SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS OF AIME PAPER SPE- 14 5

6300 North Central Expressway NUMBER

Dallas, Tex.

THIS IS A PREPRINT --- SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

SOME PROBLEMS IN PRESSURE BUILD-UP

By
William Hurst, Petroleum Consultant, Houston, Tex.
Crville K. Haynie, Christie, Mitchell and Mitchell Co., Houston, Tex.
Members AIME, and
Richard N. Walker, Christie, Mitchell and Mitchell Co., Houston, Tex., Junior Member AIME

Publication Rights Reserved

This paper is to be presented at the 36th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers
of AlliE in Dallas, October 8-11, 1961,and is considered the property of the Society of Petroleum
Engineers. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words, with
no illustrations, unless the paper is specifically released to the press by the Editor of the Journal
of Petroleum Technology or the Executive Secretary. Such abstract should contain conspicuous acknowl-
edgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in Journal
0{ Petroleum Technology or Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal is granted on request, providing
proper credit is given that publication and the original presentation of the paper.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society
of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and considered
for publication in one of the two SPE magazines with the paper.
r---
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with certain abnormalities
as observed in pressure build-up, but instead of
abnormalities per se, these are phenomena that
begin to tell us something of the contiguous
nature of the formation further removed from the
well. In a sense, this is a broadening of the
basis of what pressure build-ups can mean that
now extend into the realm of subsurface
interpretations.
The problem treated is an actual assignment
in the study of the Atoka Conglomerate in Wise
County, Tex. Here it has been observed a de-
parture from the straight-line Lord Kelvin effect
of pressure build-up to reveal two such broken
straight-lines, one following the other. This
has been interpreted as gas replenishment from
contiguous lenses feeding into the main sand
body, for which mathematics have been formulated,
based on the series problem of unsteady-state
fluid flow.
To sustain this method by an entirely
different application, a radial drainage formula
was developed from work published by Hurst and
References and illustrations at end of, paper.
.--.-.----------.---.--.------------
van Everdingen4 for a constant-rate problem with
a fixed exterior pressure at the boundary. This
was purely an empirical correlation, and the re-
sults have more than met the writers' expectations
as it showed that build-up time was a function of
drainage radius, and independent of well radius or
skin effect. Thus, for the times in pressure
build-up where these abnormalities are observed to
occur, yield drainage radii for the main sand
body that are in substantial agreement with those
established independently from the lens problem.
There are associated problems connected with
this study. One is establishing the distance of
a gas cap over an oil column, based on this very
drainage formula; and the other is an estimation
of static bottom-hole pressure interpreted from
the problem cited 4 of these early investigators,
where interference between wells occur.
INTRODUCTION
What this paper presents is some factual
representation of abnormalities that appear in
pressure build-up. However, these should not be
accepted as abnormalities per se, but rather a
departure from the accepted norm of what to expect
for a pressure build-up curve that begins to
reflect the contiguous nature of the formation

.........
~. . . . . .~.'~~r~l~. . . . . . . .~-,~.~_~h~£ --~~.____...... .. ........:.i..................................U'='k=-. . . .
~ "'~·-- ~e;
 2 WILLIAM HURST, ORVILLE K. HAYNIE AND RICHARD N. WALKER SPE-145
r-------------------------------------~----------------~--------------------~---------------------------,

