12/21/2014 Basic Solar Collector & Thermod

Calculations based on Operating Temperature. V Cosine Theoret-

Solar Solar Ambi- Opera- Operating Concen Stasis Loss ical
Capture Insolation ent ting Pressure tration Temp Angle Max
Area ft^2 kW/m^2 Temp F Temp F gage psi Ratio Delta F Deg Temp F
Black Plastic Tubing on Ground Water H2O 2311.8 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 120.0 F -13.0 psig 1.0 X 170.0 F 45 deg 200.2 F
Black Plastic Tubing on Ground 1-Hexene 1591.4 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 120.0 F -5.7 psig 1.0 X 170.0 F 45 deg 200.2 F
Black Plastic Tubing on Ground Diethyl ether 1535.4 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 120.0 F 9.2 psig 1.0 X 170.0 F 45 deg 200.2 F
Black Plastic Tubing on Ground 1,3-Butadiene 1399.4 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 120.0 F 65.3 psig 1.0 X 170.0 F 45 deg 200.2 F
Black Plastic Tubing on Ground Dimethyl ether 1367.9 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 120.0 F 148.0 psig 1.0 X 170.0 F 45 deg 200.2 F
PV Panel 53.8 ft^2 ### 77.0 F 1.0 X -4.85 mV/K
Flat panel water heater Water H2O 610.1 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 180.0 F -7.2 psig 1.0 X 340.0 F 0 deg 420.0 F
Flat panel water with wings Water H2O 288.9 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 250.0 F 15.0 psig 2.0 X 340.0 F 0 deg 760.0 F
Parabolic Trough Water H2O 207.7 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 406.1 F 249.9 psig 20.0 X 170.0 F 0 deg 3480.0 F
Parabolic Dish Water H2O 201.8 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 426.5 F 317.0 psig 20.0 X 170.0 F 0 deg 3480.0 F
Env Solar Water H2O 371.8 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 406.0 F 249.9 psig 20.0 X 170.0 F 0 deg 3480.0 F

Calculations based on Hot Side Pressure. Cosine Theoret-

Solar Solar Ambi- Opera- Operating Concen Stasis Loss ical
Capture Insolation ent ting Pressure tration Temp Angle Max
Area ft^2 kW/m^2 Temp F Temp F gage psi Ratio Delta F Deg Temp F
Black Plastic Tubing on Ground Water H2O 2311.8 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 120.0 F -13.0 psig 1.0 X 170.0 F 45 deg 200.2 F
Black Plastic Tubing Tracked Water H2O 1760.1 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 120.0 F -13.0 psig 1.0 X 170.0 F 0 deg 250.0 F
Flat panel water heater Water H2O 610.1 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 180.0 F -7.2 psig 1.0 X 340.0 F 0 deg 420.0 F
Flat panel water with wings Water H2O 288.1 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 249.6 F 15.0 psig 2.0 X 340.0 F 0 deg 760.0 F
Parabolic Trough Water H2O 282.8 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 846.1 F 249.9 psig 20.0 X 170.0 F 0 deg 3480.0 F
Parabolic Dish Water H2O 275.5 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 866.6 F 317.0 psig 20.0 X 170.0 F 0 deg 3480.0 F
Env Solar Water H2O 372.0 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 846.1 F 249.9 psig 20.0 X 170.0 F 0 deg 3480.0 F

Based on Operating Temp Water H2O 1105.4 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 150.0 F -11.0 psig 5.0 X 340.0 F 0 deg 1780.0 F
Based on Hot Side Pressure Water H2O 1105.4 ft^2 ### 80.0 F 150.0 F -11.0 psig 5.0 X 340.0 F 0 deg 1780.0 F
PV Panel 53.8 ft^2 ### 77.0 F 1.0 X -4.85 mV/K
& Thermodynamic Calculations
Other Solar Solar DP Hot Hot Cold Basic Total Total Shaft Shaft Rejected
Collec- Collector Valve Side Side Side Carnot Carnot Rankine Power Power Heat
tor Output Differe- Pressure Temp Temp Eff Eff Good OutputOutput Output
Eff % Eff % Power ntial psi gage psi F F % % ### Watts hp kW
### ### 143.3 kW 0.6 psi -13.6 psig ### 85.0 F 3.5 % 2.3 % 0.7 % 1000 W ### 142.3 kW
### ### 98.6 kW 1.0 psi -6.7 psig ### 85.0 F 5.1 % 3.4 % 1.0 % 1000 W ### 97.6 kW
### ### 95.2 kW 2.0 psi 7.2 psig ### 85.0 F 5.2 % 3.5 % 1.1 % 1000 W ### 94.2 kW
### ### 86.7 kW 2.0 psi 63.3 psig ### 85.0 F 5.8 % 3.8 % 1.2 % 1000 W ### 85.7 kW
### ### 84.8 kW 2.0 psi 146.0 psig ### 85.0 F 5.9 % 3.9 % 1.2 % 1000 W ### 83.8 kW
### ### 1.00 kW 1000 W ### 4.0 kW
### ### 40.0 kW 3.0 psi -10.2 psig ### 85.0 F ### 8.3 % 2.5 % 1000 W ### 39.0 kW
### ### 20.1 kW 5.0 psi 10.0 psig ### 85.0 F ### 16.6 % 5.0 % 1001 W ### 19.1 kW
85 % ### 11.9 kW 20.0 psi 229.9 psig ### 85.0 F ### 28.1 % 8.4 % 1000 W ### 10.9 kW
85 % ### 11.5 kW 20.0 psi 297.0 psig ### 85.0 F ### 29.1 % 8.7 % 1000 W ### 10.5 kW
95 % ### 23.7 kW 20.0 psi 229.9 psig ### 85.0 F ### 31.4 % 9.4 % 2237 W ### 21.5 kW

