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7
C13S07.001: If w = exp(−x2 − y 2 ), x = t, and y = t1/2 , then
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy
= · + ·
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
dw
= −(2t + 1) exp(−t2 − t).
dt
1
C13S07.002: If w = , u = cos 2t, and v = sin 2t, then
u2 + v 2
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy
= · + ·
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
4u sin 2t 4v cos 2t 4 sin 2t cos 2t − 4 sin 2t cos 2t
= − 2 = = 0.
(u2 + v 2 )2 (u + v 2 )2 (cos2 2t + sin2 2t)2
1 dw
Alternatively, w = ≡ 1, and hence ≡ 0.
cos2 2t + sin2 2t dt
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
= · + · + ·
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
= yz cos xyz + 2txz cos xyz + 3t2 xy cos xyz = t5 cos t6 + 2t5 cos t6 + 3t5 cos t6 = 6t5 cos t6 .
dw
Alternatively, w = sin t6 , and thus = 6t5 cos t6 .
dt
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
= · + · + ·
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
2 sin t cos t 2 sin t cos t 2t 2t 2t
=− + + = = .
u+v+z u+v+z u+v+z u+v+z 1 + t2
dw 2t
Alternatively, w = ln(t2 + 1), and so = 2 .
dt t +1
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= · + · + ·
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂z ∂s
1
and
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= · + · + ·
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t
Alternatively,
w(s, t) = ln (s − t)2 + 4st + (s + t)2 = ln(2s2 + 4st + 2t2 ),
and therefore
∂w 2 ∂w 2
= and = .
∂s s+t ∂t s+t
∂w ∂w ∂p ∂w ∂q ∂w ∂r
= · + · + · = 2q sin r + p sin r + pqt cos r
∂s ∂p ∂s ∂q ∂s ∂r ∂s
= (s − t)t(2s + t) cos st + 2(s − t) sin st + (2s + t) sin st = (2s2 t − st2 − t3 ) cos st + (4s − t) sin st
and
∂w ∂w ∂p ∂w ∂q ∂w ∂r
= · + · + · = q sin r − p sin r + pqs cos r
∂t ∂p ∂t ∂q ∂t ∂r ∂t
= s(s − t)(2s + t) cos st + (s − t) sin st − (2s + t) sin st = (2s3 − s2 t − st2 ) cos st − (s + 2t) sin st.
Alternatively,
and thus
∂w
= (s − t)t(2s + t) cos st + 2(s − t) sin st + (2s + t) sin st
∂s
= (2s2 t − st2 − t3 ) cos st + (4s − t) sin st and
∂w
= s(s − t)(2s + t) cos st + (s − t) sin st − (2s + t) sin st
∂t
= (2s3 − s2 t − st2 ) cos st − (s + 2t) sin st.
√
C13S07.007: If w(u, v, z) = u2 + v 2 + z 2 , u = 3et sin s, v = 3et cos s, and z = 4et , then
2
because u cos s − v sin s = 3et sin s cos s − 3et cos s sin s = 0. But
Alternatively,
w(s, t) = 16e2t + 9e2t cos2 s + 9e2t sin2 s = 5et ,
and therefore
∂w ∂w
=0 and = 5et .
∂s ∂t
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= · + · + · = 2s(y + z) + 2s(x + z) + 2st2 (x + y)
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂z ∂s
= 4s3 t2 + 2s(s2 − t2 + s2 t2 ) + 2s(s2 + t2 + s2 t2 ) = 4s3 (2t2 + 1) and
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= · + · + · = −2t(y + z) + 2t(x + z) + 2s2 t(x + y)
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t
= 2t (s2 + 1)x + (s2 − 1)y = 2t (s2 + 1)(s2 − t2 ) + (s2 − 1)(s2 + t2 ) = 4t(s4 − t2 ).
Alternatively,
and therefore
∂w ∂w
= 4s3 + 8s3 t2 and = 4s4 t − 4t3 .
∂s ∂t
∂r ∂r
= (y + z) exp(yz + xz + xy), = (x + z) exp(yz + xz + xy),
∂x ∂y
∂r
and = (x + y) exp(yz + xz + xy).
