Seismic design loads and combinations

Section 12
• Design and Detailing for EQ Loads

SeismiC Design – Loads and load combinations
IS 800 :2007 – Response reduction factors
– Connections, Joints and Fasteners
CE 627: Advanced Steel Design – Column design
– Storey drift
– Lateral load resisting systems
• Moment Resisting Frames (OMRF, SMRF)
• Concentric Brace Frames (OCBF, SCBF)
Durgesh C Rai • Eccentric Brace Frames (EBF)
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Kanpur 208016
2
Loads and load combinations Loads and load combinations…

combinations…
• EQ loads calculation • Special load combinations

– As per IS:1893(1)-2002 – Limit State Design
1.2 DL + 0.5 LL ± 2.5 EL
0.9 DL ± 2.5 EL
• Special load combinations
– These are load combinations involving amplified
– in addition to those given in Chapter 5
earthquake loads for capacity design of members
1.2 DL + 0.5 LL ± 2.5 EL
NEW
0.9 DL ± 2.5 EL
Different from those given in the load

combinations in Section 5

3 4
1
Loads and load combinations…
combinations… Loads and load combinations…
combinations…
• Earthquake resistant design • Earthquake Behaviour

– Reduction Factor R H, !
– Displacement demand depends on shaking intensity
Lateral Load H
Strong Shaking
Maximum H
Elastic Force
Elastic Force
Elastic reduced by R
Moderate Shaking
Actual
Design Force
Minor Shaking
0 !

Deformability ! 0
5 6
Loads and load combinations…

combinations… Response reduction factor
• Impact of displacement-based loading • Design Seismic Force
– Overstrength " – Response reduction factor R
H, ! S.No. Lateral Load Resisting System IS:1893 IS:800
1 Braced Frames Systems
H Ordinary Concentric Braced Frames (OCBF) 4 4
Special Concentric Braced Frames (SCBF) 4 4.5
Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) 5 5
Overstrength ! 2.5
2 Moment Resisting Frame System
Design Ordinary Moment Frames (OMRF) 5 4
Force Special Moment Frames (SMRF) 5 5
– Values of R for OCBF and OMRF are relatively higher
! compared to their RC counterparts
0

• Making steel buildings more popular

7
Ductility 8
2
Connections, Joints & Splices Loads and load combinations…
combinations…
• All bolts used in frames resisting EQ loads • All welds used in frames resisting EQ loads
– Standard holes – CJP groove welds
– Fully tensioned • Except in column splices
! Partial JP groove welds
– High strength friction-grip bolts
• Bolted joints
– not to be used along with welds
on same faying surface

9 10
Columns Columns…
Columns…
• If axial load demand P • Column splice

> 0.4 times compressive strength Pc – Partial JP groove welds
– P (tensile or compressive, with M=0) shall be – 200% of required strength
determined by special load combinations – Minimum required strength of each flange splice
• 1.2 DL + 0.5 LL ± 2.5 EL shall be 0.6 times fyAf
• 0.9 DL ± 2.5 EL
– P shall not be more than maximum load transferred to
the column considering
• 1.2 times nominal strength of connecting beam/brace
• Resistance of foundation to uplift

11 12
3
Storey drift
• As per IS:1893(1)-2002
Concentric
Brace Frames

13 14
CBF Configurations CBF Configurations…

Configurations…
• Some basic types of CBFs • Choice of configuration

" Many configuration to choose from – Chevron bracing
" Most efficient system for resisting lateral loads – Chevron bracing imposes large flexural demand on floor
" Provide complete truss action beams when compression brace buckles
Diagonal
bracing X-bracing
Tension Compression
V-bracing Inverted
brace brace
(Chevron)

K-bracing
15 V-bracing 16
4
CBF Configurations…
Configurations… CBF Configurations…
Configurations…
• Choice of configuration… • Choice of configuration…

– CBF with unequal braces in two directions can also behave – K-bracing not suitable
like Chevron bracing for resisting EQ loads
• Poor practice to have unequal braces in same plane
K-bracing

17 18
CBF Configurations…
Configurations… Basic Behaviour of X-
X-Braces
• Choice of configuration… • Role of individual braces in EQ behaviour
– K-bracing, when buckled,
cause column to deform
horizontally leading to
buckling and collapse Tension
brace
Compression
brace

