Replenishment Sources of the

Alluvial Aquifers of the Peruvian Coast

by Yaakov Gilboa a Discussion open until December 1, 1971.
coast is covered in many parts by eolic sands which
invade elevated hills more than 1,000 m above MSL
ABSTRACT as in La Joya, Arequipa (Finkel, 1959) and Nazca (Gay
Ground water in the arid coastal area of Peru occurs in more
than fifty alluvial aquifers. The aquifers are limited to river valleys and Parker, 1962).
to nearby sedimentary plains. A low coastal range of Precambrian-Paleozoic
The coast is rainless and the river valleys serve as the age, with a peak of 1,700 m (as compared to peaks
drainage outlet of the western slopes of the Andes. The coastal of more than 6,000 m in the Andes) extends from
alluvial aquifers are located below the lower limit of the active Paracas (Department of Ica) to Rio Sama in the
catchment areas, and are not recharged directly by
precipitation. Department of Tacna. The coastal range is intruded
The long igneous batholith and the volcanic formations of by the Cretaceous batholith between Yauca and
the Andean Cordillera form an impermeable barrier which Ocoöa (Figure 1).
prevents the replenishment of the aquifers by underflow from
the Andes.
The main source of replenishment of the aquifers in the
Peruvian coastal zone is river water. The water infiltrates
through the river beds and irrigation canals and migrates
laterally within the alluvial deposits. Another important source
of recharge is return flow from irrigation. Water also enters
the aquifers through boundary faults.

1. INTRODUCTION
The replenishment or natural recharge of aquifers in
arid zones can generally be derived from several sources,
such as direct precipitation (including dew), infiltration
from river flows, seepage from irrigation canals, return
flows from irrigation, underflow from the mountains, and
flow through fault zones.
The 2,200 km long coastal strip of Peru, which forms
the main part of the South American coastal desert, is on
the whole uniform as to the sources and means of
replenishment. This is due mainly to its uniform
geological structure and the meteorological conditions
prevailing in the area. ilicaca
INTERNATIONAL
BOUNDARY.
2. GEOLOGY OF THE PERUVIAN COAST BOUNDARIES
SIERRA
The coastal desert of Peru is bounded on the west WATER
by the Pacific Ocean and on the east by the great barrier INTRUSIVE
(ANDEAN
of the Andes Cordilleras. The western flank of the Andes COASTAL
is composed of igneous rocks, of which a great part, at PALEOZOIC AND
MESOZOIC FORMATIONS..
least 1,500 km long, is an intrusive batholith of Late VOLCANIC SEQUENCES.
Cretaceous-Early Eocene age (Bellido and Narvaez, 1956; COASTAL
SCALE o
AQUIFER.
100 2m 300Km.

Jenks, 1956).
Where the batholith or the intruded
volcanicsedimentary forma tions of Jurassic-Cretaceous
age do not reach the sea, the coastal strip is built of
extensive elevated plains (pampas), river valleys and low
hills. The existence of several staged river terraces, of
deep erosion in the young pampas built mainly of
piedmont sediments, and different marine terraces (Gulf
of San Juan) indicate a very labile area. The
Senior Hydrogeologist, Tahal Consulting Engineers Ltd.,
54 Ibn Gvirol St., Tel Aviv, Israel.
DIRECTION OF
GROUNDWATER FLOW .
Fig. l. The coastal aquifers within the geological framework
of Peru.
The intermontane basin, between the Andes
and this coastal range, is filled with marine Tertiary
sediments and Quaternary unconsolidated
deposits, extending from Caöete to Nazca (Rüegg,
1956, 1964).

39
 The fifty-two main transversal river valleys in
the coastal area are distributed as indicated below
(Figure 2).
a. Between Tumbes and Trujillo (Paleozoic
to Cretaceous formations in the western Andean
Cordillera) — 13 river valleys.
b. Between Trujillo and Ocoöa (continuous
Andean batholith) — 31 river valleys.
c. Between Ocoöa and Tacna (young
volcanic cover of the Cordillera Occidental, vast
Tertiary
pampas and coastal range) —8 river valleys.
3. THE AQUIFERS
The continental water divide represents also the
ground-water divide (Figure l). The Pacific Ocean serves
as the drainage basin of the western catchment areas.
The ground water flows through the formations directly
towards the Ocean or evaporates in areas of high water
table or, less frequently, overflows through springs
(Chorillos, Lima area). Only a few aquifers, located in
elevated valleys and basins, are drained

