2012 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems
December16-19, 2012, Bengaluru, India
Control of autonomous Wind Diesel Battery Hybrid
Power System
Miloud Rezkallah and Ambrish Chandra
Department of Electrical Engineering
École de Technologie Supérieure, 1100 Notre Dame
Montreal, Quebec H3C 1K3 Canada
Miloud.rezkallah.1@etsmtl.ca,ambrish.chandra@etsmtl.ca
Abstract— This paper deals with the control of an autonomous
wind diesel battery hybrid power system having a squirrel cage
induction generator (SCIG) for a wind energy conversion system
and a synchronous generator for a diesel generator (DG) set. A
set of back to back connected voltage source converters (VSCs)
and battery energy storage are used in order to control the speed
of IG and to keep the frequency and voltage constant during the
varying loads and wind speeds. The SCIG torque is controlled by
the generator side VSC using a field oriented control. The voltage
and frequency are controlled by the load side VSC by means of
modified adaptive linear element (Adaline) control algorithm.
The complete control system is developed, analyzed, and
validated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Keywords— Wind turbine (WT), squirrel-cage induction
generator (SCIG), diesel engine set (DG), synchronous generator
(SG), Dump load, voltage source converter (VSC), Adaline
control, field oriented control (FOC), power quality, and battery
storage system.
I. INTRODUCTION
R apid decrease of fossil sources and their high and volatile
prices have necessitated an urgent need for alternative
energy sources to meet the energy demands. The RESs
(Renewable Energy Sources) have received much attention
over the word in the last decade, such as wind and solar
energy [1]. Compared to the CESs (Conventional Energy
Sources); they are clean, inexhaustible, and environmentally
friendly [2]. The integration of those energy sources in the
grid is providing highly reliable and cost effective solutions
mainly in remote areas, which are not dependent on imported
fossil fuels for their need of energy requirements. Therefore,
the RESs are stochastic in nature and their combination with
CESs should not degrade the stability of the existing power
system, but should, if possible, contribute to increase the
stability and efficiency of the system [3]. The electrical energy
in the system under study is provided by two different
generators; SCIG and SG. For the wind power generation a
SCIG is coupled to a variable speed wind turbine. This
generator has several advantages as it appears to be a good
solution for stand-alone applications, such as no need for an
external power supply to produce the magnetic field, little
maintenance, rugged and simple construction, simplified
controls and brushless rotor [4]. However, one of serious
problems of this generator is its inherently poor voltage
978-1-4673-4508-8/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
Bhim Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
Bhimsingh1956@gmail.com
regulation [5, 6]. As a result, it becomes necessary to have a
proper voltage regulating scheme in order to provide a reactive
power for its magnetization, particularly during start-up. A
reliable and simple method of starting a SCIG is to use the
fixed-excitation capacitor bank. There are some schemes that
have been proposed in [7, 8]. Some of these schemes use
inverters and field-orientation algorithms to excite and control
SCIG.
Compared a fixed-SCIG to the variable-speed SCIG, one can
extract more power by operating with a controlled tip speed
ratio, which enables maximum power tracking. Moreover,
such system keeps the power factor of the total system almost
unity at varying wind speeds [9]. The active and reactive
powers sharing in stand-alone system can be achieved by
controlling two independent quantities; the frequency and the
fundamental voltage magnitude [10,11]. Due to the
intermittent nature of RESs and the continuous varying loads
the system becomes unstable. To maintain stability of the HSS
(Hybrid Standalone System) and to improve the power quality
of energy supplied to the loads it is essential to control the
voltage and the frequency to constant value. Several solutions
have been proposed in the literature [12,13]. Most of them are
based on voltage and frequency droop control. An introduction
of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is considered as
an effective solution [14,15]. Therefore, a properly designed
ESS (Energy Storage System) facilitates a hybrid standalone
system to stabilize by absorbing and injecting the reactive and
the active powers.
The hybrid standalone system consists of multiple sources that
are usually integrated via power converters and these large
numbers of power converters increase the number of nonlinear
loads, which cause current and voltage waveform distortion,
and harmonic pollution. The filter technology is considered
effective and practical solutions for ever growing problem of
power quality. Several schemes have been proposed in the
literature to reduce the harmonic pollution and to improve the
power quality [16,17]. As an application [18, 19], several
control techniques are used to control the VSC based
distributed energy sources to improve the power quality of
these system.
This paper presents a new control algorithm of HSS with
SCIG for stand-alone wind power generation connected to the
autonomous loads through back-to-back converters (VSCs),
which are controlled by vector control. The wind turbine side
VSC controls the SCIG and the battery side VSC by using a
modified vector control. A modified adaptive linear element
algorithm is adopted to maintain the PCC voltage constant and
to compensate currents unbalance, current harmonics and the
reactive power demand of the loads. The advantage of using
an adaline-based control technique is that it does not need
low-pass filters, thus further reducing the computational
burden. The proposed controller is simpler than the pq and
SRF control techniques [20,21]. Battery storage is placed
between back to connected VSCs of SCIG and loads in order
to regulate the frequency and voltage of the system constant
during varying loads and wind speeds by absorbing or the
feeding an active power and the reactive power. A set of linear
nonlinear loads is considered in this work.
Fig.1 shows a schematic diagram of the system under
consideration. It consists of a diesel engine coupled with a
synchronous generator (SG), a wind turbine coupled with a
squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG), a set of back to back
connected voltage source converters, a set of linear and
nonlinear loads and a dump load.

