RM E Cable Stayed Bridge DIN

Professional Engineering Softw are
Training Cable-Stayed Bridge -

RM - DIN
November 2006
Technische Datenverarbeitung
Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH
RM2006
Training Cable-Stayed Bridge - RM - DIN II
Contents
1 General........................................................................................................................1-1
2 Lesson 8: Load Definition ..........................................................................................2-1
2.1 Load Manager ......................................................................................................2-1
2.2 Loads....................................................................................................................2-2
2.2.1 Self Weight ...................................................................................................2-2
2.2.2 Cable .............................................................................................................2-4
2.2.3 Superimposed Dead Loads .........................................................................2-13
3 Lesson 9: Initial Construction Schedules..................................................................3-14
3.1 Stage 1................................................................................................................3-14
3.2 Stage 2................................................................................................................3-14
3.3 Stage 3................................................................................................................3-15
4 Lesson 10: Cable Actions .........................................................................................4-16
4.1 Stage 11..............................................................................................................4-16
4.2 Stage 12..............................................................................................................4-16
4.3 Stage 13..............................................................................................................4-17
4.4 Stage 21..............................................................................................................4-17
4.5 Stage 22..............................................................................................................4-18
4.6 Stage 23..............................................................................................................4-18
4.7 Stage 83..............................................................................................................4-19
5 Lesson 11: Closure of Segments...............................................................................5-20
6 Lesson 12: Superimposed Dead Loads .....................................................................6-21
7 Lesson 13: Additional Constraints............................................................................7-22
7.1 Calculation of the Final Structure (Built-in-One) – Linear (RM) .....................7-22
7.1.1 Loading Types to be Considered in this Example ......................................7-22
7.1.2 ‘Recalc’ Pad................................................................................................7-22
7.1.3 AddCon (Additional Constraints)...............................................................7-23
7.2 Calculation on the Final Structure – Non Linear (RM) .....................................7-24
7.2.1 Required Modifications ..............................................................................7-24
© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

RM2006
Training Cable-Stayed Bridge - RM - DIN III
7.2.2 The Final Result..........................................................................................7-24

7.3 Construction Stage Calculation – Linear (RM) .................................................7-24
7.3.1 Construction Sequence ...............................................................................7-24
7.3.2 Order of Preparation ...................................................................................7-25
7.3.3 Applying AddCon.......................................................................................7-25
7.3.4 ‘Recalc’ Pad................................................................................................7-25
7.3.5 The Final Result..........................................................................................7-25
7.4 Construction Stage Calculation – Non Linear (RM) .........................................7-26
7.4.1 Model Changes ...........................................................................................7-26
7.4.2 Pre-Processor for Suspension Bridge .........................................................7-26
7.4.3 Construction Stage Sequence......................................................................7-26
7.4.4 Applying AddCon.......................................................................................7-26
7.4.5 ‘Recalc’ Pad................................................................................................7-26
7.4.6 Accumulate Stiffness ..................................................................................7-27
7.4.7 The Final Result..........................................................................................7-27
7.5 AddCon Data Input in RM.................................................................................7-27
8 Lesson 14: Camber Calculation..................................................................................8-1
8.1 Conventional Camber Calculation.......................................................................8-1
8.2 New Camber Calculation.....................................................................................8-2
9 Lesson 15: Additional Construction Schedules ..........................................................9-3
9.1 Additional Loads..................................................................................................9-3
9.2 Superposition of Additional Loads ......................................................................9-3
9.3 Traffic Calculation ...............................................................................................9-3
9.4 SLS Check ...........................................................................................................9-3
9.5 ULS Check...........................................................................................................9-3
9.6 Lists and Plots......................................................................................................9-3
10 Conclusion and Summary.......................................................................................10-4
10.1 Linear or Non-Linear? .....................................................................................10-4
10.2 Flow Chart .......................................................................................................10-4

RM2006 General
Training Cable-Stayed Bridge - RM - DIN 1-1
1 General
The following example of a simple cable stayed structure illustrates the steps necessary
for a full consistent structural analysis.
The structure of this presentation is broken into 5 distinct parts that are useful for under-
standing the principles of the different forms and stages of the analysis and the differ-
ences in the results.
• Structural modeling using GP
The geometric pre-processor will be used to prepare the complete structural
model including deck, pylon, piers and stay cables.
• Calculation of the final structure (Built-in-one) – linear (RM RM)
RM
A straightforward linear calculation will be made to assess the order of magni-
tude of the forces so as to ensure adequate structural capacity of the individual
elements.
This form of calculation can be made using any commercially available struc-
tural software.
• Calculation of the final structure (Built-in-one) - non linear (RM RM)
RM
A non-linear calculation will be made considering the non-linear effects of cable
sag in addition to the other loads and conditions in the linear calculation.
This form of calculation can only be made using a few of the most sophisticated
structural software packages available
• Construction stage calculation (Stage by stage) – linear (RM RM)
RM
A calculation will be made considering the effects of building the structure in
different stages in addition to the other loads and conditions in the linear calcula-
tion.
This form of calculation can only be made using a few of the most sophisticated
structural software packages available
• Construction stage calculation (Stage by stage) - non linear (RM RM)
RM
A non-linear calculation will be made considering the non-linear effects of cable
sag as well as the effects of building the structure in different stages in addition
to the other loads and conditions in the linear calculation.
This form of calculation may not be available in any other commercially avail-
able structural software packages.
Objectives:
The objectives of the example are to:
• Interactively demonstrate the different ways of preparing and analyzing a cable
stayed bridge
• Highlight the very different calculation results that transpire from these different
analyses.
• Demonstrate the practical application of the AddCon feature and its influence on
the results.