Fig. 2. Generat location map of Peru showing the continental water divide and most of the coastal rivers.
40
indirectly through narrow gorges that lead to the Ocean
(Figure 1).
The aquifers of the coastal area of Peru consist of at
least 52 separate hydrological units and, except for the
area north of Piura, are composed of Quaternary
alluvium. Only a few of them are connected, e.g. La
Leche and Chancay (Lambayeque) and Ica-VilIacuri (Ica).
The extent of the aquifers ranges from 10 to more
than 500 sq km; of these about 50 percent are smaller
than 50 sq km. In total, the aquifers underlie more than
7,000 sq km, or about 5 percent of the Peruvian coastal
area. The thickness of the alluvial aquifers ranges from
20 to 150 m, sequences of greater thickness being rare.
The alluvial aquifers form the upper, relatively thin cover
of deep sedimentary basins of tectonic origin, and are
bounded mostly by igneous mountains or piedmont
terraces. These aquifers overlie unconformably the
igneous bedrock or Tertiary silty argillaceous formations.
4. CLIMATE
Because of two factors, the cold Humbolt current
and the high Andean mountains, the long Pacific coast of
Peru is a desert. The cold currents prevent condensation
of rain clouds at a sufficient altitude. The mountains also
act as a barrier preventing the passage of rain clouds
from the continent to the coast. The rainfall on the coast
is thus almost nil except for the Tumbes area in the north
where the warm Nifio current causes rain on the sea
shore (Solignac, 1959; SAH, 1962-1966).
During winter the cold coastal winds, failing to bring
rain, cause fog and low clouds — neblina or Garua,
between May and November. Most of the coast
becomes covered by these low clouds at elevations of
between 100 and 750 m, varying according to their
latitude and distance from the sea.
The humidity of the Garua in winter supplies
moisture to some parts of the elevated plains.
The climate of the Peruvian coast is almost uniform,
becoming cooler to the south, with only small annual and
local temperature differences.
5. THE COASTAL RIVERS OF PERU
The catchment areas of the rivers that drain the
western slopes of the Andes reach elevations of between
4,000 and more than 6,000 m. The rainfall is controlled
orographically and the line of its lower limit varies from
an elevation of a few hundred metres in Tumbes to more
than 2, 500 m in the south. The coastal aquifers of Peru
are located below the lower limit of the active catchment
areas. The morphological pattern of the rivers is
governed by the geological structure, i.e. by E-W and NE-
SW oriented faults, as well as by late uplifting and
submerging movements.
The rivers are supplied by rains, lakes and snow
melt, and their regime is torrential during the summer
(usually January-April). During the winter their flow is
reduced and most of the rivers become dry in their
lower reaches. Only six rivers (Tumbes, Chira, Santa,
Rimac, Ocofia and Maj es) are perennial, the others
being intermittent (Servicio de agrometeorologia e
Hidrologia - SAH 1962-1966).
6. GROUND-WATER
REPLENISHMENT IN THE
COASTAL AREA OF PERU
The possible sources of replenishment to the
coastal Peruvian aquifers are discussed below.
(a) Rainfall
As stated above, the rainfall on the
aquiferous plains is almost nil, varying between
0 and 40 mm per year, all along the Peruvian
Coast except for two locations (Tumbes to Chira
100-128 mm/yr, and Lomas de Lachay 190
mm/yr (see SAH, 1962-1966).
In Tumbes, where the climatic conditions
differ from the other parts of the coast because
of the Nifio current, the small amount of rainfall
registered hardly enters the subsurface because
of the high rates of evaporation, especially
during the rainy season. Direct rainfall makes, in
fact, no contribution to the ground water in the
coastal aquifers.
(b) Garua
The Garua or coastal dew, discussed
previously is regarded by some investigators as
a possible source of ground-water recharge.
The meteorological investigation of this
phenomenon has not yet been completed, but it
is known that the contribution from this source
is limited or almost negligible (less •than 40 mm
yr) excluding the zone of Lomas de Lachay (south
of Rio Huaura). In Lomas de Lachay where a low
cover of grass is supported by the Garua, always
less than 200 mm/yr, the amount of water
reaching the subsurface is very small.
On the whole, because of the short duration
of the heavy Garua along the coast, even though
it occurs when the number of sun hours is
minimal and the evaporation rate at its lowest,
it has no practical value as far as the
replenishment of ground water is concerned.
(c) Underflow from the Andes
(1) Recharge by Underflow
The possibility of underflow from the upper
parts of the catchments, through conductive
formations, was studied in many areas, such a
phenomenon being well known elsewhere. The
author is familiar with such recharge mechanism
in the Cenomanian-Turonian aquifers in Israel
and has described a similar possibility for
recharge in the Azua Valley of the Dominican
Republic (Gilboa, 1966).
(2) Underflow Through the Western Flanks o/ tb e Andes possibility is not great and, if it exists at all, is
The geological and the meteorological limited to the upper parts of the western
conditions in the Peruvian coast do not favour catchment which drain downstream through the
underflow through the Andes. For a distance of river valleys and their surroundings (Figure 3). 1

w SHOWING RELATIONSHIPSCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION WATERSHEDS

