Basic Maths

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 Basics

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Basics • A digit is any number  0-9
• Place Value
•1  Ones
• 10  Tens
• 100  Hundreds
• 1,000  Thousands
• 10,000  Ten Thousands
• 100,000  Hundred Thousands
• 1,000,000  Millions
• 1,000,000,000  Billions

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Basics • Whole numbers
• The counting numbers and zero; no decimals or
fractions 0, 1, 23, 71, 193
• Non-whole numbers
• Numbers that have decimals 1.49, 12.25, 39.29
• Mixed numbers
• Whole numbers and a fraction 1¾, 4½, 9¼, 27½
• Percentages
• Represent part of something out of hundred
12.5%, 34.68%

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Basics Basic Mathematical Operations
• Addition
• Totaling of two or more numbers
• Subtraction
• Opposite of addition – taking a number out of another
• Multiplication
• A quick easy way to add – product of two or more
numbers
• Division
• Opposite of Multiplication – calculating the number of
times one number is contained within another one

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Basics • Averages or Mean
• Middle, central or typical number of a list of
numbers
• Adding up all the numbers, then divide by how
many numbers there are (count)

𝑺𝒖𝒎 + + +
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 = =
𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕

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Basic Order of Operation
• Do calculation from left to right obeying ordering:
• Brackets (Inner to outer - Innermost 1st)
• Exponents
• Multiplication and Division
• Addition and Subtraction

E.g. 5  40  (5  (12  3))  5  40  (5  4)

 5  40  20
 5 2
7
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 Fractions

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Fractions • A fraction represents a part of a whole or, more
generally, any number of equal parts

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓
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Fractions Simplifying and Expanding

If we multiply (or divide) BOTH

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 numerator and denominator by the
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 same number we don’t change the
value of the expression

▪ ‘simplifying’ or ▪ ‘expanding’
‘cancelling down’

6 2 (÷ top and 3 6 (x top and

 
9 3 bottom by 3) 4 8 bottom by 2)
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Fractions Multiplying and Dividing

Multiplying fractions

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Fractions Multiplying and Dividing

Dividing fractions

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Fractions Adding and Subtracting

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Fractions Adding and Subtracting

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Fractions Adding and Subtracting

2 1 2  7 1  5 14 5 14  5 19
      
5 7 5  7 7  5 35 35 35 35

▪ Find ‘common denominator’

▪ Expand both fractions
▪ Add or subtract numerators

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Fractions Rewriting
▪ You may need to rewrite any mixed fractions as
improper fractions BEFORE performing these
operations
▪ ‘Mixed Fraction’ to ‘Improper Fraction’
4 1 (4  2) 1 (4  2)  1 8  1 9
4 2  
1    
1 2 (1  2) 2 2 2 2
▪ ‘Improper Fraction’ to ‘Mixed Fraction’
7 (2  3)  1 (2  3) 1 2 1
      2 13
3 3 3 3 1 3
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Fractions Decimals
▪ Converting decimals to fractions:
7
0.7  , 4.61  4 61100 , 7.949  7 9491000
10
▪ Convert fractions to decimals by dividing numerator by
denominator:
1
 1  8  0.125
8
▪ Multiplying a decimal by a multiple of 10:
3.27x10 = 32.7, 3.27x100 = 327, 3.27x1000 = 3270
▪ Dividing a decimal by a multiple of 10:
43.1÷10 = 4.31, 43.1÷100 = 0.431, 43.1÷1000 = 0.0431
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Fractions Fractions / Decimals in Pictures
1
 0.25
4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

1
1/2 1/2
1/3 1/3 1/3
1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4
1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10 1/10
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
5
 0.833
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Fractions Percentages
▪ Percentages are fractions out of 100 and can be written as
decimals 9 161
9%   0.09, 161%   1.61
100 100

▪ Converting a fraction to a percentage:

3 3 3  100 3  25
  100    75%
4 4 4 1
▪ Percentage of a number:
30 3 3  60 3 6
30% of 60   60   60    18
100 10 10 1
▪ Increase / decrease a number by a percentage:
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e.g. To increase 5 by 60%  3, 5  3  8
2
60 6 65 or
60% of 5  5  5   35
100 10 10  3,5  3  8
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Fractions Rounding

7 2 8 4
Thousands Hundreds Tens Units

▪ 7284 rounded to the nearest ten is 7280

▪ 7284 rounded to the nearest hundred is 7300

▪ Rounding decimals is similar

e.g. 3.854 rounded to 1 decimal place is 3.9

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Fractions Ratios and Proportion

▪ A and B are in the ratio 1:2

▪1 + 2 = 3
A 1 2
5 of A and of B
3 3
▪ 15ml in ratio 1:2
B 10
1 15
 15ml  ml  5ml of A
3 3
2 2  15 25
 15ml  ml  ml  10ml of B
3 3 1

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Fractions Applied Problem
▪ 30ml of drug solution consists of two thirds drug A (costing
10p per ml), a sixth of drug B (costing 50p per ml) and rest
of volume made up with water (no cost)
2
Drug A   30ml  20ml  20ml  £0.10 / ml  £2.00
3
1
Drug B   30ml  5ml  5ml  £0.50 / ml  £2.50
6

Total Cost  £2.00  £2.50  £4.50

▪ How much does the whole solution cost?