Fig. 1. System under study.

ȦT is turbine rotational speed.
II. MODELING OF THE SYSTEM
The power captured from the wind turbine is obtained as,
The proposed system consists of several components and 1
their modeling is given in the following sections. Pm = ʌȡCp ( Ȝ,ȕ ) R 2 V3 (3)
2
A. Wind Turbine Modeling where
Several models are presented in the literature for wind C p ( Ȝ,ȕ ) =ȜC t (Ȝ,ȕ) (4)
turbines. All these models are the functions of the size, the To achieve highest energy capture, the value of power
blades radius, the nominal power, the shaft, the losses, the
coefficient must be maintained at maximum level of C p max .
gear box ratio, etc. [22]. Wind energy is extracted through the
wind turbine blades and then transferred through a gearbox
B. Modeling and Control of Induction Generator
and the rotor hub to the mechanical energy on the shaft. The
shaft drives the generator to convert the mechanical energy to
electrical energy. The mechanical torque produced by the The mechanical torque balance equation is given as,
blades is given by [22], d
Tm -Te =J ω rm + B ω rm (5)
dt
1
Tm = C ( Ȝ,ȕ ) R 3 V 2 (1) where, Tm is turbine torque, J and B are equivalent inertia
2 t
and friction co-friction of the rotating mass, respectively.
where Ct (Ȝ,ȕ) is the torque coefficient and ȕ represents
The electromagnetic torque Te is given by as [23],
pitch angle. Ȝ is the tip-speed ratio defined as,
§ 3 ·§ P ·§ Lm ·
Ȝ=
RȦ T
(2) Te = ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸¨ ¸ ( Ȝ dr i qs -Ȝ q r i ds ) (6)
V © 2 ¹© 2 ¹© Lr ¹
In the machine side, the rotor field oriented control
where ȡ is air density, R is radius of rotor, V is wind speed,
technique (FOC) shown in Fig.2 [24] is used to control the
SCIG. The outputs of the system control loop (voltage C. Design of Battery System
reference) are used to command the pulse wide modulation The battery voltage must be greater than the peak of line
(PWM). In this control shown in Fig. 3, the d-axis stator voltage to satisfy PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control as
current ids is controlled to maintain the SCIG flux at rated [25],
value and the q-axis stator current i qs is controlled to extract § 2 ·
v bat ² ¨¨ 2 v ac ¸¸ m a (12)
the maximum power of the wind turbine. In this system, the © 3 ¹
d-q coordinates reference frame is locked to the rotor flux where, m a is the modulation index.
vector rotating at the stator frequency Ȧe . The rotor flux A standard battery model available in MATLAB/SPS is
λqr = 0, pλqr = 0 and λdr = λr , pλdr = 0 . used for simulation purpose. Fig.3 shows an equivalent circuit
of the battery. It uses a simple controlled voltage source in
The rotor flux position ș e required for transformation is
series with a constant resistance. The mathematical model
generated from the rotor speed Ȧ r and slip frequency Ȧsl as, described in [26] is used here as,
ș e = ³ ( Ȧ r +Ȧsl ) (7) Q
E = E0 − K + A e − B it (1 3 )
Q − it
Lm R r *
Ȧ sl = i qs (8) where, E : No load voltage (V), E 0 : Constant voltage (V),
Ȝ rest L r
K : Polarization voltage (V), Q : Battery capacity (Ah), A :
And the estimated rotor flux linkage Ȝ rest is given by, Exponential voltage (V) and B :Exponential capacity (Ah)-1.
L m i ds
Ȝ r est = (9)
1+IJ r S
The equivalent control inputs u ds and u qs are given as [24],
u ds = v ds +Ȧe Ls ıi qs = v ds +(+K d ) (10 )
Lm
uqs = vqs -ȦeLsıids − Ȧe Ȝr = vqs +(-Kd ) (11)
Lr
where,
Lm
K d = Ȧ e L s ıi qs and K q = Ȧ e L s ıi ds +Ȧ e Lr
Ȝr

Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of battery.

D. Control of Load Side Converter

Fig. 4 shows an Adaline-based control algorithm used to
regulate the frequency and voltage of the HSS [20,21]. Six
Adalines are used to extract three-phase positive-sequence
fundamental-frequency active and reactive components of
load currents. The basic equations of this control algorithm are
given as.
Because the three-phase voltages at the PCC are considered
sinusoidal, their amplitude is computed as,
2
vt =
3
( vsa 2 +v sb 2 +v sc 2
) (14)
The unit vector in phase with are derived as
vsa v v
u ap = , u bp = sb , u cp = sc (15)
vt vt vt
The measured frequency is compared to a reference frequency
(60 Hz) to obtain the frequency error; this error represents the
reference current of the battery ibat*
Fig. 2. Control scheme of generator side converter. ki
i bat * = (k p + ) ( frref − fr ) (16)
s
Fig. 4. A modified adaptive linear element algorithm.
u aq = -u bp / 3+ u cp / 3 (22)

The inner current control loop forces the battery current to

u bq = 3u ap /2 + (u bp -u cp )/2 3 (23)

follow the reference battery current produced in (16) using a u cq =- 3u ap / 2 + (u bp -u cp ) /2 3 (24)

PI frequency controller, the output of the PI controller
w loss (n) represents the required active power used to
maintain the frequency of HSS constant.
Therefore, the average weight of the fundamental reference
active-power component of the source currents is given as,
ª wloss(n) +wap(n) +wbp(n) +wcp(n) º¼
w p(n) = ¬
(17)
3 PCC constant.
where w loss (n) is considered as part of the active-power
component of the source currents. The extraction of the
weights of the fundamental active power component of the
load currents is based on LMS algorithm and its training
through Adaline. The weights of the active-power component
of the three-phase load currents are estimated as,
w ap(n+1) =w ap(n+1) +Ș ª¬i La(n) -w ap(n) u ap(n) º¼ u ap(n) (18)
w bp (n+1) =w bp (n+1) +Ș ª¬ i Lb(n) -w bp(n) u bp(n) º¼ u bp(n) (19)
w cp (n+1) =w cp (n+1) +Ș ª¬ i Lc(n) -w cp(n) u cp(n) º¼ u cp(n) (20)
where Ș is the convergence factor, and it decides the rate of
convergence and accuracy of estimation. The Ș ƒvalue is so
selected to make a trade off between the accuracy and the rate
of convergence.
The weight of the active-power component of the three-
phase load currents are extracted using Adaline in each phase.
The observed practical value of Ș ƒvaries between
0.01 and 1.0. The three-phase fundamental reference active-
power component of the source currents are computed as,
Three-phase fundamental reference active power
components of the currents of source are given as,
i sap* =w p u ap , i sbp* =w p u bp , i scp* =w p u cp (21)
And the unit vectors in quadrature with voltage source may be
derived using a quadrature transformation of the in-phase unit
vectors as
To maintain AC bus voltage constant during different modes
of operation, the amplitude of source voltage Vmax is estimated
by Eq. (14). It is fed a PI voltage controller along with its
reference value. The output of voltage PI controller w qv(n) is
considered reference reactive power, which is compared to the
estimated reactive power necessary to keep the voltage at the
The weights of the reactive-power components of three
phase load currents are estimated as,
w aq (n +1) = w aq (n+1) + Ș ª¬ i La(n) -w aq(n ) u aq(n) º¼ u aq(n) (25)
w b q (n + 1 ) = w b q (n + 1 ) + Ș ª¬ i L b (n ) -w b q (n ) u b q (n ) º¼ u b q (n ) (2 6 )
w cq(n+1) =w cq(n+1) +Ș ª¬i Lc(n) -w cq(n) u cq(n) º¼ u cq(n) (27)
Therefore, the average weight of the fundamental reference
reactive components of the generator currents is given as
ª w q v (n ) - ( w a q (n ) + w b q (n ) + w cq (n ) ) º
w q (n ) = ¬ ¼ (2 8 )
3
The three-phase fundamental reference reactive-power
components of the currents of source are given as,
isaq* =w q u aq , isbq* =w q u bq , iscq* =w q u cq (29)
The total reference source currents are the sum of the in
phase and the quadrature components of the reference source
currents as,
i sa * = i sap * + i saq * (3 0 )
i sb p * = i sb p * + i s b q * (3 1)
* * *
i sc p = i sc p + i sc q (3 2 )
These reference source currents given in Eqns. (30-32) are
compared with the sensed source currents. The current error
signals are amplified and their outputs are compared with
triangular wave to generate PWM switching signals to
generate the gating signals for load side VSC.
 III. SIMULATION RESULTS
The design of proposed system is verified through
simulation using MATLAB/SPS by means of the data given in
Appendix. The system is subjected to variation in wind speed
from 8 m/s to 10m/s. The performance of HSS with the
proposed controls algorithms is demonstrated under different
dynamic conditions as shown in Figs. 5-7. Moreover,
performance of the system is studied with varying linear and
nonlinear loads. It is observed that under all these conditions,
the voltage and the frequency are regulated to constant value.
The simulated transient waveforms of voltages and
currents of load side of the HSS are presented in Fig. 5. One
may observe that the loads are continuously supplied under
varying wind speeds and unbalanced loads.
.