BETWEEN EASTERN AND WESTERN
PERU
WESTERN WATERSHED
(NO RAINFALL)
EAST'"

G*ouNOWATER
POSSIBLE

COASTAL NO GROUNDWATER FLOW TROUGH FAULTS

FROM EASTERN WATERSHED TO COASTAL
x AQUIFER
x
xx
XX
x ANDEAN BATHOLITH
x X

x x
x x

Fig. 3. Schematic cross section showing relationship between eastern and western watersheds, Peru.
1,200 km, the continuous batholith forms a most Of the 800 km-long stretch that is not
effective barrier, 20-50 km wide and 2,000-4 000 bounded on the east by the continuous elevated
m high, to such lateral migration (Figure I). Rain batholith, the
falls mainly on the eastern flanks of this batholith
and the rain that falls on the western side,
always at altitudes above those of the aquifers,
is drained only through the canyons of the rivers.
That a ground-water divide exists far to the
east of the continental water divide appears
unlikely (Figure 2). There is a possibility that a
certain amount of water from the eastern
catchments is drained in the highlands into the
subsurface of the western catchment. However, southern part, 400 km long, in the Departments of
since vertical flow even through faults along the Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna, is covered by thick
batholith is almost nil, and its likelihood near the volcanic formations. These sequences, apart from
other impervious strata is rather doubtful — this
1
A visit paid to the uppermost part of the Caplina River nearby naked peaks, springs continue to flow through the
(Department of Tacna) revealed the mechanism of the alluvial and glacial deposits. Many humidity stains
surface-water flows in the elevated ridges of the Andes. encountered at this elevation (3, 500-4, 500 m), indicate
The surface water, supplied by rainfall or snowmelt, is running water below the surface. But already, at this
drained through the many small cracks in the active part of height, the water is drained through the impermeable
the catchment area. In dry seasons, the scarce snowy canyon of the river, bounded on both sides by several
peaks continue to discharge water by melting and in the small granodioritic stocks.
forming a barrier themselves, overlie remnants of the series of dry years ending in 1966, the area obtained
batholith which are well exposed in many river canyons no surface recharge. Serious overpumping has
(Caplina, Maj es, Ocoöa and others). The northernmost caused depletion of the aquifer, thus demonstrating
400 km stretch of the coastal area is bounded on the east the lack of recharge by underflow through the
by impermeable Paleozoic slates and schist, by huge granodioritic barrier. To meet the most urgent water
volcanic sequences and by displaced quartzite and needs a desalination plant was installed here.
limestone formations. All the intensive tectonic Added to other evidence, this situation leads to
movements that occurred in the region have produced a the conclusion that recharge of the aquifers along the
block structure pattern. This framework prevents a Peruvian coast by underflow through the Andes is
continuous underflow between the dislocated minimal.
impervious formations.
The limestone in this arid area does not develop the (d) Infiltration from River Flows and Seepage
karstic characteristics which are well known in the main Losses from Canals
aquifers in Israel and other Mediterranean countries. 1 (1) Rainfall and Runoff
Therefore, limestone is regarded here as an
impermeable rock, apart from the fact that it is exposed
only in small isolated blocks.
The only place where some underflow is possible,
from the western part of the Andean Cordillera only, is
the area between Tumbes and Piura. In that area, the
Tertiary formations that lie to the east of the aquifers are
recharged by precipitation and river flows on their
outcrops.
(3) Underflow Through the Coastal Range
The improbability of underflow through the
Precambrian-Paleozoic igneous coastal range was
confirmed by the author in a study in the Carhua and San
Juan bays (Department of Ica) and in 110 (Department of
Moquegua). In the three locations, water supply for
domestic and industrial use was needed and therefore
every effort was made to locate ground-water resources.
The 30-50 km wide coastal range or cordillera
approaches the coast between Paracas and Lomas
(Departments of Ica and Arequipa) and prevents the
development of large sandy beaches. The small Carhua
beach is surrounded by the impermeable igneous rocks of
the coastal block that separates it from the aquifers (Ica,
Villacuri) on the eastern side of the intermontane basin
(Figure 4). This most effective barrier prevents any
ground water from reaching the Carhua beach. Dry shafts
and negative results of a geoelectric survey are evidence
of ground-water resources being unlikely in this area.
Similar conditions, where the coastal range barrier
cuts off the shore from the ground-water resources of the
Nazca basin, are encountered further south in San Juan
bay (Marcona). Here, the earlier solution to the water-
supply problem, by transporting water in trucks from
Nazca and by ship from Panama, was recently replaced
by the conveyance of water from the Jaguay Valley
through a 27 km pipeline. An aquifer in this valley,
located on the eastern side of the coastal range, is
connected directly to an active catchment area.
In 110 the narrow, small aquifer is supplied by
intermittent flows through a narrow canyon
(Osmora) that crosses intrusive rocks. In the recent