RM2006 General
• Emphasize the importance and the principles of the construction schedule and
how it is used in the analysis and design of cable stayed bridges.
Note: Creep & shrinkage effects will not be considered in this example as it clouds the issue and may
cause some confusion. The complete model preparation and structural analysis using GP
and RM have been set up as a general training example and are available for all program
users from now on.

RM2006 Lesson 8: Load Definition
2 Lesson 8: Load Definition
2.1 Load Manager

The following actions can be made with the ‘Load Manager’.
• An individual loading case can be defined so that, after calculation, its results
are automatically added to 1,2 or 3 other loading case numbers.
• An individual loading case can be defined so that, after calculation, its results
are automatically combined into 1,2 or 3 envelopes.
• The loading cases and envelopes that are being added or combined into, must
have been defined prior to this ‘Info’ action.
Loading cases and envelopes are set up (initialized) using the ‘LcInit’ function. Instead
of using the ‘LcInit’ function, an automatic initialization of the load cases can be done
by activating the check box ‘Init Load Manager’ in the ‘Recalc’ pad.
The ‘Load Manager’ is started from ➱Schedule !Load Definition "Load Management.
Schedule Load info SW SDL CAB
Input for the Load
Load case I SUM-SW SUM-SDL SUM-SW
Manager
Load Definition State ! Total ! Total ! Total
Load case II SUM-STG SUM-STG SUM-CAB
Load Management State ! Total ! Total ! Total
Load case III - - SUM-STG
Top table State - - ! Total
stage- stage- stage-
Envelope I
env.sup env.sup env.sup
Comb I SupOrLc SupOrLc SupOrLc
Envelope II SUM-STG SUM-STG SUM-STG
Comb II - - -
Envelope III - - -
Comb III - - -

Load info PT DER SUM CS

Load case I SUM-PT SUM-DER SUM-STG SUM-CS
State ! Total ! Total ! Total ! Total
Load case II SUM-STG SUM-STG - SUM-STG
State ! Total ! Total - ! Total
Load case III - - - -
State - - - -
stage- stage-
Envelope I - -
env.sup env.sup
Comb I SupOrLc SupOrLc - -
Envelope II SUM-STG SUM-STG - -
Comb II - - - -
Envelope III - - - -
Comb III - - - -
The final creep loading case is CS-SUM should not be added to the general loading case
as it is necessary to have the final creep and shrinkage effects separate so that the struc-
ture can be checked after construction (before final creep and shrinkage) with live load-
ing and other loading combinations and at the time infinity with live loading and other
combination.
2.2 Loads
Several loads can be combined into one ‘Load Case’ or also in one ‘Load Set’.
Several Load Sets can be combined into one Load Case.
# Select ➱ Schedule Load Definition to start the loading definitions.
# Select <LCASE> to open the load definition input window.
2.2.1 Self Weight

Separate loading cases are defined for each construction stage.
Schedule Name SW-101 SW-102 SW-103 SW-104
Definition of Load Type Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent
Cases Load Man-
Load Definition SW SW SW SW
ager
Self weight
Self weight - Self weight
- pier 1, 2 Self weight -
Description approach - pier table
and pylon pylon
span 1, 2 at pylon
part 1
Load Case
Top table
Name SW-111 SW-112 SW-113 SW-114 SW-115 SW-116

Type Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent
Load
SW SW SW SW SW SW
Manager
Self weight - Self weight - Self weight - Self weight - Self weight - Self weight -
Description main girder, main girder, main girder, main girder, main girder, main girder,
seg01 and seg11 seg02 and seg12 seg03 and seg13 seg04 and seg14 seg05 and seg15 seg06 and seg16

Name SW-117 SW-118 SW-120 SW-190 SW-191 SW-192

Type Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent
Load
SW SW SW SW SW SW
Manager
Self weight -
Self weight - Self weight - Dismantling Dismantling Dismantling
main girder,
Description main girder, main girder, additional sup- additional sup- additional sup-
seg09 and seg19
seg07 and seg17 seg08 and seg18 port piertable port piertable port piertable
- close segment
Schedule Name SW-101 SW-102

Definition of Load ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni-
Loading
Cases form load form load form load form load form load
Self Self Self Self Self
Load Definition Type
weight weight weight weight weight
From 1201 1301 1401 101 196
Load Case Defini-
To 1205 1307 1405 115 210
tion
Step 1 1 1 1 1
Bottom table Rx 0 0 0 0 0
Ry -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Rz 0 0 0 0 0
Gam
- - - - -
[kN/m3]
Name SW-103 SW-104

! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni-
Loading
form load form load form load form load
Self Self Self Self
Type
weight weight weight weight
From 149 1311 1351 1391
To 162 1331 1371 1399
Step 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0 0 0
Ry -1 -1 -1 -1
Rz 0 0 0 0
Gam
- - - -
[kN/m3]
Name SW-111 SW-112 SW-113 SW-114

! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni-
Loading
form load form load form load form load form load form load form load form load
Self Self Self Self Self Self Self Self
Type
weight weight weight weight weight weight weight weight
From 145 163 141 167 137 171 133 175
To 148 166 144 170 140 174 136 178
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ry -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Rz 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gam
- - - - - - - -
[kN/m3]

Name SW-115 SW-116 SW-117 SW-118

! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni-
Loading
form load form load form load form load form load form load form load form load
Self Self Self Self Self Self Self Self
Type
weight weight weight weight weight weight weight weight
From 129 179 125 183 121 187 117 191
To 132 182 128 186 124 190 120 194
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ry -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Rz 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gam
- - - - - - - -
[kN/m3]
Name SW-120 SW-190 SW-191 SW-192

! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni- ! Uni-
Loading
form load form load form load form load form load form load
Self Self Self Self Self Self
Type
weight weight weight weight weight weight
From 116 195 1998 1103 1503 1397
To 116 195 1999 1103 1503 1397
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ry -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Rz 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gam
- - - - - -
[kN/m3]
2.2.2 Cable
2.2.2.1 Cable
Schedule
Definition of Load Sets
Load Definition
Load Set Definition
Top table
Name CAB-7110 CAB-7111 CAB-7120 CAB-7121 CAB-7130 CAB-7131 CAB-7140 CAB-7141