further removed from the well. In a sense, this terminal point during the course of test (Fig. 2)
is a broadening of the basis of what pressure but is inferred to continue to build-up.
build-up curves can mean.
I In undertaking this study, it was recognized
However, there is another characteristic ex-
hibited that is most pronounced for many of the
that the problem confronting these investigations wells studied in this field - namely, the con-
I by the manner these pressure build-ups conformed,
were unexplored realms, wherein practical con-
tinuum of this pressure build-up as two broken
straight lines plotted vs the logarithm of shut-
siderations have been employed in the development in time. This is shown in Figs. 3 through 5, and
I of new ideas and formulas to realize the signifi-
cance of this problem.
in Fig. 6 the same phenomenon is observed for the
complete pressure build-up.
I Thus, what is incorporated is original, These are the abnormalities mentioned in the
motivated in meeting a close time schedule in an earlier passages, but rather than something
I, assignment, but what has been thought of as an unusual or inconsistent in the data, what is so
investigation of reserves, the concepts herein reflected for the larger drainage radii encom-
employed in interpreting pressure build-ups, ex- passed in these increasing times, is the contigu-
tends reservoir engineering that now enters into ous nature of the formation further removed.
the domain of subsurface interpretations.
The pattern of the continuum is fixed, all
FORMATION the plotting of the second straight-lines are up-
ward, meaning that a greater pressure build-up
The formation investigated is the Atoka slope is observed for the second straight-line
conglomerate of the Boonsville gas field in Wise compared to the first. .
County, Tex., near Fort Worth, Tex. Probably, in
proper reference, the whole area .should be identi- This has been evidenced in all the wells
fied as Wise County, as it is known to the indus- tested. Thus, recognizing the contiguous nature
try, which includes part of Jack County. of the conglomerate where the areal extents ap-
pear and disappear, and that during the course
The Atoka conglomerate can best be described of pressure build-up this increase is suddenly
as an areal extent with permeable and non-perme- accelerated, infers that what is happening is
able sections, with the former, the gas accumula- gas feed-in into the main sand body from inter-
tions. For the wells studied, all but one evi- communicating lens which connect this sand body
denced they were producing from continuous and with others.
contiguous formations, with the one indicating a
gas cap over an oil column. Such are either . Such is a replenishment process, which is
continuous formation, or a main sand body, con- best illustrated by the simple geometric pattern
nected to exterior and intercommunicating lenses, shown in Fig. 7.
which replenish the main sand body with gas.
That the contiguous nature of a formation, or
Such identifies the conglomerate and a even a discontinuity is evidenced in pressure
reference to Figs. 2 through 5 probably shows the build-up, has its significance in what is inter-
longest pressure build-up time hereto reported in preted for a fault. Thus, for a fault to exist
the literature, extending to some 40 days and . to impede the flow of fluids, its image placed in
over, and in cases, still building up. juxtaposition across the fault would show an in-
crease in the slope of the pressure build-up once
The permeability is low, averaging approxi- its influence is felt. However, this increase oc-
mately 10 md, meaning that for the wells to pro- cUrs by integers, whereas the problem at hand
duce their allowables in tbis low-permeability takes on a more general aspect.
formation to reflect such times of build-up, must
have drained from considerable distances. This, LENSES
likewise, has been observed for wells in the Hugo-
ton, Kansas, field, without the abnormalities, The approach to this problem is primarily the
although the times of build-up are substantial. consideration of the data as such serves as the
guide to the mathematics that subscribe to this
PRESSURE BUILD-UP solution. This is a departure from the procedure
where the data is introduced into some known
With reference to the conglomerate in Wise mathematical relationship, expecting that a happy
County, the portrayal of pressure build-ups combination of events are met where the data ful-
familiar to most are reproduced. Tliis is the fills all the conditions required.
orthodox straight-line relationship of bottom-hole
pressure plotted vs the logarithm of shut-in time, In this respect, the problem at hand offers
shown either as a curvature at the end to reach an a case in pOint. Thus, turning to Fig. 3, Well C,
asymptot~c static pressure (Fig. 1) or a straight- it will be observed the two broken straight-lines
line pressure build-up that does not reach this hereto described. What constitutes Line AB in the