19 20
5
Basic Behaviour of X-
X-Braces…
Braces… Basic Behaviour of X-
X-Braces…
Braces…
• Braced frame behaviour… • Braced frame behaviour…

– Single brace

21 22
X-Braces…
X-Braces…
Braces…
• Braced frame behaviour… • Braced frame behaviour…

– Single brace – Double brace
kL/r=30
kL/r=80
More energy dissipation

23 24
6
X-Braces…
X-Braces…
Braces…
• Braced frame behaviour… • Effects of Brace Buckling

– Analytical models predict reasonably well – Rapid loss of strength and tension brace overload
– Excessive rotation of brace ends and local connection
failure
– Local or torsional buckling at/near mid span
– Out-of-plane deformation (bowing)
– Energy dissipation is deficient

25 26
X-Braces…
Braces… Design of CBFs
• Effects of Brace Buckling… • Design Objectives
– Non-symmetrical deformation – Hysteretic behaviour of CBFs characterized by
• Induce large torsional response in the building severely pinched hysteresis loops
during cyclic EQ shaking • However, reasonable stable deformation can be
achieved to protect against brittle failures
Py
u
Post-buckling
Strength
-Pcr

-Py
27 28
7
Design of CBFs… Design of X-
X-Braced Frame Systems
• Approach • Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame (OCBF)

– Strong-column weak-beam weaker-brace approach – Shall not be used in
Cl. 12.7.1.0
• Use compact brace sections to avoid local instability • Seismic Zones IV and V
• Seismic Zone III, if I>1.0
• Provisions for X-bracing only

– Specialist literature for other V/Inverted-V braces
– K-bracing not permitted
• kL/r shall not be more than 120
• P shall not be more than 0.8Pc
• Braces shall be provided in either direction along any line of
braces
– Tension braces shall carry 30-70% of load in tension

29 30
Design of X-
X-Braced Frame Systems…
Systems… Design of X-
Systems…
• OCBF… • Special Concentric Braced Frame (SCBF)

– Brace section can be Plastic, Compact or Semi-compact – Provisions for X-bracing only
• Not Slender • Specialist literature for other V/Inverted-V braces
– In built-up braces, spacing of stitches shall be such that • K-bracing not permitted
• kl/r of individual element
> 0.4 times kl/r of whole member – kL/r shall not be more than 160 for hangars
• Bolted stitches shall not be used in middle Lclear /4 • Not given for others
– P shall not be more than Pc
– Connection shall be designed to withstand
– Braces shall be provided in either direction along any line of braces
• 1.2 times Mp of brace section about buckling axis
• Tension braces shall carry 30-70% of load in tension
• Tensile force of 1.2fyAg
• Maximum force that can be transferred to the brace by
the system – Brace section shall be Plastic

• Force in brace due to special load combinations

31 32
8
Design of X-
Systems… Design of X-
Systems…
• SCBF… • Effective slenderness

– In built-up braces, spacing of stitches shall be such that – K value as observed from experiments for various
• Similar to OCBF connections
In-plane Out-of-plane
– Connection shall be designed to withstand
Single gusset
• 1.2 times Mp of brace section about buckling axis 0.4 0.5
plate
• Tensile force of 1.1fyAg
• Maximum force that can be transferred to the brace by Others 0.5 1.0
the system
• Force in brace due to special load combinations

33 34
Design of X-
Systems… Design of CBFs…
• Tension only X-bracing Canadian Code • Chevron-braces

# Economical for low lateral load and long braces – Behaviour and force levels
• Lower tendency to distribute
# Limited energy dissipation capacity
inelasticity
– Resist 100% of same load in tension and connect to beam- • Special care for industrial building
column connection • Low reduction factor due to ductility
– Not exceed 4-storey and energy dissipation capacity, e.g.
! Eurocode 8 : q-factor for Chevron
– Fully continuous column and constant cross-section braces are 2.5 for High Ductility and
2.0 for Medium Ductility when for X-
– Columns spliced for and diagonal bracings q-factors are 4.5
" Full moment resistance of cross-section and 4, repectively.
2Z p f y ! AISC: Increases design forces for
" Shear force # Chevron by 150%.
hs
Chevron
– Must meet ductile brace requirement

bracing
35 36
9
Design of CBFs… Design of CBFs…
• Some design guidelines… • Some design guidelines…