Add to Load
% % % % % % % %
Case
Self weight FX0 for Self weight FX0 for Self weight FX0 for Self weight FX0 for
Description
and FX0 ADDCON and FX0 ADDCON and FX0 ADDCON and FX0 ADDCON

Add to Load
% % % % % % % %
Case
Description


Add to Load
% % % % % % % %
Case
Description

Add to Load
% % % % % % % %
Case
Description

Add to Load
% % % % % % % %
Case
Description

Add to Load
% % % % % % % %
Case
Description

Add to Load
% % % % % % % %
Case
Description

Add to Load
% % % % % % % %
Case
Description
Schedule
Load Definition
Load Set Definition
Bottom table

Name CAB-7110 CAB-7111

! Initial ! Initial ! Initial ! Initial
Loading ! Uniform load ! Uniform load
stress/strain stress/strain stress/strain stress/strain
Self weight – Cable shortening Self weight – Stress free Cable shortening Cable shortening
Type
load and mass defined by force load and mass element length defined by force defined by force
From 7110 7110 7111 7111 7110 7111
To 7110 7110 7118 7118 7110 7118
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0
Ry -1 -1
Rz 0 0
Gam [kN/m3]
LX0 [m] 92.2 1 92.2 5.607632 1000 100
Fx [m]

Type
From 7120 7120 7121 7121 7120 7121
To 7120 7120 7128 7128 7120 7128
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0
Ry -1 -1
Rz 0 0
Gam [kN/m3]
LX0 [m] 92.2 1 92.2 7.8553127739 1000 100
Fx [m]

Type
From 7130 7130 7131 7131 7130 7131
To 7130 7130 7138 7138 7130 7138
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0
Ry -1 -1
Rz 0 0
Gam [kN/m3]
LX0 [m] 92.2 1 92.2 10.107449019 1000 100
Fx [m]


Type
From 7140 7140 7141 7141 7140 7141
To 7140 7140 7148 7148 7140 7148
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0
Ry -1 -1
Rz 0 0
Gam [kN/m3]
LX0 [m] 92.2 1 92.2 12.361057207 1000 100
Fx [m]

Type
From 7150 7150 7151 7151 7150 7151
To 7150 7150 7158 7158 7150 7158
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0
Ry -1 -1
Rz 0 0
Gam [kN/m3]
LX0 [m] 92.2 1 92.2 14.614956898 1000 100
Fx [m]

Type
From 7160 7160 7161 7161 7160 7161
To 7160 7160 7168 7168 7160 7168
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0
Ry -1 -1
Rz 0 0
Gam [kN/m3]
LX0 [m] 92.2 1 92.2 16.825287662 1000 100
Fx [m]


Type
From 7170 7170 7171 7171 7170 7171
To 7170 7170 7178 7178 7170 7178
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0
Ry -1 -1
Rz 0 0
Gam [kN/m3]
LX0 [m] 92.2 1 92.2 19.123218497 1000 100
Fx [m]

Type
From 7180 7180 7181 7181 7180 7181
To 7180 7180 7188 7188 7180 7188
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1
Rx 0 0
Ry -1 -1
Rz 0 0
Gam [kN/m3]
LX0 [m] 92.2 1 92.2 21.377482928 1000 100
Fx [m]
# Enter the series 7210 – 7281, 7210 – 7281 and 7210 – 7281 similar to the tables
above. Only the numbers have to be changed.
Schedule Name CAB-310 CAB-311 CAB-320 CAB-321
Cases Load Man-
Load Definition CAB CAB CAB CAB
ager
Const-Fac 0.1 24.4 0.1 22.674
LX0 for n- FX0 for LX0 for n- FX0 for
Load Case Description
tel cables ADDCON tel cables ADDCON
Top table

Type Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent
Load
CAB CAB CAB CAB CAB CAB CAB CAB
Manager
Const-Fac 0.1 21.346 0.1 20.937 0.1 20.979 0.1 23.121
LX0 for n- FX0 for LX0 for n- FX0 for LX0 for n- FX0 for LX0 for n- FX0 for
Description
tel cables ADDCON tel cables ADDCON tel cables ADDCON tel cables ADDCON

Name CAB-370 CAB-371 CAB-380 CAB-381

Type Permanent Permanent Permanent Permanent
Load
CAB CAB CAB CAB
Manager
Const-Fac 0.1 8.1848 0.1 10.398
LX0 for n- FX0 for LX0 for n- FX0 for
Description
tel cables ADDCON tel cables ADDCON
Schedule
Definition of Load
Cases
Load Definition
Load Case Defini-

tion
Bottom table

! Load set ! Load set ! Load set ! Load set ! Load set ! Load set ! Load set ! Load set
Loading
input input input input input input input input
Load set CAB-7110 CAB-7210 CAB-7310 CAB-7410 CAB-7111 CAB-7211 CAB-7311 CAB-7411
Const-Fac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 24.4 24.4 24.4 24.4
Var-Fac - - - - - - - -

Loading
Const-Fac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 22.674 22.674 22.674 22.674
Var-Fac - - - - - - - -

Loading
Const-Fac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 21.346 21.346 21.346 21.346
Var-Fac - - - - - - - -

Loading
Const-Fac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 20.937 20.937 20.937 20.937
Var-Fac - - - - - - - -


Loading
Const-Fac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 20.979 20.979 20.979 20.979
Var-Fac - - - - - - - -

Loading
Const-Fac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 23.121 23.121 23.121 23.121
Var-Fac - - - - - - - -

