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4. ”Semi-intrusive”
ii t i ” techniques
t h i
I
I. Measurements
M t off soott - Laser
L
induced incandescence,, LII
II
II. Laser-induced
L i d d breakdown
b kd
spectroscopy, LIBS
I. Optical diagnostics of soot in flames
• Soot formation
...
C 3 H3
...
C 2 H3
...
CHO
....
Condensation
C d i P ti l Inception
Particle I ti
C O2 + H2 O
Coagulation
Agglomeration
AGGREGATES
F. Mauss
Soot characteristics
I0/IT = exp(LKext)
Conclusion:
Soot volume fraction measurable
Li off sight
Line i ht technique
t h i
No size information
Soot scattering
Pol.
o ofo laser
ase light
g t
Soot scattering;
g;
Pol. of the
scattered light
Soot scattering/extinction
g
Combined scattering /extinction
can be used for measurements of
N and d
Laser-Induced Incandescence,, LII
Soot particles in a well-defined region are heated by means of
laser radiation
Heating of the soot particle leads to increased thermal
radiation
The increased radiation is detected
2000 K
4000
Applications of laser‐induced incandescence
Joh
meas. meas.
Desgro
Bla
adh et al. 20
oux et al. 20
006
ster)
008
Environmental Nanoparticle charact. Welding fumes
monitoring
Smalllwood et all. 2006
Gure
entsov et all. 2005
L
Lucas et al.. 2006
Courtesy: Henrik Bladh
Increased black body radiation by LII
The red curve shows the black body radiation as a function of the wavelength
for T=1800 K, which is a typical flame temperature. The blue curve shows the
same radiation for T=4500 K, which is within the same temperature range as a
laser heated soot particle.
The left figure shows the real intensity difference for a large wavelength
interval, while the right figure shows the normalised signal strength for visible
light (normalization factor ~950).
13 10
x 10 x 10
2.5 2.5
2 2
4500K
4500K
Inttensity (W/m3)
Inttensity (W/m3)
1.5 1.5
1 1
1800K
1800K
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
100
%
A spectral short-pass filter can
be used to suppress longer
Intensity (W/m )
wavelengths. The laser-heated
soot radiates more at shorter
wavelengths than the flame
does.
Soott absorbs
S b b wellll in
i a large
l
wavelength interval (UV -
visible – IR). There are,
however other species that
however,
can be excited with UV light
and cause disturbing
fluorescence
fluorescence. Therefore
wavelengths in the UV should
not be used. Most common is
the Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm
(IR) and its second harmonic
at 532 nm.
10
1
sity / a.u.
Intens
01
0.1
0.01
I
Henrik Bladh, Division of Combustion Physics
LII dependence on the laser spatial profile
LII experimentalists
p often refer to the LII fluence curve. A fluence curve
is the integrated LII signal plotted as a function of the laser fluence –
that is the laser pulse energy divided by the exposure area of the laser
beam. Below is shown modeled fluence curves for three different
spatial profiles.
I
Tophat
Gaussian sheet
Gaussian beam
10000
1000 Larger
LII signa
particles
100
Smaller
particles
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time (ns)
Henrik Bladh, Division of Combustion Physics
Principle of 2
2-color
color LII
• Used to minimize uncertainties
in evaluated particle sizes from
LII signal decays as the rate of
absorbed laser energygy does not
nce [a.u.]
need to be known.
I2
• The temperature is calculated
using the relative irradiance at
Irradian
two wavelengths.
I1
λ1 λ2
W
Wavelength
l th [nm]
[ ]
Comparison
p of LII
models between
different research
groups
- Same experimental input
- Unconstrained models
- High fluence (0.7 J/cm2)
Michelsen et al
al., Modelling of
laser-induced incandescence of
soot: A summary and
comparison
p of LII models,,
submitted to Applied Physics B
Experimental setup for two-color LII
Tophat spatial laser profile
0.13 J/cm2
1064 nm
Tophat profile used for
particle sizing as heating to
diff
different temperatures
tt t
increases the uncertainty!
From: Bladh, H., et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. 33, 641‐648 (2011)
Modelling a soot particle in LII
Typical model Real-world examples
(microscopy)
Shape Shape
Sh
described • Diameter (D)
described
by: by: • Primary particle diameter (D)
• Number of primary particles
• Radius of gyration of aggregate
• Fractal parameters (”compactness”)
• etc.
t
• No particle looks the same as any
Jonathan Johnsson, Division of Combustion Physics, Lund University other!
The effect of aggregation on LII signals
• Theory shows that LII signals should be affected by the level of soot
aggregation, i.e. decay rate/shape dependent on both primary
particle and aggregate size!
• First experimental evidence for this effect using LII on a cold soot
source: Soot ggenerator based on a quenched diffusion flame
• Sampling using a
pneumatic probe
• Large differences
between TEM and LII
sizes
– Deviation above 10
mm HAB may be due
to aggregation
– Uncertainties
Uncertainties in TEM
in T M
sampling procedure
and analysis
Aggregation model from
Liu et al. 2006, Appl. Phys. B, 83, 383‐395
Bladh, H., et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. 33, 641‐648 (2011)
E(m) as function of height above burner (HAB)
• Procedure as described by
Snelling et al. 2004,
Combust. Flame, 136,
180-190
Beam dump
Lens
Combination
Burner
M it
Monitor
CCD
Camera
Premixed flame
Diffusion flame
Engine
g Measurements
Laser entrance to the engine
Investigation
g though
g the piston
p
Investigation though the piston
LII signal Flame luminosity
1
0.9
3
0.8
2.5
07
0.7
2 0.6
0.5
15
1.5
0.4
1 0.3
0.2
0.5
0.1
Detection
D i ffrom b
below,
l through
h h the
h
piston
Left image shows soot volume fraction
in parts per million, ppm.
Calibration of Laser Induced Incandescence
The laser
Th l sheet
h t is
i reflected
fl t d into
i t the
th calibration
lib ti
burner using high reflective mirrors, and the
resulting incandescence is detected with the
camera Gain,
camera. Gain gate,
gate distance from burner,
burner laser
pulse energy et.c. is the same as during
measurements.
II. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy -
LIBS
Calibration curves
Detection limits
J. Kiefer, J.W. Tröger, T. Seeger, A. Leipertz, B. Li, Z.S. Li and M. Aldén, ‘Laser-induced
breakdown spectroscopy in gases using ungated detection in combination with polarization
filtering and online background correction’, Measurement science and technology 21,
065303 (2010).
Application
pp I: Flames
Turbulent jet flame(CH4)
[Na,K] (ppm)
K wood 1
K_wood_1
Na_wood_2
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)