∂z
C13S07.010: Because r(x, y, z) = (x + y)(x + z)(y + z) − (x + y)2 − (x + z)2 − (y + z)2 , we find that
∂r
= 2xy + 2xz + 2yz − 4x − 2y − 2z + y 2 + z 2 ,
∂x
∂r
= 2xy + 2xz + 2yz − 2x − 4y − 2z + x2 + z 2 , and
∂y
∂r
= 2xy + 2xz + 2yz − 2x − 2y − 4z + x2 + y 2 .
∂z
3
C13S07.011: Because
xy 2 z 3
r(x, y, z) = sin √ ,
x + 2y + 3z
we find that
∂r (2y + 3z) xy 2 z 3 xy 2 z 3
= cos √ ,
∂x 2x(x + 2y + 3z)3/2 x + 2y + 3z
∂r (x + y + 3z) xy 2 z 3 xy 2 z 3
= cos √ , and
∂y y(x + 2y + 3z)3/2 x + 2y + 3z
∂r 3(x + 2y + 2z) xy 2 z 3 xy 2 z 3
= cos √ .
∂z 2z(x + 2y + 3z)3/2 x + 2y + 3z
C13S07.012: Because r(x, y, z) = exp(xz − xy) + exp(xy − yz) + exp(yz − xz), we find that
∂r
= y exp(xy − yz) − z exp(yz − xz) + (z − y) exp(xz − xy),
∂x
∂r
= z exp(yz − xz) − x exp(xz − xy) + (x − z) exp(xy − yz), and
∂y
∂r
= x exp(xz − xy) − y exp(xy − yz) + (y − x) exp(yz − xz).
∂z
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= · + · ,
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= · + · , and
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= · + · .
∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w
C13S07.014: If p = f (x, y, z), x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v), and z = z(u, v), then
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= · + · + · and
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z ∂u
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= · + · + · .
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂z ∂v
C13S07.015: If p = f (u, v, w), u = u(x, y, z), v = v(x, y, z), and w = w(x, y, z), then
∂p ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= · + · + · ,
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂w ∂x
∂p ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= · + · + · , and
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂w ∂y
∂p ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= · + · + · .
∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂w ∂z
4
C13S07.016: If p = f (v, w), v = v(x, y, z, t), and w = w(x, y, z, t), then
∂p ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w ∂p ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= · + · , = · + · ,
∂x ∂v ∂x ∂w ∂x ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂w ∂y
∂p ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w ∂p ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= · + · , and = · + · .
∂z ∂v ∂z ∂w ∂z ∂t ∂v ∂t ∂w ∂t
∂p ∂w ∂p ∂w ∂p ∂w ∂p ∂w ∂p ∂w
= f (w) · , = f (w) · , = f (w) · , = f (w) · , and = f (w) · .
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
C13S07.018: If p = f (x, y, u, v), x = x(s, t), y = y(s, t), u = u(s, t), and v = v(s, t), then
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v
= · + · + · + · and
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂u ∂s ∂v ∂s
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v
= · + · + · + · .
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂u ∂t ∂v ∂t
2 −1/3
∂z Fx x z 1/3
=− = − 32 −1/3 = − 1/3 and
∂x Fz 3z
x
2 −1/3
∂z Fy y z 1/3
=− = − 32 −1/3 = − 1/3 .
∂y Fz 3z
y
∂z Fx 3x2 − yz ∂z Fy 3y 2 − xz
=− =− 2 and =− =− 2 .
∂x Fz 3z − xy ∂y Fz 3z − xy
∂z Fx 5x4 + y 2 ∂z Fy 2xy + z
=− =− and =− =− .
∂x Fz y ∂y Fz y
C13S07.023: Let
x2 y2 z2
F (x, y, z) = 2
+ 2 + 2 − 1.
a b c
Then
5
∂z Fx c2 x ∂z Fy c2 y
=− =− 2 and =− =− 2 .