Loading
Const-Fac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 8.1848 8.1848 8.1848 8.1848
Var-Fac - - - - - - - -

Loading
Const-Fac 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 10.398 10.398 10.398 10.398
Var-Fac - - - - - - - -
Schedule Name CAB-7110 CAB-7120 CAB-7130 CAB-7140

Cases Load Man-
Load Definition CAB CAB CAB CAB
ager
Const-Fac 1 1 1 1
LX0 for n- LX0 for n- LX0 for n- LX0 for n-
tel cables tel cables tel cables tel cables
Top table
Name CAB-7150 CAB-7160 CAB-7170 CAB-7180

Load
CAB CAB CAB CAB
Manager
Const-Fac 1 1 1 1
LX0 for n- LX0 for n- LX0 for n- LX0 for n-
Description
tel cables tel cables tel cables tel cables
# Enter the series 7210 – 7281, 7210 – 7281 and 7210 – 7281 similar to the tables
above. Only the numbers have to be changed.


Loading
Const-Fac 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2.2.2.2 Derrick
Schedule
Load Definition
Load Set Definition
Top table
Name DER-211 DER-212 DER-213 DER-214 DER-215 DER-216 DER-217 DER-218

Add to Load
% % % % % % % %
Case
Set derrick Set derrick Set derrick Set derrick Set derrick Set derrick Set derrick Set derrick
Description seg01 and seg02 and seg03 and seg04 and seg05 and seg06 and seg07 and seg08 and
seg11 seg12 seg13 seg14 seg15 seg16 seg17 seg18
Schedule
Load Definition
Load Set Definition
Bottom table
Name DER-211 DER-212 DER-213 DER-214

! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen-
Loading
trated load trated load trated load trated load trated load trated load trated load trated load
Single node Single node Single node Single node Single node Single node Single node Single node
Type
load load load load load load load load
From 149 163 145 141 171 167 137 145
To 149 163 145 141 171 167 137 145
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fy -800 -800 -800 -800 -800 -800 -800 -800
Fz 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
My 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mz 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0


! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen- ! Concen-
Loading
trated load trated load trated load trated load trated load trated load trated load trated load
Single node Single node Single node Single node Single node Single node Single node Single node
Type
load load load load load load load load
From 133 179 129 183 125 187 127 191
To 133 179 129 183 125 187 127 191
Step 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fy -800 -800 -800 -800 -800 -800 -800 -800
Fz 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mx 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
My 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mz 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Schedule Name DER-211 DER-212 DER-213 DER-214

Cases Load Mana-
Load Definition DER DER DER DER
ger
Const-Fac -1 -1 -1 -1
Set derrick Set derrick Set derrick Set derrick
Load Case Description seg01 and seg02 and seg03 and seg04 and
seg11 seg12 seg13 seg14
Top table

Load
DER DER DER DER
Manager
Const-Fac -1 -1 -1 -1
Set derrick Set derrick Set derrick Set derrick
Description seg05 and seg06 and seg07 and seg08 and
seg15 seg16 seg17 seg18
Name DER-211 DER-212 DER-213 DER-214 DER-215

Loading
Load set DER-211 DER-211 DER-212 DER-212 DER-211 DER-213 DER-213 DER-214
Const-Fac 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1

Name DER-215 DER-216 DER-217 DER-218 DER-219

Loading
Load set DER-215 DER-215 DER-216 DER-216 DER-217 DER-217 DER-218 DER-218
Const-Fac 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
2.2.3 Superimposed Dead Loads

Schedule Name SDL-299
Definition of Load Type Permanent
Cases Load Man-
Load Definition SDL
ager
Const-Fac 1
Superimposed
Dead Load
Top table
Schedule Name SDL-299

Definition of Load
Loading ! Uniform load
Cases
Load Definition Type Self weight
From 101
Load Case Defini-
To 210
tion
Step 1
Bottom table Qx 0
Qy -35
Qz 0
! Global
! Real length
! Load/unit
length

RM2006 Lesson 9: Initial Construction Schedules
3 Lesson 9: Initial Construction Schedules
3.1 Stage 1
Pier 1, 2 and Pylon Part 1.
Schedule Activate ! ! !
Input Active Elements
Deactivate " " "
to Stage 1
Stages From 1200 1300 1400
To 1205 1307 1405
Activation Step 1 1 1
Age 0 0 0
Bottom table ts 0 0 0
!Calculation !Calculation !Calculation

Input the Calcula- Schedule Action
(Static) (Static) (Static)
tion (Static) for Type SupInit Stress LcInit
Stage 1
Stages Inp1 - SW-101 SUM-STG
Inp2 - - -
Inp3 - - -
Schedule Actions Out1 stage-env.sup - SUM-STG-01
Out2 - * -
Bottom table Delta-T 0 60 0
self weight -
Description Pier 1, 2 and
Pylon Part 1
3.2 Stage 2
Approach Span 1, 2 and pier table.
Deactivate " " "
to Stage 1
Stages From 101 149 196
To 115 162 210
Age 0 0 0
Activate ! ! ! ! !
Deactivate " " " " "
From 1100 1298 1397 1498 1998
To 1103 1299 1399 1503 1999
Step 1 1 1 1 1
Age 0 0 0 0 0
ts 0 0 0 0 0

RM2006 Lesson 9: Initial Construction Schedules
!Calcula- !Calcula- !Calcula-

Action
tion (Static) tion (Static) tion (Static)
Type Calc Calc LcInit
Inp1 SW-102 SW-103 SUM-STG
Inp2 - - -
Inp3 - - -
SUM-STG-
Out1 - -
02
Out2 * * -
Delta-T 60 60 0
self weight -
self weight -
Description Approach
pier table
Span 1, 2
3.3 Stage 3
Self weight - pylon.
Deactivate " " "
to Stage 1
Stages From 1311 1351 1391
To 1331 1371 1395
Age 0 0 0

