MATRICES

1 2
An mxn matrix has m rows and n columns. Examples: 2x2 matrix (square matrix):  ;
 0 3
 4
1x3 matrix (row vector): x1 x2 x3  ; 2x1 matrix (column vector):  
 7 
Addition (Subtraction): To add or subtract matrices [A] and [B], the # of rows/columns of [A]
should be equal to # of rows/columns of [B].
1 7 3 5  2 12
    1 4  2  0 2  3  1 2 1
2 6  1  1  3 5 
Transpose: Transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows and columns.
T 1  1
 1 3 5  
   3 1 
  1 1 4 5 4 

Multiplication: For [A] x [B], the # of columns of [A] should be equal to # of rows of [B]
1 9   3  1(3)  9(2)   15 
Example:  x     
2 6  2 2(3)  6(2)   6 
3 1
Determinants: (a)  3(-4)-1(2) = -14
2 4
1 2 3
0 1 5 1 5 0
(b) 5 0 1  1 2 3 =1(0-2)+2(-4-0)+3(-10-0) = -40
2 0 4 0 4 2
4 2 0

Cofactor: Cofactor of an element in ith row, jth column = (-1)i+j (determinant of the matrix obtained
by removing ith row and jth column).
1 2 3
For the determinant 5 0  1 , cofactor of the element 1 is (-1)(1+1)[0(0)-(-1)(-2)] = -2 and the
4 2 0

cofactor of the element 3 is (-1)(1+3)[5(-2)-0(4)] = -10 and so on.

Inverse: To find the inverse of matrix [A]:
(1) Find the determinant of [A]. (2) Replace each element of [A] by its cofactor and transpose the
resulting matrix. (3) Divide each element of this matrix by the determinant of [A].
6 5 -1 1  4  5
(a) [A] =   ; determinant |A| = 14; inverse [A] = 
2 4 14  2 6 
2 1 1   4 4  2
(b) [B] =  1   
1
3 1 ; determinant |B| = -2; inverse [B]-1 = (
2
)   1 1  1
  1 4 0  7  9 5 
1 0 0 
-1 1 0   
NOTE: [A][A] = [I], the identity matrix,   or 0 1 0  depending on the order of matrix [A].
0 1  0 0 1 

Matrices/Page 1 of 1