Other Solar Solar DP V Hot Cold Basic Total Total Shaft Shaft Rejected
Collec- Collector Valve Hot Side Side Side Carnot Carnot Rankine Power Power Heat
tor Output Differe- Pressure Temp Temp Eff Eff Good OutputOutput Output
Eff % Eff % Power ntial psi gage psi F F % % ### Watts hp kW
### ### 143.3 kW 0.6 psi -13.6 psig ### 85.0 F 3.5 % 2.3 % 0.7 % 1000 W ### 142.3 kW
### ### 125.0 kW 0.6 psi -13.6 psig ### 85.0 F 3.5 % 2.7 % 0.8 % 1000 W ### 124.0 kW
### ### 40.0 kW 3.0 psi -10.2 psig ### 85.0 F ### 8.3 % 2.5 % 1000 W ### 39.0 kW
### ### 20.1 kW 5.0 psi 10.0 psig ### 85.0 F ### 16.6 % 5.0 % 1000 W ### 19.1 kW
85 % ### 13.8 kW 20.0 psi 229.9 psig ### 85.0 F ### 24.1 % 7.2 % 1000 W ### 12.8 kW
85 % ### 13.4 kW 20.0 psi 297.0 psig ### 85.0 F ### 24.9 % 7.5 % 1000 W ### 12.4 kW
95 % ### 20.3 kW 20.0 psi 229.9 psig ### 85.0 F ### 26.9 % 8.1 % 1643 W ### 18.7 kW

85 % ### 67.0 kW 2.0 psi -13.0 psig ### 85.0 F 6.1 % 5.0 % 1.5 % 1000 W ### 66.0 kW
85 % ### 67.0 kW 2.0 psi -13.0 psig ### 85.0 F 6.1 % 5.0 % 1.5 % 1000 W ### 66.0 kW
### ### 1.00 kW 1000 W ### 4.0 kW
Calculate Saturated Vapor Pressure table of Parameters for the Antoine Eq
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_equation#The_equation
http://ddbonline.ddbst.de/AntoineCalculation/AntoineCalculationCGI.exe
Note: mmHg are used here with constant conversion factor 760 mmHg=101.325 kPa=14.696 psi, conversion exactly valid only for 273.15 K
http://www1.diccism.unipi.it/Nicolella_Cristiano/chimica_applicata/materiale/dati/dati_pdf/Costanti_Antoine.pdf
p = 10^(A-(B/(C
1 bar = 100kPa + T))), p = EXP((A-(B/(C + T))*), T = (B/(A-log10(p)))-C
1bar = 100 kilopascals
This table is based on deg C and mm of mercury pressure. The formulas have the conversions to psiG in lbs.
The MM, Max Min, values are used to select one of 2 sets of constants, 1 or 2, to be used in the formulas.
A1 B1 K C1 C MM C MM psiA A2 B2 C2 C Temp C
Potassium chloride 7.42004 ### ### ### 1.85 7.42004 7021.83 128.689 250.00
Naphthalene 8.07763 ### ### 217.0 14.33 7.22868 1947.89 230.034 250.00
1-Butanol 7.92484 ### ### 118.0 14.95 7.93068 1738.40 226.606 250.00
Water H2O 8.07131 ### ### 99.5 14.48 8.14019 1810.94 244.485 250.00
Proprionitrile 7.23861 ### ### 0.0 0.23 7.23861 1455.24 236.454 250.00
Cyclohexane 6.85146 ### ### 80.0 14.38 7.09926 1380.54 246.526 250.00
Benzene 6.87987 ### ### 80.0 14.74 7.20090 1415.80 248.028 250.00
tert-Butanol 7.15711 ### ### 100.0 27.78 7.15711 1080.55 170.152 250.00
2-Propanol, Isopropyl alcohol 8.00308 ### ### 86.5 17.26 7.95840 1519.66 216.829 250.00
Ethanol 8.20417 ### ### 78.5 14.81 7.68117 1332.04 199.200 250.00
Hexane 7.01051 ### ### 0.0 0.89 7.01051 1246.33 232.988 250.00
Tetrahydrofuran 6.99515 ### ### 110.5 54.81 7.42725 1532.81 272.081 250.00
1-Hexene 6.96410 ### ### 81.0 25.05 6.81159 1073.08 209.371 250.00
Chloroform 6.95465 ### ### 60.5 13.40 7.44777 1488.99 264.915 250.00
Methanol 8.08097 ### ### 82.5 28.40 7.97010 1521.23 234.000 250.00
Acetone 7.13270 ### ### 63.5 18.61 7.63130 1566.69 273.419 250.00
Diethyl ether 6.96559 ### ### 25.0 10.30 6.96559 1071.54 227.774 250.00
1,3-Butadiene 6.85364 933.59 ### -3.5 12.42 7.00613 999.04 245.866 250.00
Dimethyl ether 7.10736 946.89 ### 50.0 167.16 7.10736 946.89 248.645 250.00
Methane 6.34159 342.22 ### -162.5 13.38 6.70210 394.48 264.609 250.00
Potassium chloride 7.42004 ### ### ### 1.85 7.42004 7021.83 128.689 250.00