Action
Inp1 SW-104 DER-211 SUM-STG
Inp2 - - -
Inp3 - - -
SUM-STG-
Out1 - -
03
Out2 * * -
Delta-T 60 0 0
Set Derrick
self weight -
Description Seg01 and
pylon
Seg11

RM2006 Lesson 10: Cable Actions
4 Lesson 10: Cable Actions
4.1 Stage 11
Seg01 and Seg11 – self weight.
Schedule Activate ! !
Deactivate " "
to Stage 1
Stages From 145 163
To 148 166
Activation Step 1 1
Age 0 0
Bottom table ts 0 0
!Calculation !Calculation
Action
(Static) (Static)
Type Calc LcInit
Inp1 SW-111 SUM-STG
Inp2 - -
Inp3 - -
Out1 - SUM-STG-11
Out2 * -
Delta-T 60 0
Seg01 and
Description Seg11, self
weight
4.2 Stage 12
Seg01 and Seg11 – insert 1st cables.
Schedule Activate ! ! ! !
Deactivate " " " "
to Stage 1
Stages From 7111 7211 7311 7411
To 7118 7218 7318 7418
Activation Step 1 1 1 1
Age 0 0 0 0
Bottom table ts 0 0 0 0

Action
(Static) (Static)
Type Calc LcInit
Inp1 CAB-310 SUM-STG
Inp2 - -
Inp3 - -
Out1 - SUM-STG-12
Out2 * -
Delta-T 60 0
Description insert cables
4.3 Stage 13
Seg01 and Seg11 - stress 1st cables.
Schedule Activate "
Deactivate !
to Stage 1
Stages From 1998
To 1999
Activation Step 1
Age 0
Bottom table ts 0
!Calculation !Calculation !Calculation !Calculation

Action
(Static) (Static) (Static) (Static)
Type Calc Calc Calc LcInit
Inp1 SW-190 CAB-311 DER-212 SUM-STG
Inp2 - - - -
Inp3 - - - -
Out1 - - - SUM-STG-12
Out2 * * * -
Delta-T 0 0 0 0
Set Derrick
remove addi-
Description stress cables Seg02 and
tional support
Seg12
4.4 Stage 21
Seg02 and Seg12 – self weight.
Schedule Activate ! !
Deactivate " "
to Stage 1
Stages From 141 167
To 144 170
Activation Step 1 1
Age 0 0
Bottom table ts 0 0

Action
(Static) (Static)
Type Calc LcInit
Inp1 SW-112 SUM-STG
Inp2 - -
Inp3 - -
Out1 - SUM-STG-21
Out2 * -
Delta-T 60 0
Seg02 and
Description Seg12, self
weight
4.5 Stage 22
Seg02 and Seg12 – insert 2nd cables.
Schedule Activate ! ! ! !
Deactivate " " " "
to Stage 1
Stages From 7121 7221 7321 7421
To 7128 7228 7328 7428
Age 0 0 0 0
Action
(Static) (Static)
Type Calc LcInit
Inp1 CAB-320 SUM-STG
Inp2 - -
Inp3 - -
Out1 - SUM-STG-22
Out2 * -
Delta-T 60 0
Description insert cables
4.6 Stage 23
Seg02 and Seg12 - stress 2nd cables.
Schedule Activate "
Deactivate !
to Stage 1
Stages From 1397
To 1397
Activation Step 1
Age 0
Bottom table ts 0

!Calculation !Calculation !Calculation !Calculation

Action
(Static) (Static) (Static) (Static)
Type Calc Calc Calc LcInit
Inp1 SW-192 CAB-321 DER-213 SUM-STG
Inp2 - - - -
Inp3 - - - -
Out1 - - - SUM-STG-23
Out2 * * * -
Delta-T 0 0 0 0
Set Derrick
remove addi-
Description stress cables Seg03 and
tional support
Seg13
# Continue in the same scheme for the stages 31 to 82.
4.7 Stage 83
Seg08 and Seg18 - stress cables.
!Calculation !Calculation !Calculation
Action
(Static) (Static) (Static)
Inp1 CAB-381 DER-219 SUM-STG
Inp2 - - -
Inp3 - - -
Out1 - - SUM-STG-83
Out2 * * -
Delta-T 0 0 0
Remove
Description stress cables Derrick Seg08
and Seg18

RM2006 Lesson 11: Closure of Segments
5 Lesson 11: Closure of Segments

# Insert stage 91.
Seg09 and Seg19 - close segments.
Schedule Activate ! ! " "
Deactivate " " ! !
to Stage 1
Stages From 116 195 1103 1503
To 116 195 1103 1503
Age 0 0 0 0

Action
Inp1 SW-191 SW-120 SUM-STG
Inp2 - - -
Inp3 - - -
SUM-STG-
Out1 - -
91
Out2 * * -
Delta-T 0 0 0
Seg09 and
remove Seg19 -
Description additional close seg-
support ment, self
weight

RM2006 Lesson 12: Superimposed Dead Loads
6 Lesson 12: Superimposed Dead Loads

# Insert stage 99.
There is no activation required.
!Calcula- !Calcula-
Action
tion (Static) tion (Static)
Type Calc LcInit
Inp1 SDL-299 SUM-STG
Inp2 - -
Inp3 - -
SUM-STG-
Out1 -
99
Out2 * -
Delta-T 0 0
assembling
Description
load

RM2006 Lesson 13: Additional Constraints
7 Lesson 13: Additional Constraints
7.1 Calculation of the Final Structure (Built-in-One) – Linear (RM