1
The presence of karstic conditions in Peru was, however,
reported in the rainy zones of Cajamarca and in the surroundings
of the Titicaca Lake in the Department of Pun o.
 The geological situation prevents water from
reaching the coast from the rainy areas of the
cordillera, except through the many canyons of the

TRANSVERSAL SCHEMATIC HYDROGEOLOGICAL CROSS

SECTION IN THE ICA DEPARTMENT

w
m. WESTERN SIDE

NO LATERAL
MIGRATION
OF GROUNDWATER
ISO OF THE ANDEAN

SCALE

LEGEND

SAND DUNES INTRUSIVE ROCKS

ALLUVIUM VOLCANIC SEQUENCE

PISCO FORMATION FAULT

Fig. 4. Transversal schematic hydrogeological cross section in the Ica Department.

river
valleys. These valleys and their tributaries are the
drainage outlets of the catchment areas on the
western narrow and steep slopes of the Andes.
Analysis of meteorological and hydrological
data, such as isohyetal curves, evaporation rates and
river flows, carried out by J. Bonné (Tahal, 1966-
1969) shows that the infiltrating fraction of the river
flow above the gauging stations is very small. This is
illustrated by the following example. In the Chicama
Valley (La Libertad) the runoff is represented mainly
by flash floods and inundations (a common feature of
the Peruvian Coastal rivers), whereby about 50
percent of the precipitation on the catchment area has
been shown to drain through the main river course.
On the other hand, evaporation rates during the rainy
season were about 50 p e r c en t of the total
precipitation (Bonné — Tahal, 1966).
From a general water budget formula applied to
the Pi sco River (Department of Ica), R = P — É
(where R = runoff in mm, P = adjusted precipitation
over the catchment area above the gauging station,
and E evaporation rates above the gauging station),
the calculated runoff (682 mm) is in fair agreement
with measured runoff (795 mm). The discrepancy of
10-15 percent can be attributed to unrepresentative
climatological data and to over-estimated flows
(Bonné — Tahal, 1969). Similar results were
obtained for the San Juan and Ica Rivers.
A longer observation period and careful study
are likely to confirm these conclusions and the
situation can similarly be reasoned for the other
catchment areas along the coast.
(2) Indications o/ Water Losses
Close study of the river courses, mainly in their
upper or eastern reaches, reveals that they are
composed of coarse gravels that enable the
percolation of water and its lateral migration within
the alluvial aquifers. Towards the west the river bed
materials become finer and the infiltration rates
decrease accordingly. The coarseness of the river
deposits is a function of the distance and the velocity
of the river.
Most of the rivers in active or temporarily active
courses lose water through infiltration into the
subsurface. This is illustrated by the ground-water
contours which curve outwards across the mam
streams and canals (Figure 5). Furthermore,
according to information given by farmers and the
author's own observations, the water table in nearby
vertical shafts immediately responds to increased
flows in the rivers. In Nazca Valley the yield of the
u
puquios" face galleries that convey water by
gravitation like the ghanats of Iran), all constructed
near the river courses, responds to the intermittent
flows. Another indication supporting the assumption
is the fact that ground water near streams has a lower
mineral content than that encountered further away,
and its temperature is also lower, sometimes by as
much as 20-40 C, as in the Ica Valley (Gilboa, 1969).
44
Seepage losses in the irrigation canals can be
included in the same category. Both primary and
secondary irrigation canals, together with the main river
courses, form a dispersed network of feeding channels
that replenish the aquifers. This network is, of course,
limited to river valleys and to irrigated lands (Pampa de
Noco in the Department of Ica, Pampa de Joya in the
Department of Arequipa).
The irrigation canals play an important role, since the
more permeable river beds mostly carry water for only a short
part of the year, while the canals conduct water from upstream
diversions almost all the year round.
Tests carried out in canals in the Lambayeque region
(Tahal, 1964) showed seepage losses of 1.25 percent per
km run, which is not far from the results of tests in the
nearby Taymi Canal (Salzgitter, 1963). Other canal
sections in that region indicate losses as high as 3-4
percent per km run of canal. In the Nazca area, an
infiltration test near the river showed a rate of loss of 9.6
mm/ h (Tahal, 1966). On the other hand, there are
indications that in the small and narrow canals the
deposition of clay on the walls reduces seepage losses.
All these contributing canals and river beds are supplied
by the water drained through the canyons of the rivers. In most
of them the water flows are visible and measurable. However,
in several valleys that approach but do not fully reach the
active catchment areas, minor amounts of water infiltrate
immediately into the subsurface to be exploited downstream.
Such is the case in the Salas Valley (north of Lambayeque),
Las Zorras —in quebrada Parafiin (250 km north of Lima) and
in quebradas Socos and Chauchilla in the Nazca region.
(e) Return Flow from Irrigation
Another main contributor to the subsurface,
depending directly on river flow, is that of return flows
from irrigation. Since the amount of irrigation water
usually supplied in Peru is more than is needed to cover
the field capacity, and in most cases the fields are almost
inundated in an attempt to utilize the short period of
floods, the quantities that enter the subsurface are very
great.
Values of 10 to 35 percent of the amounts of
irrigation water, after deducting evaporation, are
reported to reach the aquifer (International Engineering,
1966). Some observers think that this source is of much
greater importance than the seepage losses in channels
(Jean Claude Henri of FAO, personal communication).
The direct and most impressive consequences of the
return flows are demonstrated by the considerable
infiltration in La Joya and Bella Union Irrigation
Schemes (Department of Arequipa). In the first example,
which is much more conspicuous, a short time after the
beginning of irrigation springs appeared on the canyon
wall just 50 m below the plateau surface (Gil boa, 1969).
 76 0 76·00•