l __ _
 sn-145
linear plot of bottom-hole pressure vs the
logarithm of shut-in time of build-up, is the
Lord Kelvin relationship for radial flow, re-
ported in every paper dealing with flow tests,
for which a comprehensive explanation is tO'be
found in a publication by Hurst l treating with
this subject. This relation with the skin ef-
fect surrounding the wellbore, is the expression.
~p = qjJ- . kRt
417' k h [ 2 S+ In cpU-\,ljJ-r! + 0.80907
However, associated with this line is an
egually straight-line, ED. Its linearity shown
here plotted by the actual data, as well as in all
these plots, evidences significantly that here,
too, we have the Lord Kelvin effect.
Therefore, there is the matter of recon-
structing the problem as to how one Lord Kelvin
solution can follow another. This has its impli-
cation in the type of formation being considered
here.
If, in the course of events for build-up,
there occurs a more rapid pressure build-up, and
there is involved the same unit rate q~/4nkh of
Eg. 1, then what is implied is that a factor ~,
I less than unity, has appeared in th~s unit rate,
but associated with its denominator to make the
I slope of this second straight-line greater than
the first.
I Physically, it has its meaning in what is
described for Fig. 7, and this replenishment
I process. Thus, if the same fluid flux is in-
I
volved, but at some distance re, in the main
sand body, there is suddenly a contractability
.\ of total area exposed to this same fluid influx,
say 2ncrre , this would give rise to a unit rate of
~/4cr kh, and the increased slope for Line ED
I now observed.
This straight-line configuration, that now
I originates at the lenses and expresses the cumu-
lative pressure drop at that· point, follows in
-\ context what is expressed by Eq. 1, or
~ p _ qfL k p" t
I [ In ~ 2
• - 417'<Tk h 't'( \- SwljJ-r.
However, in Fig. 3, as well as in all these
plots, all pressure measurements are made at the
wellbore; therefore, it can naturally be asked
how a pressure measured at one point can account
for a pressure phenomenon occurring at distance
r e , and how such a pressure can be transmitted
to the point of reference and still give the Lord
Kelvin effect.
This has its implication in the series
problem developed by Hurst 2 that treats with the AB to one second toward the left in Fig. 3, and
unsteady flow of fluids through sands of different making the necessary calculations.
e permeabilities in series, but here instead of a
• -
SOME PROBLEMS IN PRESSURE BUILD-UP 3
change in permeability, it is the change in the
contiguous nature of the formation that gives
rise to this occurrence.
Thus, assigning the values that correspond
to the terms of Eg. VI-26 in that publication2 ,
the cumulative pressure drop that expresses the
change in pressure at the wellbore is Eq. 1,
given here, minus the cumulative pressure drop
] that expresses the discontinuity of the main sand
body, or
(1)
This difference representing the pressure
drop that occurs in the main sand body, plus the
additional pressure drop that develops at the be-
ginning of the lenses, and expressed by Eg. 2,
gives the over-all pressure drop observed at the
well when the influence of the lenses are felt.
These items listed in the order of their
occurrence, yield
A qfL
up= 417'kh
. . . (4)
and upon further simplification, give
~p=~
417'kh
[2S+2In.!L
rw
This the reader will recognize is the
straight-line Lord Kelvin effect of bottom-hole
pressure plotted vs the logarithm of shut-in time
shown by Line BD, and measured at the wellbore.
Thus, Eq. 1 has its implications as before if
no barriers are encountered, and Eg. 5, if the
contiguous nature of the formation changes.
+ 0.80907 ] • • • (2) The fraction cr, denoting the area of the
main sand body exposed to the lenses, is merely
the ratio of the slope of Line AB to the slope of
Line ED.
However, the identification of r e , and the
elimination of the skin effect S, follows in a
different manner.
If the reader will recall from publications
by Hurst l and van Everdingen,3 the determination
of the skin effect is the extrapolation of Line
• r :_ra• -=_re ''S
 4 WILLIAM HURST. ORVILLE K. HAYNIE AND RICHARD N. WALKER
Here to identi~y the main sand body and
eliminate the skin e~~ect, the extrapolation is
toward the right, ~ollowing the exact trends~or
each o~ these straight-lines to a common time ap-
plicable to each o~ these lines. This corre-
t sponds to a lOa-day shut-in shown in Fig. 3.
The explanation ~or this is the subtraction
Ii o~ Eq. 1 ~om Eq. 5, to give
• Trans~ormations.
where t is the extrapolated time in re~erence,
and 5p is the di~~erence in pressure measured
between Lines BD and ABC at this time, and ex-
pressed in atmospheres. The actual designation
of the units, and the methods of calculation are
given in detail in the paper l referred to, and
there is no need o~ burdening this tract with
numerical calculations, except to say that all
~actors are now known to explicitly identify re
in Eq. 6.
These are the inserts shown in Figs. 3
through 6, referred to as Method I, as distinct
~rom Method II that will be discussed shortly.
The data and results are given in Table 1.