RM)
RM
A straightforward linear calculation is made to check the structural behavior of the
model, assess its response to loading, and find the order of magnitude of the forces to
ensure (by preliminary design) adequate structural capacity of the individual elements
(standard approach to normal preliminary bridge design).
This calculation can be carried out without having to prepare any information on the
structural system that is additional to that prepared in GP:
The applied loading is prepared in the normal way by defining Load Sets and Load
Cases for all the loadings applicable to the construction of the bridge structure. Since
the basic structure and loading will be used repetitively for all four different analyses
(with appropriate modification), cognizance should be taken of the subsequent non-
linear calculation in the preparation of the cable loading.
The loading types of loadings that are ‘traditionally’ used for loading cables in stay ca-
ble bridges – namely ‘temperature’ or ‘element deformation’ should not be used!
7.1.1 Loading Types to be Considered in this Example

There is little point in preparing traffic lanes and live load etc in this example as the
preparation of these types of loading is no different to that for a ‘normal beam’ bridge
and has little influence on the principles used in the design of cable stayed bridges per
se. These loadings have therefore been omitted from this example.
The following loadings are considered in this training example:
• Self weight of the structure.
• Additional dead load (i.e. for surfacing, traffic barrier balustrade etc).
• Stressing of the cable elements (using load types LX0 or FX0) – unit forces!
• An action at the supports to lift the cantilevered end of the deck into position af-
ter the last segment is installed in a particular span. (This is not necessary for the
final stage – Built-in-One - calculation, but is used here so that this calculation is
compatible with the construction stage calculation).
7.1.2 ‘Recalc’ Pad

No special selection is required in the ‘Recalc’ pad for this linear calculation.
Only the ‘standard’ (as used in a normal beam bridge calculation) ‘Recalc’ Pad buttons
must be selected.

7.1.3 AddCon (Additional Constraints)

(AddCon is briefly summarized below for convenience but the reader should be aware
that a far more comprehensive presentation of AddCon is provided in another part of the
seminar).
AddCon uses an iterative process to appropriately factor one or several user-defined unit
loading cases such that in combination with a fixed loading case a set of user-defined
design criteria (Constraints) are achieved.
7.1.3.1 Limitations
• The design criteria specified must be numerically achievable.
(i.e. if a moment is specified as the constraint then there must be at least one variable
force on the relevant side of it such that when this is appropriately factored and com-
bined with the ‘fixed Loading case’ the defined constraint can be achieved.)
• There must be as many user defined design criteria (Constraints) as there are un-
known variable loading cases.
7.1.3.2 Type of Constraints

The user-defined constraints can be a set of forces/moments, stresses or displacements
or a combination of these at defined locations on the bridge.
7.1.3.3 The Action

‘AddCon’ (Additional constraint) program feature finds the appropriate amount to fac-
tor each individual ‘Unit Load’ to achieve all the user-defined constraints.
7.1.3.4 Mathematical Solution/Structural Solution

The result from the AddCon calculation is that the defined set of constraints (say bend-
ing moments in certain places along the deck girder) is achieved – a mathematical solu-
tion is found. The engineer must ascertain whether the means by which AddCon
achieves the result is a structurally admissible solution. I.e. it is not structurally admis-
sible that the stay cables are under compression – physically impossible – but this may
provide a mathematical solution!
7.1.3.5 The Final Result

The final result can be viewed and it will be seen that the user-defined constraints have
been achieved, however the structural admissibility must be checked (check the stay
cable forces!) and the corresponding deflections and stresses should also be checked.
Additional loads can be calculated (not done in this example) after the AddCon calcula-
tion is completed – loads such as traffic, wind, temperature, pier settlement, braking
forces, earthquake…
7.1.3.6 Order of Calculation

The iteration process instigated by AddCon iterates between Construction Stage 1 and
the Construction stage that contains the AddCon command ‘Re-start’ Calculations to be

made after the AddCon criteria have been achieved must be defined in Construction
Stages that come after the stage containing ‘Re-start’.
7.2 Calculation on the Final Structure – Non Linear (RM

RM)
RM
A non-linear calculation is made considering the non-linear effects of cable sag in addi-
tion to the other loads and conditions in the linear calculation.
The same AddCon design constraints and unit loads that were used for the linear calcu-
lation can be used for the non-linear calculation!
7.2.1 Required Modifications

The following modifications need to be made to the input preparation for carrying out
the non-linear calculation when considering the non-linear cable sagging effects:
• The cable elements need to be subdivided.
This can be easily achieved by sub-dividing the stay cable
elements using NDIV (use NDIV=8). No other system or
data modification is necessary!
• Additional information must be given in the ‘Recalc’ pad.
# ‘Cable-stayed non linear’ must be selected (ticked).
7.2.2 The Final Result

been achieved, however the structural admissibility must be checked (as was required
for the linear calculation) and the corresponding deflections and stresses should also be
checked and compared to the results from the linear calculation.
Note: the User-defined MZ constraints will obviously be the same but the corresponding deflections and
stresses could be quite different.
7.3 Construction Stage Calculation – Linear (RM

RM)
RM
A calculation is made considering the effects of building the structure in different stages
in addition to the other loads and conditions in the linear calculation.
Cable Stayed bridges are often built using the Balanced Cantilever Construction
method. This part of the example will simulate the Balanced Cantilever method so the
construction sequence will be prepared in the same way as the construction sequence for
a normal beam bridge built using the balanced cantilever construction method.
7.3.1 Construction Sequence

The sequence of loading and element activation follows the actual on-site construction:

When a new segment is added to the structure

• A new construction stage must be prepared.
• The element (or elements) representing the new segment must be activated.
• The new cable elements must be activated.
• The self weight loading case must be calculated.
• The cable elements must be stressed and calculated.
• The construction load loading case must be calculated.
7.3.2 Order of Preparation

The preparation of the applied loading (LSETs and LCASEs) as well as the order of
calculating all the loading cases should be prepared in such a way that allows for the
subsequent non linear calculation without any major changes to the stage construction
simulation.
7.3.3 Applying AddCon

The same AddCon definition to achieve the user defined constraints as already specified
under 3.1 and 3.2 can be called up in the construction stage sequence once the following
have been completed:
• All the permanent load loading cases have been calculated.
• The erection of every structural element in the bridge model has been com-
pletely defined (simulating completion of construction).
AddCon must be defined before:
• Any additional loading cases are calculated (such as traffic, temperature, etc… ).