– Chevron-braces – Chevron-braces
• Beam intersected by Chevron braces shall be • Beam shall be designed to support the following
continuous between columns gravity loads and unbalanced brace force
• Beam shall be capable of supporting all tributary combinations
gravity load combinations assuming that bracing ! 1.2 DL + 0.5 LL + Pb
does not exist ! 0.9 DL - Pb
Py
Post-buckling
Strength = 0.24 Py
-Pcr

-Py
37 38
• Some design guidelines… • Some design guidelines…

– Unbalanced Force (Bending moment and axial force) induced – Chevron-braces
by forces of :
• Top and bottom flanges of the beam at the point of
• 1.2fyAg from brace in tension intersection shall be designed to support 2% of
• and 0.24fyAs from brace in compression beam flexural strength fybftf
Unbalanced
vertical force

1.2fyAg 0.24fyAg
39 40
10
• Brace Connections • Brace Connections…

– Connection should be adequate against out-of-plane – Connection should be designed for lesser of
failure of gusset plate and brittle fracture • Tensile strength of the bracing
• Maximum force that can be transferred to the brace
by the system

41 42
• Brace Connections… • Brace Connections…

– Gusset Plate is most critical component of connection – Brace too close to beam/column members
• Enough strength required when brace buckles in
plane of frame
• Provide for formation of hinge line, if brace buckles
out-of-plane
Axis about which

the brace rotates
out of plane

43 44
11
Design of CBFs…
Diagonal Bracings…
Bracings…
• Brace Connections… • Test at IIT Kanpur :: Cyclic Inelastic Buckling of angle section
– Brace should extend from the gusset plate from where
Pcyclic y
it can bend out of plane about the gusset plate v
Brace Brace u
35
x x
5
u 35
v
y
Gusset Plate
– Material: Nominal yield strength, fy = 250 MPa

Actual yield strength, fy = 375 MPa
– Section: ISA 35 $ 35 $ 5 mm, Class C; % = 0.49
Area, A = 327 mm2; Minimum radius of gyration, rvv = 6.77 mm
– Unsupported length of the member, L = 1220 mm
Column Beam Column Beam

45 46
Brace Buckling…
Buckling… Brace Buckling…
Buckling…
• Test at IIT Kanpur :: Cyclic Inelastic Buckling of angle section… • Test at IIT Kanpur :: Cyclic Inelastic Buckling of angle section…
Load-Displacement and Hysteresis plot
100
+Pull
80
60
40
20
Load (kN)
0
-20
-Push
-40
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Displacement (mm)

47 48
12
OCBF and SCBF…
SCBF… OCBF and SCBF…
SCBF…
• OCBF vs SCBF Ordinary concentrically braced frame Special concentrically braced frame
Ordinary concentrically braced frame Special concentrically braced frame Design of Bracing Member Design of Bracing Member
• Designed for large base shear • Lower required base shear • Bracing slopes in both directions • Bracing slopes in both directions
• Low ductility demands • Ensure high ductility • Tensile braces carry 30-70% of load • Tensile braces carry 30-70% of load
• Low response modification factor • Greater magnitude of response • Built-up braces: local slenderness < • Built-up braces: local slenderness <
modification factor is used 0.4 overall slenderness 0.4 overall slenderness
Should withstand inelastic deformation Should withstand inelastic Design for Connection Member Design for Connection Member
to a joint rotation of at least 0.02 deformation to a joint rotation of 0.04 • Connection should be designed for • Here the minimum tensile force in
Should not be used in seismic zone IV May be used in any seismic zone for minimum of the tensile force in the the bracing is 1.1 fyAg
and V and for building with importance any type of building bracing 1.2 fyAg , force under • For the rest IS code doesn’t give any
factor > 1 additional load combination and special provisions for SCBF
maximum possible force
Design of Bracing Member Design of Bracing Member
• The connection should be designed to
• Slenderness of bracing members <120 • Slenderness of bracing member <160 withstand a moment 1.2 times the full
• P (required) < 0.8 P (design) • P (required) < 1.0 P (actual) plastic moment of the braced section
• Bracing cross section not slender ( b/t • Bracing cross section plastic ( b/t <
<15.7) 9.4)