30ml  20ml  5ml  5ml or 1  2  1  1  1  30ml  1 30 ml  5ml
3 6 6 6 6

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 Power, Roots and Indices

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Powers • Power
Number of times that number multiply to itself
• Rules of Power
• Any number to Power 1 is just that number
• Any number to Power 0 is 1
• Any number to negative power is the reciprocal of that
1 1
number [ 3-2 = = ]
3−2 9
• Power of fractions  Power of individual number
[𝟐/𝟓]2 = 𝟐𝟐/𝟓𝟐 = 𝟒/𝟐𝟓
• 4 Square  42
• 3 Cube  33
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Powers • Multiplication
• 35 x 32 = 35+2 = 37

• Division
3 5 3 5 1
•3 ÷3 = 2 =
5 2 x −2 = 35 x 3-2 = 35-2 = 33
3 1 3

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Roots • Root  A fractional power
• Square root  𝟒 = 4½ = 2
• Cube root  3 𝟖 = 81/3 = 2
• Every positive number has 2 square roots – one positive and
one negative

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Indices • In 24, the index of 2 is 4
• In 9½ , the index of 9 is ½

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 Variables, Equations &
Formulae

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Variables, Equations & Formulae • A mathematical expression is a finite combination of
symbols that is well-formed according to rules that
depend on the context

• Variables is a symbol that represents a quantity in a

mathematical expression  x, y, z, a, b, c etc

• Equation is a statement that the values of two

mathematical expressions are equal
• It will have an equals sign “=”  2x + 5 = 9

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Variables, Equations & Formulae • Addition Property of Equality
Same amount can be added to both sides of an equation
and the equation remains true:
2+3=5
2+3+4=5+4
9=9
• Subtraction Property of Equality
Same amount can be subtracted from both sides of an
equation and the equation remains true:
2+3=5
2+3-4=5-4
1=1
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Variables, Equations & Formulae • Multiplication Property of Equality
Same amount can be multiplied to both sides of an
equation and the equation remains true:
2x3=6
2x3x4=6x4
24 = 24
• Division Property of Equality
Same amount can be divided from both sides of an
equation and the equation remains true:
2x4=8
2x4/4 =8/4
2 =2
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Variables, Equations & Formulae • Addition and subtraction and Multiplication and
Division are inverse operations, which means they
“undo” each other

• To solve an equation, use inverse operations to isolate

the variable, or get the variable on one side of the
equal sign by itself

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Variables, Equations & Formulae • Simplify each side of the equation, if needed, by
distributing or combining like terms
• Move variables to one side of the equation by using
the opposite operation of addition or subtraction
• Isolate the variable by applying the opposite operation
to each side
• First  use the opposite operation of addition or
subtraction
• Second  use the opposite operation of
multiplication or division

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Variables, Equations & Formulae
3y – 6 = 9 • “y” is the variable

3y – 6 + 6 = 9 + 6 = 15 • Add 6 to each side to isolate the variable

3y 15 • Now divide both sides by 3

=
3 3
y=5 • The answer is 5

3y – 6 = 9 • Check the answer by substituting it into

(3 x 5) – 6 = 9 the original equation.
15 – 6 = 9
9=9
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 Linear Equations

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Linear Equations • Linear Equation  equation whose graph forms a line
• Linear means of a line - so a linear equation is the
equation of a line
• In linear equations, all variables are taken to the first
power

3x  4 y  11 is linear.
y  x  6x  2
2
is not. Why?

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Linear Equations • Linear Equation  equation whose graph forms a line
y = mx + b
y  Dependent variable
x  Independent variable
b  y-Intercept – Constant
indicating fixed value
m  Slope of Line
It is ratio of rise and run

𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒆 ∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒎= = =
𝑹𝒖𝒏 ∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏

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Linear Equations • Graph the Linear
Equation
x  y  3.
x
y

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Linear Equations Create a table of values for each equation, and graph it
on grid paper:

x  y  5

2x  y  7

y  2x  4

1
y  x 1
2
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 Matrices

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Matrix

A matrix is any doubly subscripted array of

elements arranged in rows and columns.

a11 ,, a1n 

a 21 ,, a 2n 
A     A ij

am1 ,, amn 
 
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Row Vector

[1 x n] matrix

A a1 a 2 ,, an   aj

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Column Vector

[m x 1] matrix

a1 
a 2 
A     ai
 
 
am 

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Square Matrix

Same number of rows and columns

5 4 7
B  3 6 1 
 
2 1 3 
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Identity Matrix

Square matrix with ones on the

diagonal and zeros elsewhere.