Fig.5 Waveforms of voltage and source current, linear and nonlinear current and converter current.

Fig. 6. Waveforms of voltage and current and state of charge of battery and Fig.7. Waveforms of currents of SCIG, rotor speed and the
the frequency. reference and developed electromagnetic torque.

Fig.8. Harmonics Spectrums of currents of total load nonlinear load and source.

Figs. 6-7 show the waveforms of the battery and of the
generator currents and voltages. At 0.2s, the rotor speed
becomes higher to the rated speed of the motor and it becomes
a generator. One may clearly see that the frequency of the
system is kept constant. In Fig.8, one can see clearly the THD
of the source current is less than 5% which demonstrates the
accurate functioning of the modified Adaline control
algorithm.
IV. CONCLUSION
The control of HSS has been investigated in detail. A
battery energy storage system has been incorporated between
the loads and the wind turbine to improve the performance of
HSS. The air-gap flux of the SCIG has been built up by a
controlled VSC of generator side. The frequency and voltage
control, load balancing, and harmonic elimination have been
achieved by controlling the VSC of load side. It has been
observed based on simulated results that the HSS has quite
satisfactory performance under different loading conditions
and varying wind speeds with proposed control algorithms.
V. APPENDIX
System Parameters
WT Pn=55kW, Cpmax=0.4412, ȁopt=5.66, R=7.5m
SCIG Pn=37kW, Ls=0.087 ȍ, Vn=480V, Rr’=0.228 ȍ
Fr=60Hz, Lr’=0.8mH, Lm=34.7mH, 2P=4, Rs=0.087ȍ,
J=0.4kg.m2
DE Tmax(pu) = 1.1, Tmin(pu) = 0, K=40, T1= 0.01, T2= 0.02, T3=0.2,
T4= 0.25, T5=0.009, T6=0.0384, TD=0.024
SG Sn(kVA) =37.5, X1’ =0.09 Xd =3.23, Td0 =4.4849, Xd’ =0.21,
Td0’’ =0.0681, Xd’’ =0.15, Tq0’’ =0.1, Xq = 2.79, Rs(pu)=0.017
Battery model E0=900, R=1.1875 Ÿ, K=14.844, A=114, B=0.75
(Nickel-Metal- Cdc=5000ȝF,VbmaxT=1000V,VbminT=500V,Rated
Hybride) Capacity=1600Ah, Lb=2mH
Grid parameters VLL (V)=480V, Frequency=60Hz
Consumer Load Main load(kW)=10kW , Non-linear load R==20 Ÿ , L=20e-3
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