49 50
Braced Frame Systems…

Systems… Moment Frame Systems…
Systems…
• SCBF… • OMRF…
– Columns – Beam-to-Column Joints and Connections
• Section shall be Plastic • Rigid connections shall be designed to withstand
• Splices in columns shall be designed to develop smaller of
at least ! 1.2Mp of connected beam
! Nominal Shear Strength of smaller connected member and ! Maximum moment that can be delivered by the system
50% of nominal flexural strength of smaller connected section
! Splices shall be located in the middle-third of clear column height • Semi-Rigid connections shall be designed to
withstand smaller of
! 0.5Mp of connected beam
! Maximum moment that can be delivered by the system
This moment shall be developed within a rotation of
0.01 radians

51 52
13
Moment Frame Systems…
Systems…
• OMRF… • OMRF…
– Rigid or semi-rigid connections shall be designed to – In rigid fully-welded connections
withstand a shear resulting from • Provide continuity plate
• 1.2DL+0.5LL ! tcp!tbf
• Plus that resulting from ! Welded to column flange and web
! 1.2 DL + 0.5 LL ± 2.5 EL Continuity
Plate
! 0.9 DL ± 2.5 EL
– Stiffness of connections shall be included in analysis
Beam

Column
53 54

Systems…
• Special Moment Frame (SMRF) • SMRF…

– Beam-to-Column Joints and Connections – In strong-axis beam-to-column connection
• Shall be rigid connections • Panel Zone shall be checked for shear buckling at
• Shall be designed to withstand smaller of the shear force obtained as above
! 1.2Mp of connected beam ! Doubler plates may be used if required
! Maximum moment that can be delivered by the system ! Individual thickness t of column web or doubler plate
shall be more than (dp+bp)/90
• Where a reduced beam section is used, connection
shall be designed for at least 0.8Mp of unreduced section
• Shall be designed to withstand a shear resulting from
! 1.2DL+0.5LL
! + that resulting from 1.2Mp applied at each end in opposite direction
! but, need not exceed that obtained from
" 1.2 DL + 0.5 LL ± 2.5 EL Doubler

" 0.9 DL ± 2.5 EL Plate

55 56 Column
14
Systems…
• SMRF…
– Beam-Column Limitation
• Beam and column sections shall be either plastic or
compact
!At plastic hinge locations, they shall be plastic
• Beam and column sections shall satisfy the relation
' M pc & 1.2

' M pb
Beam
Strong-Column Weak-Beam

Philosophy Column
57 58
15

Seismic design loads and combinations

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Seismic design loads and combinations

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Section 12

• Design and Detailing for EQ Loads

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Loads and load combinations Loads and load combinations…

• EQ loads calculation • Special load combinations

Different from those given in the load

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Earthquake resistant design • Earthquake Behaviour

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Loads and load combinations…

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Making steel buildings more popular

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• If axial load demand P • Column splice

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CBF Configurations CBF Configurations…

• Some basic types of CBFs • Choice of configuration

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Choice of configuration… • Choice of configuration…

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Braced frame behaviour… • Braced frame behaviour…

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Braced frame behaviour… • Braced frame behaviour…

More energy dissipation

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Braced frame behaviour… • Effects of Brace Buckling

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Approach • Ordinary Concentric Braced Frame (OCBF)

• Provisions for X-bracing only

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• OCBF… • Special Concentric Braced Frame (SCBF)

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Force in brace due to special load combinations

• SCBF… • Effective slenderness

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Tension only X-bracing Canadian Code • Chevron-braces

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Some design guidelines… • Some design guidelines…

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Design of CBFs… Design of CBFs…

• Some design guidelines… • Some design guidelines…

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

• Brace Connections • Brace Connections…

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Design of CBFs… Design of CBFs…

• Brace Connections… • Brace Connections…

Axis about which

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

– Material: Nominal yield strength, fy = 250 MPa

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Load-Displacement and Hysteresis plot

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Braced Frame Systems…

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

Moment Frame Systems…

• Special Moment Frame (SMRF) • SMRF…

CE627: Adv. Steel Design/Dr Durgesh Rai/2010-11

" 0.9 DL ± 2.5 EL Plate