C H 丨 N C H A VA LLE Y
DE PA R T M E N T 0 F A 一 PE R U
ISOPIEZOMETRIC MAP
TA 80 L E G E N D. - D | R E C O N 0 F G R 0 U NDWAT ER F LOW 一
DE MORA, GR 0 U N OWAT E R C 0 N 0 UR S ( i n m , t s
0 b OV m n 20 eve |

CHINCHA 8 JA

N Chico

<
山

0 EL CA MEN

0 T.O CABMEN

3 ALTO PJ

V SCALE
2 02 0
13 5'

2 7 02 7 0

1 30

2 60
260

76·05' 000 '

Fig. 5· Isopiezometric map, Chincha Valley, Department of Ica, Peru

Because of the complexity of the problem and the values used elsewhere, as they might not be
cumbersome surveys needed no attempts have been applicable to all the coastal area of Peru.
made yet to determine the rates of recharge. The
contradicting evidence calls for caution in employing
(f) Recharge Through Faults
(1) The Tectonic Origin o/ the Aqui/erous Basins
As indicated above, the main drainage outlets of
the active catchment area of the western slopes in Peru
are the river valleys. All these valleys are of tectonic
origin, formed by the Peruvian cross-fault system. The
fault lines are the longest transversal faults (trending
mainly NE-SW and E-W) to be detected in the Andean
batholith and in the thick volcanics edimentary
formations. In between those major structural
alignments many shorter and less intensive faults
complete the tectonic framework. The tectolineal zones
and other features (joints, intrusive contacts) might
conduct a certain amount of water to the alluvial fill in
the valleys or in the bordering pl ain s.
(2) Areas with Faults Conducting Water
Among the many areas on the Peruvian coast some
examples exist of possible water flow through faults.
As indicated by a geoelectric survey made in the
Nazca area (Tahal, 1966), the thickness of the alluvial
fill is more than 50 m in the upper reaches of the narrow
valley. Boundary faults might discharge water into the
different layers of the fill. An abandoned mine located
on a hydrothermal copper vein along a fault upstream
of the Taruga Valley (Nazca) and inundated by ground
water proves this assumption. Conducting lines are also
assumed in Pangaravi, in the Nazca Valley, and in the
La Joya wells in Las Trancas Valley. Even though
permeability there is not high, these shattered areas
permit the circulation of ground water, whereas the
nearby argillaceous formations reduce it. Alluvium
thicknesses of 50 m and more were found also in the
upper reaches of all the other valleys in the Department
of Ica (Tahal, 1969).
The 10 km-long mountain front, from Nazca to Las
Trancas, dissected by several valleys and many fault
lines, offers various possibilities for the passage of
ground water. This assumption is strengthened by the
fact that the amounts of the outflowing ground water
from the basin are found to be much higher than the
measured amounts of entering surface water (Tahal,
1966).
The schematic dense faulting pattern, suggested
for the Ica Valley (Gilboa, 1969), indicates
interconnection of major tectolineal zones (river
valleys) by minor faults. These minor faults probably
interline the water bearing layers of the valleys with the
sedimentary fill of the nearby arid plains that lack any