Be~ore concluding this section, there are
certain observations to be made. The fact, as
illustrated in Figs. 3 through 6, that there is
a demarcation ~rom one straight-line to the
other is unusual. In the meaning o~ the series
problem and the P(tD) .~ctions, this change
~om one straight-line to the other should be in
the form of a curvature in going from one to the
other, and such may be entailed here, although
the data do not permit making this distinction.
This demonstration as so exhibited is in-
clined to lend the belief of these investigators
to the thought that the paths of entry, as shown
in Fig. 7 for this replenishment, are not so
simple in this conglomerate, but possibly come
from all sorts of tortuous lenses that feed into
the main sand body, such ~or distorted stream-
lines and increased pressure drops upon ~luid
entry give the rapid effect of the Lord Kelvin
relationship. Thus, in a sense; what is por-
trayed is a composite ef~ect, recognizing that
such a situation can prevail with the mathematics
herein engaged upon subscribing to this phenomenon
as sustained by the data.
DRAINAGE RADIUS
However, the assignment has greater over-
tones than ~erely the statement of this problem.
It is true that in this particular undertaking,
res·erves are the primary consideration, but re-
serves entail drainage radii, and i~ the latter
can be ascertained independent from this lensing
problem, such gives veri~ication to the procedure
employed.
SPE-14s
In a sense, this transcends all the work
herein engaged upon, and possibly constitutes the
primary interest o~ this paper, as in undertaking
this proo~ it is learned that pressure build-ups
contain the means of establishing drainage radii.
In this connection, the reader's attention is
directed to Fig. 8, reproduced ~om Fig. 7, the
paper by van EverdingenOand Hurst 4 on Laplace
Thus, Line AB is the Lord Kelvin e~fect,
referred to in the present publication, and B9
is comparable to the asymptotic pressure build-up
to reach static pressure, identified in Fig. 1.
This is the problem of the fixed reservoir pres-
sure at some exterior boundary in the reservoir,
discussed in detail in that pUblication. 4
There is another attribute o~ this curve
hereto not recognized. Where .the Lord Kelvin
ef~ect ceases to exist, Point B, and this be-
gins to take on the aspect of steady-state flow
to reach static pressures at this point, denotes
that drainage radius ~om the Lord Kelvin re-
lationship when plotted against the abscissa,
the dimensionless time tD ~or the well. 4Table 4
in the paper by van Everdingen and Hurst is
replete with such information extending ~om
R = 1.5 to 3,000.
The present investigators, seeking some
method to identify the drainage radius for the
lens problem, plotted the logarithm of R vs the
logarithm o~ dimensionless time t D, and the re-
sults are shown in Fig. 9.
This is improvising, if the reader wishes,
~om known mathematical data, and the results
have more than met these investigators' expecta-
tions. Thus, there is a straight-line correla-
tion for this plot, which is expressed by
R = 2. 6408 tooo48858 • • • • •• (7)
or, giving R its proper meaning, which is the
ratio of the distance of this drainage radius to
well radius, yields
ro ( kt )0.48858
-r. = 2.6408 A. 2
• • • • (8)
W 't'fLcrw
In its more simple form as used in this paper,
this immediately gives
• • • • • (9)
independent of well radius.
The latter is most important, if it can be
established by this correlatable means that the
drainage radius is independent of wellbore radius,
it is independent o~ the skin ef~ect, because
what is shown by Eq. 1 is that the skin ef~ect is
 SPE-142 SOME PROBLEMS IN PRESSURE BUILD-UP
merely an additive constant in pressure build-up
that merely adjusts the position of the build-up
curve with respect to the ordinate but does not
effect the time of build-up.
This, likewise, applies when the lens effect
is encountered, Eq. 5, as the constants as so en-
tailed are again an adjustment for the ordinate,
and the format as so involved is compatible with
Eq. 1, meaning now that re could be interpreted
equivalent to the well radius, and the context
of Eq. 9 could still be employed with the time
range of Line BD (Fig. 3) to compute the total
drainage radius even within these lenses.
Finally, and most important, since the whole
concept for Eq. 9 is based upon constant rate as
deduced from the problem in the Laplace Trans-
formation,4 it is suited for pressure build-up
that is also constant rate to establish drainage
radii.
Such is the application employed to deter-
mine if r D (Eq. 9) is compatible with re (Eq. 6)
established for the lens problem.
In this connection, the reader must recog.-
nize there is no dependency upon slopes or pres-
sures per se as applied to the consideration of
the lens problem illustrated in Fig. 3. The
only consideration in pressure build-up is where
the phenomenon occurs in the time range in the
departure from a straight-line to define such
drainage radius. Such is the illustrated problem
computed to show that for Well C (Fig. 3) the
drainage radius for rD is 1,420 ft as compared
to re equal to 1,220 ft for the main sand body.
