Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Probability plots of historical flow and waste characteristics (BOD, COD, etc.); 50%,
90%, 99%, etc.
Evaluation of company expansion plans or decommissioning.
Source control and waste minimization efforts.
Reductions via improved waste management practices, good housekeeping, improved
monitoring, etc.
Sewer segregation efforts: process from stormwater, stormwater from process.
Sewer rehabilitation efforts, such as internal lining or replacement.
Redundancy/risk: one 100% train; two 50% trains; etc.
Equalization/spill tank requirements: on-line organic equalization; off-line spill
containment; combination of both.
Requirement for covering units: Benzene, etc.
Effluent standards: Biomonitoring key issue today.
Stormwater treatment: first flush, etc.
Wastewater received by treatment plants contains a wide variety of substrates and operate
with a heterogeneous mass. Wastewater is mostly comprised of water (99.9%) together with
relatively small concentrations of suspended and dissolved organic and inorganic solids. The
amount and waste produced through each treatment process are unpredictable.
PRETREATMENT
Separators
Equalization
One of the most significant devices is the equalization. It may be important to
equalize wastewater flows, wastewater concentrations, or both. Flow equalization is used
to provide storage volume for holding the quantity of waste discharge which exceeds the
allowable amount being discharged to a sewer system. Storage requirements depend on
the designed waste discharge schedule. The equalization/spill tank should be sized on the
history of storm flow, and spills and dumps, having occurred at the facility (Vacker,
2007). The key to keeping this item up and running is proper design of the sample feed
pump and, especially, a good filtration system.
Primary Clarifier
Solids in most wastewaters are heterogeneous in nature. According to Camp (1946) and
Rich (1963) if all solids in wastewater are discrete particles of uniform size, shape and density
and settle independently, then the efficiency of sedimentation is only a function of terminal
settling velocity.
Hazen (1904) investigated the settling of particles using the ideal basin concept. He
assumed that (a) the direction of flow is horizontal uniform velocity throughout the settling zone,
(b) the concentration of suspended particles is uniform over depth at the inlet of the settling zone,
and (c) particles reaching the bottom remain discrete.
The empirical steady state model proposed by Smith predicts removal efficiency as an
exponential function of overflow rate, function of a settler.
M r M i f (Qi AM i )
Where
Qi = inflow rate
In order to deal with variation of flow rate and concentration, dynamic model has been
developed by Takamatsu et al.
Secondary Clarifier
Good design of secondary clarifier gives an excellent removal of organic matter by
activated sludge process. It has three distinct purposes (a) thickening of biological solids for
recycle (b) clarification of effluent and (c) storage of biological mass in the settler (Bhunai
1990).
The first to develop a dynamic model for thickening process was Bryan (1972).
C G C
(U s ), .
t C z
Where
U = underflow velocity
Gs = batch flux
C = suspended solid concentration
Vs = settling velocity
z = vertical distance
t = time
By concentrating the sludge in the thickener, the volume of the sludge is reduced. It is an
inexpensive and effective device. Although coagulant sludge thickens poorly, it can be gravity-
thickened to a solids content of 2 to 10% (Westerhoff and Cline, 1980). The use of slow-stir
rotating picket is another way of thickening sludge.
Wastewater Reuse