R-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane 6.80973 782.07 ### 0.00 44.66 6.80973 782.07 235.377 -100.00

Things to do:
R-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C75718&Mask=4&Type=ANTOINE&Plot=on#ANTOINE
R-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane 3.81109 782.07 235.38 -74.10 3.81109 782.07 -310.92 0.00
R-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane 6.70054 782.07 235.38 0.00 44.66 6.70054 782.072 235.377 -50.00
5018158

R-22 Difluorochloromethane http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C75456&Mask=4&Type=ANTOINE&Plot=on#ANTOINE

R-134a 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112105129/pdf/R&AC%20Lecture%2024.pdf Page 39 or last page
Psat=exp^(14.41-(2094/(t-33.06))) in kPa & K
Psat(12C)=445.2 kPa, Psat(7C)=376.2 kPa, Tsat(189.5 kPa) = 261 K = -12C

3.81

1 10.00 10.00 2.30

2.71828 2.30
 for the Antoine Equation.

ly valid only for 273.15 K

psiG Temp C psiA

-14.70 249.99 0.00 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride#Uses
13.96 250.00 28.66 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naphthalene
356.50 250.00 371.20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-Butanol
566.47 250.00 581.17
326.87 250.00 341.56
388.25 250.00 402.95 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexane
426.34 250.00 441.04 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzene
729.50 250.00 744.20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tert-Butyl_alcohol
961.42 250.00 976.12 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isopropyl_alcohol
990.37 250.00 1005.07 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol
505.82 250.00 520.52 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexane
584.64 250.00 599.34 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran
563.40 250.00 578.09 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Hexene
681.03 250.00 695.72 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform
1283.82 250.00 1298.52 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol
825.73 250.00 840.43 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone
1006.71 250.00 1021.41 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether
1881.04 250.00 1895.74 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3-Butadiene
3110.08 250.00 3124.78 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_ether
16654.82 250.00 16669.52 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane
-14.70 249.99 0.00 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride#Uses

-14.49 Err:502 0.21 http://makina.deu.edu.tr/files/courses/4097/docs/5Table.pdf , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluorometh

E&Plot=on#ANTOINE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane
307.93 -2137.18 322.63 http://makina.deu.edu.tr/files/courses/4097/docs/5Table.pdf
-8.83 Err:502 5.86 100c=3014kPa, 50c=1176.53kPa, 0c=307.93kPa, -50c=39.11kPa, -100c=1.08kPa
100c=437.171299psiG, 50c=170.64125psiG, 0c=44.6614706psiG, -50c=5.67242592psig, -100c=0.156640757psiG

E&Plot=on#ANTOINE http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorodifluoromethane
Page 39 or last page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
44.6614706
-8.8331204699
edia.org/wiki/Dichlorodifluoromethane

2592psig, -100c=0.156640757psiG
Basic Solar Collector & Thermodynamic Calculati
Note! I define Stasis Temperature as the temperature rise above Ambient temperature at 1X concentration.
Usually this is a flat plate collector with 2 layers of 1/2" transparent insulation.
Stasis temperature is the point where the collector is operating at 0% efficiency, (no power extracted from the collector, not useful).
Stasis Temperature must be tested for your particular collector and insulation combination. I often use 340F as this is what my test collector showed.
Ambient Temperature is the point where the collector is operating at 100% efficiency, (although, usually, still not useful).
Note! I didn't include other extraneous efficiencies such as Reflector, Glass, Piping heat loss, Piping friction, Feed Water Pumping loss, and probably others.
However, I did insert a column, Other Eff, where collector efficiencies can be added. Heat engine extra losses can be added under the Total Rankine colum
I added the use of a "Differential Pressure reduction", DP, valve for use with a Rankine Engine in solar applications.
I'm using formulas for the steam tables to convert between water temperature & pressure.
Some columns are hidden. Unhide the sheet to see the whole thing. Line 1 indicates which columns I normally hide.
To use this spreadsheet you can simply edit the Green entries in the line.
Or insert a line then copy a line into the new inserted line. Then edit the green entries.
A super handy feature in Excel is the "Goal Seek" function. You can find this under Data / What if Analysis.
Try to keep the sheet "Protected" as some of the formulas are very complicated and easy to dammaged especially when goal seaking. Only edit the Green
Have fun!!!!!
 c Calculations

at my test collector showed.

mping loss, and probably others.

d under the Total Rankine column.

oal seaking. Only edit the Green Entries.