visible source of recharge. For example, the Ica Valley
aquifer supplies some 50-70 million cubic
46
metres of. water annually to the aquifer .of Pampa de
Villacuri. The underground flow takes place through a
tectonic trough, 6 km long and 200-300 m deep in the
igneous framework of the valley which is filled with
Tertiary-Quaternary sediments (Gilboa, 1969).
7. CONCLUSIONS
The evaluation of possible sources of recharge
shows that the main source of aquifer replenishment in
the arid coast of Peru is river water, recharged by way
of infiltration from river beds and irrigation canals and
supplemented by water moving through nearby
boundary faults. Another important source of recharge
is represented by return flows from irrigation.
Precipitation over the area and underflow from the
Andes are excluded as sources of alimentation of the
aquifers.
REFERENCES
Bellido, E. , and Simons F. Narvaez. 1956. Mapa ge016gico
del Peru (escala approx. 1:2,000,000). Sociedad
geo16gica del Peru.
Conk ling, H. 1938. Explotaci6n de aguas subterraneas en la
costa del Peru. Lima Soc. Nacional Agraria.
Finkel, H. J 1959. The barchans of southern Peru. Jour.
Geology. T. 67, 616-647.
Gay Parker (Jr.). 1962. Origen, distribucion y movimientos
de las arenas eolicas en el area de Yauca a Palpa. Bol.
Soc: Geol. Peru. Tomo 37.
Giiboa, Y. 1966. On the hydrogeology of the Azua Valley (The
Dominican Republic). Journ. of Hidro. 4.
Gilboa, Y. 1969. The ground-water geology in the rainless
coastal area of Peru. Ph. D. Thesis, Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, Israel.
International Engineering and Chavez Diaz. 1966. Estudio
de factibilidad para el proyecto de choclococha
desarrollada. Instituto Nacional de Planificacion y
Crydi, Peru.
Jenks, W. 1956. 'Ihe geology of Peru. Geolog. Soc. of Amer.
Memoir 65.
Perez, V. G. 1962. Estudio hidrogeologico de las pampas de
hospicio y la yarada de la Provincia de Tacna I.N.I.F.M.
per6.
RÜegg, W. 1956. Geologie Zwischen Cafiete und San Juan, sud
Per6. Rundschau Bd. 45. Heft 3, Stuttgart.
RÜegg, W. 1964. The productive and promising oil basins of Peru.
Bull. ver Schweiz Geol. Ing. v. 30, no. 19.
Salzgi tter Indus tri bau Gesellschaft. 1963. Proyecto
TinaJones.
Servicio de Agrometeorologia e Hidrologia (SAH). 19621966. Bole
tines de estadistica, meteorologia e hidtologia. No. 1-28
Ministerio de Agricultura.
Solignac, M. 1959. Investigacion de las aguas subterraneas
de las zonas de •la costa y la sierra del Peru. Programa
Ampliado de Asistencia Tecnica. FAO no. 1268.
Tahal (Water Planning) Ltd. 1964. Lambayeque-J ayanca,
ground-water development project—feasibility report.
Tahal. 1966. Proyecto Nazca —estudio para el desarrollo de
las aguas subterraneas y la agricultura.
Taha l. 1966. Informe de reconocimiento sobre proyectos de
riego en el departamento de la libertad.
Tahal, Consulting Engineers Ltd. 1969. The ground-water
resources of the Ica Department. Reconnaissance re-
port.
Taltasse, P. 1963. Les eaux sonterraines de la zone aride
cotiere du Perou. La Technique de L 'eau, no. 20.