∂x Fz a z ∂y Fz b z
∂z Fx yz − cos(x + y + z) ∂z Fy xz − cos(x + y + z)
=− =− and =− =− .
∂x Fz xy − cos(x + y + z) ∂y Fz xy − cos(x + y + z)
∂w
= 2u · ux + 2v · vx + 2x = 2(x − y) + 2(x + y) + 2x = 6x and
∂x
∂w
= 2u · uy + 2v · vy + 2y = −2(x − y) + 2(x + y) + 2y = 6y.
∂y
C13S07.026: If w = uvxy , u = x − y , and v = x + y , then
wx = wu ux + wv vx + wx · 1 + wy · 0
vxy uxy uvy
= + +
4 x − y uvxy 4 x + y uvxy 2 uvxy
uxy x − y + vxy x + y + 2uvy x2 − y 2
= .
4 x2 − y 2 uvxy
Substitution of x − y for u and x + y for v finally yields
∂w xy 2 (2x2 − y 2 )
∂x
=
3/2 .
2 xy x − y
2 2
Similarly,
∂w x2 y(x2 − 2y 2 )
∂y
=
3/2 .
2 xy x2 − y 2
C13S07.027: If w(u, v, x, y) = xy ln(u + v), u = (x2 + y 2 )1/3 , and v = (x3 + y 3 )1/2 , then
wx = wu ux + wv vx + wx · 1 + wy · 0
2x2 y 3x3 y
= + + y ln(u + v).
3(u + v)(x2 + y 2 )2/3 2(u + v)(x3 + y 3 )1/2
Then substitution of the formulas for u and v yields
∂w 2x2 y
=
∂x 2 2
3(x + y )2/3 (x + y 2 )1/3 + (x3 + y 3 )1/2
2
3x3 y
+ + y ln ( x2 + y 2 )1/3 + (x3 + y 3 )1/2 .
2(x3 + y 3 )1/2 2 2 1/3 3 3
(x + y ) + (x + y )1/2
6
Similarly,
∂w 2xy 2
=
∂y 2 2
3(x + y )2/3 (x + y 2 )1/3 + (x3 + y 3 )1/2
2
3xy 3
+ + x ln ( x2 + y 2 )1/3 + (x3 + y 3 )1/2 .
2(x3 + y 3 )1/2 (x2 2 1/3 3 3
+ y ) + (x + y )1/2
then
wx = wu ux + wv vx + wx · 1 + wy · 0
(y 2 − x2 )v 2uxy
= 2 2 2
− 2 − y.
(x + y ) (x + y 2 )2
After substituting the formulas in (1) to eliminate u and v, the result is
Similarly,
C13S07.029: We differentiate the equation x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 implicitly, first with respect to x, then with
respect to y, and obtain
2x + 2z · zx = 0, 2y + 2z · zy = 0.
We substitute the coordinates of the point of tangency P (1, 2, 2) and find that
and it follows that at P , zx = − 12 and zy = −1. Hence an equation of the plane tangent to the given surface
at the point P is
1
z − 2 = − (x − 1) − (y − 2);
2
that is, x + 2y + 2z = 9.
C13S07.030: Given: The surface with equation x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 = 14 and the point P (2, 1, −2) on it.
Implicit differentiation of the equation with respect to x and again with respect to y yields
2x + 4z · zx = 0, 4y + 4z · zy = 0.
7
4 − 8zx = 0 and 4 − 8zy = 0,
1
and thus zx = zy = 2 at the point P . Hence an equation of the plane tangent to the surface at P is
1 1
z+2= (x − 2) + (y − 1);
2 2
that is, x + y − 2z = 7.
C13S07.031: Given: The surface with equation x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 5xyz and the point P (2, 1, 1) on it. We
differentiate the equation implicitly, first with respect to x, then with respect to y, and thereby obtain
and it follows that zx = 1 and zy = −1 at the point P . Hence an equation of the plane tangent to the
surface at P is
z − 1 = (x − 2) − (y − 1);
that is, x − y − z = 0.