This is Method II shown in all the inserts
in Figs. 3 through 6, and the comparison is
fairly good. Not exact, certainly, as we are
dealing with factual field data, but in every
instance, the same order of magnitude for drain-
age radius could be determined by either method.
ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS
What has been deduced for the .lens problem
applies to any problem in pressure build-ups -
namely, where the Lord Kelvin effect prevails,
any point on the straight-line can be computed
for its corresponding drainage radius in the in-
filling process that denotes pressure build-up.
Fig. 10 offers a case in point. This is a
well in the same field that showed an abnormality
after the incurrence of a straight-line pressure
build-up, indicating either an enclosure or even
another fluid at some point distant from the
well.
, , This well is in another formation in
proximity to an oil column of a known distance
of 2,400 ft from the oil. This WaS unknown at
the time, but the drainage radius for the maximum
--""- - - . . , , - - - - - - - -_ _ _•_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ii!'!l.....-:I!'!.I!'!_""'S'll!!"!!2•.
straight-line computed to be 2,673 ft, evidencing
the significance that can be attached to a pres-
sure build-up cUrve to define the formation.
The entire process can be reconstructed to
include flow time plus build-up time. Thus, the
straight-line portion would be defined by the
logarithm of D.t/t+D.t, where D.t is the build-up
time employed here and applicable in Eq. 9, and t
is the time of flow.
However, as the reader has had occasion to
observe, the straight-line pressure build-up vs
logarithm of shut-in time prevails for 40 and 50
days and over, and there is another paper on this
program with reference to the Hugoton, Kansas
field where such is in effect for 28 days and
over.
These are the factual data that evidence the
procedure to employ, and in sustainment of the
methods evolved. The explanation for this obser-
vance is probably what constitutes the flow time
involved.
If flow time depends upon a previous test,
such may be significant, but if the entire
spectrum of flow times are involved, the contri-
bution of a substantial flow time in the argu-
ment is fairly insensitive in the logarithm, and
build-up time prevails.
Thus, what constitutes one flow time may be
a single component in a series of superimposed
flow tests in a slowly changing pressure gradient
in the field.
This has been mentioned before in describing
field observations,5 where the plotting of an iso-
baric pressure map can reveal isolated pressure
sinks, indicative of withdrawals that occurred in
the past, and retroactive in pressure build-up to
identify such pressure lowering.
Finally, since this entire presentation is
directed toward practical application, there is an
associated problem connected with pressure build-
up, that is not offered with finality, but its
implication merits statement.
If these slow pressure gradients can take on
large time arguments, the over-all pressure gradi-
ents from the inception of production will perform
as instantaneous steady state,subscribing the
last flowing rate that prevailed. Such would even
apply where interference between wells occur,
taking cognizance of the pattern.
In this connection, the reader's attention is
directed to Curve BC (Fig. 8) that if anything re-
ported in the annals of fluid flow is the nearest
approach to the facsimile of static pressure con-
formance such as shown in Fig. 1.
Thus, if an instantaneous fixed pressure can
_ _~:!!!!:
,
I.; 6 WILLIAM HURST, ORVILLE K. HAYNIE AND RICHARD N. WALKER SPE-145
"
be reached at some point in the formation due to tion of the straight-line to that pressure cor-
this interference and subject only to this over- responding'to this distance for the time of build-
all, slowly changing pressure gradients, then up, Eq. 9, when added to Eq. 13, should evidence
this prob~em as reported in the Laplace Trans- static pressure.
formation lends itself to compute static
pressure. This is only offered as an estimate, as there
are some theoretical aspects to be resolved in the
Thus, this asymptotic value shown in Fig. 8 conformance of the full pattern of interference •.
is However, yet in Fig. 1, the static pressure has
been evidenced within a tolerance of 11 psi.
~p= Z;.th In R • (10)
NOMENCLATURE
Eq. VII-22 of Ref. 4, which is steady-state
effect, or expressed otherwise, gives q = rate of gas production at reservoir
conditions, L 3 /t
Ap_ ~ In R2 = viscosity of gas, miLt
u - 41T"kh . . . . . . . . . (11) k
tJ.
= absolute permeability, L2
h = net pay thickness
Employing the context of drainage radius P = reservoir pressure, with subscri~t zero
(Eq. 7) or .. referring to static pressure, m/Lt 2
lip = cumulative pressure drop, m/Lt~
5p = pressure difference, m/Lt 2
in the Lord Kelvin expression t = time of build -up
¢ = porosity, expressed as a fraction
Sw = connate water, fraction
~p= 4;:'~h [In tD +0.80907] rw = well radius, L
gives, re = external boundary radius, or main sand, L
R = ratio of external boundary radius to well
radius
= drainage radius, L
~p= ~
477" k h
[In R2-ln 6.91382+0.80907]
REFERENCES