1 0 0 0 
0 1 0 0 
I   
0 0 1 0
0 
 0 0 1
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Transpose Matrix

Rows become columns and columns

become rows.

a11 ,, a1n 

a 21 ,, a 2n 
A     A ij

am1 ,, amn 
 
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Transpose Matrix

Rows become columns and

columns become rows

a11 a 21 ,, am1 

a12 a 22 ,, am 2 
A'  
     
a1n a 2n ,, amn 
 
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Matrix Addition and Subtraction

A new matrix C may be defined as the

additive combination of matrices A and B
where: C = A + B
is defined by:

Cij  Aij  Bij

Note: all three matrices are of the same dimension

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Addition

a11 a12 
A  
If a 21 a 22 


b11 b12 
and B  
b 21 b 22


a11  b11 a12  b12 

then C  
a 21  b 21 a 22  b22 


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Matrix Addition Example

3 4 1 2 
A B   
5 6 3 4

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Matrix Addition Example

3 4  1 2  4 6 

A  B        C

5 6 
 3 4  8 10 


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Matrix Subtraction

C = A - B
Is defined by

Cij  Aij  Bij

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Matrix Subtraction Example

3 4 1 2 
A B   
5 6 3 4

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Matrix Multiplication

Matrices A and B have these dimensions:

[r x c] and [s x d]

Matrices A and B can be multiplied if:

[r x c] and [s x d]

c=s

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Matrix Multiplication

The resulting matrix will have the dimensions:

[r x c] and [s x d]

rxd

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Matrix Multiplication AxB=C
a11 a12 
A   [2 x 2]
a 21 a 22 

b11 b12 b13 
B   [2 x 3]
b 21 b 22 b 23

[2 x 2] x [2 x 3] = [2 x 3]

A and B can be multiplied

a11b11  a12b 21 a11b12  a12b 22 a11b13  a12b 23 

C  [2 x 3]
a 21b11  a 22b 21 a 21b12  a 22b 22 a 21b13  a 22b 23
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Matrix Multiplication

2 3
1 1 1 

A  1 1  and B   
  
1 0 2 
1 0 
[3 x 2] [2 x 3]
A and B can be multiplied

2 *1  3 *1  5 2 *1  3 * 0  2 2 *1  3 * 2  8 5 2 8
C  1*1  1*1  2 1*1  1* 0  1 1*1  1* 2  3   2 1 3 
1*1  0 *1  1 1*1  0 * 0  1 1*1  0 * 2  1  111 

[3 x 3]

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Matrix Multiplication

2 3
1 1 1 

A  1 1  and B   
  
1 0 2 
1 0 
[3 x 2] [2 x 3]
Result is 3 x 3

2 *1  3 *1  5 2 *1  3 * 0  2 2 *1  3 * 2  8 5 2 8
C  1*1  1*1  2 1*1  1* 0  1 1*1  1* 2  3   2 1 3  [3 x 3]
1*1  0 *1  1 1*1  0 * 0  1 1*1  0 * 2  1  111 

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Matrix Inversion

1 1
A A  AA  I

Like a reciprocal Like the number one

in scalar math in scalar math

𝑎 𝑏 −1
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴= 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑 (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) −𝑐 𝑎
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 Linear System of
Simultaneous Equations

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Simultaneous Equations • A system of linear equations (or linear system) is a
collection of two or more linear equations involving the
same set of variables
x+ y = 5
x – 2y = – 4

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Simultaneous Equations • Every system of simultaneous linear equations is
either:
• Consistent
• A system of linear equations has at least one
solution
• Equivalent
• Two systems of linear equations are called
equivalent if they have precisely the same
solution set
• Inconsistent
• A system of linear equations has no solution
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Simultaneous Equations
x+y=3
x–y =–1
Two Intersecting lines Exactly one Solutions

x+ y=3
2x + 2y = 6
Two Coincident lines Infinitely many Solutions

x+y=3
x+y=1
Two Parallel lines No Solutions
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Simultaneous Equations • Solution is obtained through:
• Elimination Method
• Graphical Method
• Matrix Method

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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
2x – y = 1
3x + y = 9

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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
5x + y = 17
3x + y = 11

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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
2x + 3y = 9
2x + y = 7

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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
4x - 3y = 14
2x + 3y = 16

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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
• Look at equations
• Same number of x’s or y’s?
• Yes  • If the sign is different, ADD the equations
• If the sign is same, SUBTRACT them
• Have ONE equation
• SOLVE this
• SUBSTITUTE ANSWER to get the other