No special selection is required in the ‘Recalc’ pad for this linear calculation.
Only the ‘standard’ (as used in a normal beam bridge calculation) ‘Recalc’ Pad buttons
must be selected.

been achieved, however the structural admissibility must be checked (as previously re-
quired) and the corresponding deflections and stresses should also be checked and com-
pared to the results from the previous calculations.
Note: the User-defined MZ constraints will obviously be the same but deflections and cable forces will be
quite different from the results achieved in the previous calculations (linear and non linear)
on the final structure.

7.4 Construction Stage Calculation – Non Linear (RM

RM)
RM
A non-linear calculation is made considering the non-linear effects of cable sag as well
as the effects of building the structure in different stages in addition to the other loads
and conditions in the linear calculation.
7.4.1 Model Changes

One or two changes must be made to the structural model in order to be able to com-
pletely simulate the full non-linear calculation:
• The cable elements must be subdivided into real elements.
• New structural nodes must be defined.
• The coordinates of these new nodes should be located as close as possible to the
actual real sagging line of the cable. (These positions were actually found in the
previous calculation and are defined by the coordinates of the NDIV subdivision
points.
The rather complicated procedure defined above is not done in GP but is prepared using
a special macro in RM (under System/Special) for suspension bridges.
7.4.2 Pre-Processor for Suspension Bridge

The macro ‘Pre processor for suspension bridge” consists of 3 steps:
• Step1: creates all LSETS for the cable stressing (LX0 and FX0).
• Step2: locks all structural nodes and subdivides the cable elements.
• Step3: changes the Elements in the Load Sets and Load Cases corresponding to
the cable stressing since there are now new nodes and new elements in the struc-
ture.
Step 3 does not actually change the data set automatically but creates two TCL files
(‘step3-sys.tcl’ and ‘step3-load.tcl’) that can be imported into the project to set up the
new structure and loads.
7.4.3 Construction Stage Sequence

The construction stage sequence is actually identical to the procedure used above in the
linear construction stage calculation (Item 3.3).
7.4.4 Applying AddCon

The same AddCon definition to achieve the user defined constraints as already specified
under 3.1; 3.2 and 3.3 can be used and called up in the construction stage sequence.

Additional information must be given in the ‘Recalc’ pad:

# ‘Stay Cable Non Linear’ must be selected (ticked).

# ‘Accumulate Stiffness’ must be selected (ticked).
• Summation SUM-STG must be inserted.
7.4.6 Accumulate Stiffness

The feature ‘Accumulate Stiffness’ is needed for taking the load dependent change of
the cable stiffness into account. This feature collects all the load components that are
accumulated in the Summation loading case – SUM-STG (As recommended in the
TDV’s recommended loading case numbering system) – and changes the cable stiffness
accordingly.

The final result can be viewed as before and the structural admissibility must also be
checked.
The User-defined MZ constraints will obviously be the same but deflections and cable
forces will be quite different from the results achieved in the previous (linear and non
linear) calculations on the final structure.
7.5 AddCon Data Input in RM

Schedule Number 2
Exclude variable load cases
Input Additional Con- %
from sum load case
straints Disable improvement of the
Additional Con-
equation system using the &
straints
iteration system
ADDCON - Construction State
Description
Sequence
Elements
Top table

Schedule From 121 155

Input Additional Con- To 145 155
straints Additional Con-
Step 4 1
straints
x/l 1 1
Degree of
Elements ! Mz ! Mz
freedom (DOF)
Dof Row 0 0
Bottom table Tnd 0 0
CS Pnt
Res. Type Normal-Total Normal-Total
Val-min 4000 -20000
Operator = =
Val-max 4000 -20000
Factor 1 1
Comb-E Yes Yes
Schedule LC/Envelope ! Load case ! Load case

Input Additional Con- Fix/Variable ! Fix ! Variable
straints Additional Con-
DOF 0 0
straints
Name SUM-STG CAB-311
Loads Factor 1 VAR
DestLC
Bottom table
LC/Envelope ! Load case ! Load case ! Load case ! Load case ! Load case ! Load case ! Load case
Fix/Variable ! Variable ! Variable ! Variable ! Variable ! Variable ! Variable ! Variable
DOF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Name CAB-312 CAB-313 CAB-314 CAB-315 CAB-316 CAB-317 CAB-318
Factor VAR VAR VAR VAR VAR VAR VAR
DestLC
# Insert stage 100.

There is no activation required.
!Calcula- ! List/Plot
Action
tion (Static) actions
Type Restart ListLc
Inp1 2 SUM-STG
Inp2 0.01 -
Inp3 - -
Out1 - -
Out2 * *
Delta-T 0 0
Description AddCon

RM2006 Lesson 14: Camber Calculation
8 Lesson 14: Camber Calculation
8.1 Conventional Camber Calculation

INFO "Camber - Conventional"
MODULE LcInit "SUM-STG" "-1,-1" "" "CAMB"
MODULE LcInit "SUM-STG-11" "" "" "CAMB-11"
MODULE LcAddLc "CAMB-11" "CAMB" "" "CAMB-11"

RM2006 Lesson 14: Camber Calculation
STAGE END
8.2 New Camber Calculation

STAGE "111"
INFO "Camber (new module: DoCamber)"
MODULE DoCamber "end" "Camber:camber_nodes" "" "camber_end.xls"
MODULE DoCamber "PT" "Camber:camber_nodes" "" "camber_PT.xls"
MODULE DoCamber "CAB" "Camber:camber_nodes" "" "camber_CAB.xls"
MODULE DoCamber "DER" "Camber:camber_nodes" "" "camber_DER.xls"

RM2006 Lesson 15: Additional Construction Schedules
9 Lesson 15: Additional Construction Schedules
9.1 Additional Loads

See training example “Prestressing Basic”.
9.2 Superposition of Additional Loads

9.3 Traffic Calculation

9.4 SLS Check

9.5 ULS Check

9.6 Lists and Plots

RM2006 Conclusion and Summary
10 Conclusion and Summary

One structural system, one or two modeling issues and actually very few other consid-
erations are necessary to be able to analyze a cable-stayed structure with and without
stages both linearly and non-linearly using RM.
10.1 Linear or Non-Linear?

