.125[3-2(1/2)(1.0+1/16)] = 9.93 in.
Z’GT = (Z’RT-1)/2 + (Z’RT-2)/2 + F’tAgroup-net
Z’GT = 18,775.2 + 18,775/2 + 1760(9.93)
= 36,300 lb < 54,500 lb
The adjusted ASD capacity is 36,000 lb due to
group tear-out at the connection

RESOURCES

Where to get more

information

WEBSITES

ƒAmerican Wood Council ‐ www.awc.org
ƒAPA – The Engineered Wood ‐ www.apawood.org
ƒCanadian Wood Council ‐ www.cwc.ca
ƒForest Products Laboratory ‐ www.fpl.fs.fed.us
ƒSouthern Pine Council ‐ www.southernpine.com
ƒWood Truss Council of America – www.woodtruss.com
ƒWoodWorks ‐ www.woodworks.org

33
 Where to Find Specifics

„CBC & ICC-ES

Where to Find Specifics

„NDS

Where to Find Design Examples

NDS Free Download htttp://www.awc.org

34
 Where to Find Design Examples

NDS Free Download htttp://www.awc.org

Where to Find Design Examples

Timber Rivet
Connections

AWC & WWPA
FREE DOWNLOAD
ƒNotching & Boring Guide
ƒhttp://www2.wwpa.org/TECHGUIDEPAGES/Literature/tabid
/883/Default.aspx
ƒTimber Rivet Connections
•www.awc.org/pdf/TimberRivetConnections.pdf
ƒLag Screw Connections
•www.awc.org/pdf/DA1-LagScrew.pdf
ƒDowel Equations for Lateral Loads 2001 NDS
•www.awc.org/pdf/tr12.pdf
ƒToenail Connections
•www.awc.org/pdf/DA2-Toenails.pdf
ƒPost Frame Ring Shank Nails Connections
•www.awc.org/pdf/DA4-RingShank.pdf

35
 For More Information: APA Forms

„Go to www.apawood.org and enter

the Publications store
„The following publications expand
on the information given in this
presentation and can be
downloaded for free using subject,
title, or form number

APA Forms (www.apawood.org)

„ T300 – Glulam connection details
„ E830 – Screw and plywood connections
„ E825 - Bolt and plywood connections
„ D485 – Corrosion resistant fasteners
„ TT-035 – Corrosion resistant fasteners
„ TT-036 – Glued floors
„ TT-039 – Nail withdrawal
„ TT-070 – Nail pull through

Next...

Design software

36
 WWPA Free Downloadable

WWPA Lumber
Design Suite
ƒ Beams and Joists
ƒ Post and Studs
ƒ Wood to Wood Shear
Connections (nails
(nails,
bolts, wood screws
and lag screws)

http://www2.wwpa.org/TECHGUIDEPAGES/DesignSoftware/tabi
d/859/Default.aspx

AWC Free Online Calculator

ƒ Single and Double

Shear
ƒ Withdrawal
• Bolts, nails, lag
screws and
wood screws
screws.
ƒ Wood-to-Wood
ƒ Wood-to-Concrete
ƒ Wood-to-Steel

http://awc.org/calculators/connections/ccstyle.asp

www.APACAD.org

37
 www.WoodUniversity.org

AWC Free Online Course

http://www.awc.org/HelpOutreach/eCourses/index.html

AWC Free Online Course

http://www.awc.org/HelpOutreach/eCourses/STD104/STD104eCo
urseV11-2007.pdf

38
 Take home messages...

It’s easy to create strong durable wood

connections
1. Avoid the use of details which induce tension
perpendicular to grain stresses in the wood
2. Allow for dimensional changes in the wood
due to potential in-service moisture cycling
3. Minimize exposure of end grain
4. Avoid moisture entrapment in connections
5. Use smaller multiple fastener connections
6. Multiple resource available to assist

Quiz: Is the below a code‐conforming 
connection?

Questions???
WoodWorks!
Michelle Kam-Biron, S.E.
805.498.4864
michelle@woodworks.org
www.woodworks.org

39