• CHECK by substitution of BOTH answers

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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
• Look at equations
• Same number of x’s or y’s?
• No  • MULTIPLY BY NUMBER to get same numbers
of x’s or y’s
• If the sign is different, ADD the equations
• If the sign is same, SUBTRACT them
• Have ONE equation
• SOLVE this
• SUBSTITUTE ANSWER to get the other
• CHECK by substitution of BOTH answers
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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
3x + y = 10
5x + 2y = 17

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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
4x - y = 8
3x + 6y = 21

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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
3x + 7y = 26
5x + 2y = 24

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Simultaneous Equations Elimination Method
3x – 2y = 7
5x + 3y = 37

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Simultaneous Equations Graphical Method

2x – y = 1
x
y

3x + y = 9
x
y

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Simultaneous Equations Graphical Method

5x + y = 17
3x + y = 11

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Simultaneous Equations Graphical Method

2x + 3y = 9
2x + y = 7

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Simultaneous Equations Graphical Method

4x - 3y = 14
2x + 3y = 16

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Simultaneous Equations Graphical Method
• Graph both the equations
• Write down the coordinates of point of intersection of
both the lines
• This is the solution of the problem
• Check the solution by plugging the points back into
both equations
• If both the equations have both sides equal, the
solution is correct

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Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
• Let A.X = B
• Multiply both sides by the inverse of A
A−1.A.X = A−1.B
• Identity matrix I = A−1.A & I.X = X
• LHS A−1.A.X = I.X = X
• Thus X = A−1B

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Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 4 1 2 𝑥1 4
× 𝑥 =
3𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 = 1 3 −5 2 1
1 2 𝑥1 4
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
3 −5 2 1

−1 1 −5 −2 1 −5 −2
𝐴 = . =− .
(1×−5)−(2×3) −3 1 11 −3 1
X = A𝑎−1.B𝑏 −1
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝑖𝑓 𝐴 = then 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑 (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) −𝑐 𝑎

H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 4 1 2 𝑥1 4
× 𝑥 =
3𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 = 1 3 −5 2 1
1 2 𝑥1 4
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
3 −5 2 1

−1 1 −5 −2 1 −5 −2
𝐴 = . =− .
(1×−5)−(2×3) −3 1 11 −3 1
X = A−1.B
𝑥1 1 −5 −2 4 1 −22 2 𝑥1 = 2
𝑥2 = − 11 . −3 1 . 1 = − 11 . −11 = 1 𝑥2 = 1

H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 6 1 1 𝑥1 6
× 𝑥 =
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 9 2 1 2 9
1 1 𝑥1 6
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
2 1 2 9

−1 1 1 −1 1 −1
𝐴 = . = −1.
(1×1)−(1×2) −2 1 −2 1
𝑎 𝑏 −1
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝑖𝑓 𝐴 = then 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑 (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) −𝑐 𝑎

H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 6 1 1 𝑥1 6
× 𝑥 =
2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 9 2 1 2 9
1 1 𝑥1 6
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
2 1 2 9

−1 1 1 −1 1 −1
𝐴 = . = −1.
(1×1)−(1×2) −2 1 −2 1
X = A−1.B
𝑥1 1 −1 6 −3 3 𝑥1 = 3
𝑥2 = −1. −2 1 . 9 = −1. −3 = 3 𝑥2 = 3

H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
2𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 = 2 2 4 𝑥1 2
× 𝑥 =
−3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 11 −3 1 2 11
2 4 𝑥1 2
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
−3 1 2 11

−1 1 1 −4 1 1 −4
𝐴 = . = .
(2×1)−(−3×4) 3 2 14 3 2
𝑎 𝑏 −1
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝑖𝑓 𝐴 = then 𝐴 =
𝑐 𝑑 (𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐) −𝑐 𝑎

H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations Matrix Method
2𝑥1 + 4𝑥2 = 2 2 4 𝑥1 2
× 𝑥 =
−3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 11 −3 1 2 11
2 4 𝑥1 2
𝐴= 𝑋= 𝑥 B=
−3 1 2 11

−1 1 1 −4 1 1 −4
𝐴 = . = .
(2×1)−(−3×4) 3 2 14 3 2
X = A−1.B
𝑥1 1 1 −4 2 1 −42 −3 𝑥1 = −3
𝑥2 = 14 . 3 2
.
11
= .
14 28
=
2 𝑥2 =2

H.S.Rana
Simultaneous Equations • Tahzeeb Saddar makes 6 cakes in one hour equally
divided between chocolate and nuts.
• Tahzeeb Blue Area makes 9 cakes in one hour - there
were twice as many chocolate cakes as Tahzeeb Saddar
• How many chocolate cakes and nuts cakes are made in
one hour at both the bakeries

H.S.Rana
 Questions

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