The results highlight the importance of considering non-linear effects. There is unfortu-
nately no rule or general suggestion when or under which circumstances a non-linear
calculation should be made. The ratio of cable element length and girder stiffness will
often indicate a tendency, but the decision as to whether or not to consider non-linear
effects will always remain the engineers’ responsibility.
10.2 Flow Chart

A brief flow chart summarizing the most complicated part of the analysis (the steps for
the structure change for non linear construction stage calculation) is given on the next
page.

RM2006 Conclusion and Summary
Prelim. design • Calculate final system

on ‘Final System’
Step 1: • cable with NDIV subdivision
Calculation on • all loads in one Load Case
Final System
• Load Sets with all initial forces and
self weight of cables.
define • select: ‘accumulate permanent

ADDCON loads’
• ADDCON convergence is faster if
Design OK ? first linear and then non linear
no cables are used.
yes
Step 2: Lock nodes
• same loads as for step 1

Calculation • define SumLC for results!
Original node • calculate new geometry of cable for

conditions NDIV points coming from the
results in SumLC (step2) as new
Step 3: node coordinates for new cable
‘new’ cable
geometry
elements.
• Deactivate ‘old’ cables
• change inital forces from Step 1
Load Sets and into ‘Stress free lengths’ LX0
Load Cases for • this LX0 gets same NDIV as new
‘new cables’
cable elements and will be defined
as an individual initial force.
Step 4: Input of • stage wise activation
Construction stage Constr.-Stages • the first calculated LCASE in a
calc.
Stage on a newly activated must
contain an initial force and the self
weight of the cable
Calculation
ADDCON • select: ‘acumulate stiffness
(SumLC)’
Do final forces
no . correspond with
design ?
yes
Results

RM E Cable Stayed Bridge DIN

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Training Cable-Stayed Bridge -

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

7.2.2 The Final Result..........................................................................................7-24

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

2 Lesson 8: Load Definition

2.1 Load Manager

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

Load info PT DER SUM CS

2.2.1 Self Weight

Name SW-111 SW-112 SW-113 SW-114 SW-115 SW-116

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

Name SW-117 SW-118 SW-120 SW-190 SW-191 SW-192

Schedule Name SW-101 SW-102

Name SW-103 SW-104

Name SW-111 SW-112 SW-113 SW-114

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

Name SW-115 SW-116 SW-117 SW-118

Name SW-120 SW-190 SW-191 SW-192

Load Set Definition

Name CAB-7110 CAB-7111 CAB-7120 CAB-7121 CAB-7130 CAB-7131 CAB-7140 CAB-7141

Name CAB-7150 CAB-7151 CAB-7160 CAB-7161 CAB-7170 CAB-7171 CAB-7180 CAB-7181

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

Name CAB-7210 CAB-7211 CAB-7220 CAB-7221 CAB-7230 CAB-7231 CAB-7240 CAB-7241

Name CAB-7250 CAB-7251 CAB-7260 CAB-7261 CAB-7270 CAB-7271 CAB-7280 CAB-7281

Name CAB-7310 CAB-7311 CAB-7320 CAB-7321 CAB-7330 CAB-7331 CAB-7340 CAB-7341

Name CAB-7350 CAB-7351 CAB-7360 CAB-7361 CAB-7370 CAB-7371 CAB-7380 CAB-7381

Name CAB-7410 CAB-7411 CAB-7420 CAB-7421 CAB-7430 CAB-7431 CAB-7440 CAB-7441

Name CAB-7450 CAB-7451 CAB-7460 CAB-7461 CAB-7470 CAB-7471 CAB-7480 CAB-7481

Load Set Definition

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

Name CAB-7110 CAB-7111

Name CAB-7120 CAB-7121

Name CAB-7130 CAB-7131

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

Name CAB-7140 CAB-7141

Name CAB-7150 CAB-7151

Name CAB-7160 CAB-7161

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

Name CAB-7170 CAB-7171

Name CAB-7180 CAB-7181

Name CAB-330 CAB-331 CAB-340 CAB-341 CAB-350 CAB-351 CAB-360 CAB-361

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

Name CAB-370 CAB-371 CAB-380 CAB-381

Load Case Defini-

Name CAB-310 CAB-311

Name CAB-320 CAB-321

Name CAB-330 CAB-331

Name CAB-340 CAB-341

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

Name CAB-350 CAB-351

Name CAB-360 CAB-361

Name CAB-370 CAB-371

Name CAB-380 CAB-381

Schedule Name CAB-7110 CAB-7120 CAB-7130 CAB-7140

Name CAB-7150 CAB-7160 CAB-7170 CAB-7180

© TDV – Technische Datenverarbeitung Dorian Janjic & Partner GmbH

Name CAB-7110 CAB-7120 CAB-7130 CAB-7140 CAB-7150 CAB-7160 CAB-7170 CAB-7180

Load Set Definition

Name DER-211 DER-212 DER-213 DER-214 DER-215 DER-216 DER-217 DER-218

Load Set Definition

Name DER-211 DER-212 DER-213 DER-214