= ~ [In R -1.13310] • • • • • • • • • (l2) 1.

2
Hurst, William: "Establishment of the Skin
Effect and Its Impediment to Fluid Flow into a
The difference between Eqs. 11 and 12 yields Well Bo~e", Pet. Engr. (Oct., 1953).
2. Hurst, William: "Interference Between Oil
Fields", Trans., AIME (1960) 219, 175 .
.8p = -'!.t:....
477"kh
1.13310
van Everdingen, A. F.: "The Skin Effect and
• • • (13) 3·
Its Influence on the Productive Capacity of a
Such is the amplitude of Curve BC, which, in Well", Trans., AIME (1953) 171, 198.
turn, is multiplied by the slope of the straight- 4. van Everdingen, A. F. and Hurst, William:
line pressure build-up relationship. "The Application of the Laplace Transforma-
tion to Flow Problems in Reservoirs", Trans.,
Thus, if some concept of interference is I AIME (1949) 186, 305.
Hurst, William: "The Simplification of the
known from the spacing of the wells, the projec- 5·
Material Balance Formulas by the Laplace
I Transformation", Trans., AIME (1958) 213, 292.

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1I,I,I'li,',! M"i' 1, 1,:1, 1
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BUILD· UP TIME. DAYS BWlD·UP TIME. DAYS

FIg. 3--Two broken straight-lines with lens Fig. 4--Two broken straight~lines with lens
revealed. revealed.
1100 .----,--r-r-r-r"jr
l
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rl-:::::J_<,S_HU_TT·'::,,:~5TP:G::..ESrSU"TR,E'.Ifi:i:tH:,: 't--~~ ~ PRESSURi:~~:~~'~P TEST~ ~h-=~~:7~Sr
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-I--H WELL F I i i , ~'
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Ii, i !! i' OCT08ER 6, '958 ". 'i ;I! 6'0 I
1METHOD I I; 'ii i : APRIL 14, '958 "[I Ii ,ii!1 r
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..0
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Fig. 5--Two broken straight-lines with lens Fig. 6--Two broken straight-lines -with
revealed. complete build-up.

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0.1 10 • '100 • , • • • -'DO
BUILD· UP TIME. DAYS

Fig. IO--Continuous and enclosed formationo

 Figo
1\
7--Repli-
nishment process.

Fig. 8--Constant rate case,

pressure fixed at exterior
boundary, reproduced from
Laplace Transformation.

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109 to

Fig. 9--Correlation of drainage radius vs

'I
dimensionless time.