C13S07.032: Given: The surface with equation z 3 + (x + y)z 2 + x2 + y 2 = 13 and the point P (2, 2, 1) on
it. We first differentiate the equation with respect to x, then with respect to y, and find that
It follows that zx = − 11
5
= zy at the point P . Thus an equation of the plane tangent to the surface at P is
5 5
z−1=− (x − 2) − (y − 2);
11 11
that is, 5x + 5y + 11z = 31.
C13S07.033: Suppose that the square base of the box measures x (inches) on each side and that its height
is z. Suppose also that time t is measured in hours. Then the volume of the box is V = x2 z, and by the
chain rule
dV ∂V dx ∂V dz
= · + · = 2xz · (−3) + x2 · (−2).
dt ∂x dt ∂z dt
Thus when x = 24 and z = 12, we have
dV
= 2 · 24 · 12 · (−3) + 242 · (−2) = −2880
dt
cubic inches per hour; that is, − 53 cubic feet per hour.
8
C13S07.034: Let x be the length of each edge of the square base of the box and let z be its height. Units:
centimeters and minutes. We are given
dx dz
=2 and = −3,
dt dt
and we are to find the rate of change V (t) of the volume of the box and the rate of change A (t) of its
surface area when x = z = 100 (cm). Note that V = x2 z and A = 2x2 + 4xz. First,
dV ∂V dx ∂V dz
= · + · = 2xz · 2 + x2 · (−3),
dt ∂x dt ∂z dt
and thus, when x = z = 100, we have
dV
= 40000 − 30000 = 10000
dt
cubic centimeters per minute; that is, 0.01 cubic meters per minute. Next,
dA ∂A dx ∂A dz
= · + · = (4x + 4z) · 2 + 4x · (−3),
dt ∂x dt ∂z dt
so that, when x = z = 100,
dA
= 1600 − 1200 = 400
dt
square centimeters per minute; that is, 0.04 square meters per minute.
C13S07.035: Let r denote the radius of the conical sandpile and h its height. Units: feet and minutes.
We are given that, at the time t when when h = 5 and r = 2,
dh dr
= 0.4 and = 0.7.
dt dt
1 2
The volume of the sandpile is given by V = πr h, and thus
3
dV ∂V dr ∂V dh 2 7 1 2 2
= · + · = πrh · + πr · .
dt ∂r dt ∂h dt 3 10 3 5
Thus when h = 5 and r = 2,
dV 20π 7 4π 2 26π
= · + · = ≈ 16.336282
dt 3 10 3 5 5
(cubic feet per minute).
dx dy dz
= 1, = 2, and = −2.
dt dt dt
The volume of the box is given by V = xyz and its total surface area by A = 2(xy + xz + yz). We are to
find the rate of change of each at the time t at which x = 300, y = 200, and z = 100. First, the volume:
dV ∂V dx ∂V dy ∂V dz
= · + · + · = yz + 2xz − 2xy.
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
Thus when x = 300, etc., we have
9
dV
= 200 · 100 + 2 · 300 · 100 − 2 · 300 · 200 = −40000.
dt
So the volume of the box is decreasing at the rate of 40000 cubic centimeters per minute; that is, at the rate
of 0.04 cubic meters per minute. Next,
dA dx dy dz
= 2(y + z) + 2(x + z) + 2(x + y) .
dt dt dt dt
Then when x = 300, etc., we have
dA
= 2 · 300 · 1 + 2 · 400 · 2 − 2 · 500 · 2 = 200
dt
square centimeters per minute. Thus the surface area of the box is increasing at the rate of 0.02 square
meters per minute when x = 300.
C13S07.037: For this gas sample, we have V = 10 when p = 2 and T = 300. Substitution in the equation
1
pV = nRT yields nR = 15 . Moreover, with time t measured in minutes, we have
nRT dV 1 dT T dp
V = , so that = nR · − 2· .
p dt p dt p dt
1
Finally, substitution of the data nR = 15 , V = 10, p = 2, T = 300, dT /dt = 10, and dp/dt = 1 yields the
conclusion that the volume of the gas sample is decreasing at the rate of 13
3 liters per minute at the time in
question.
1 1 1 1
= + +
R R1 R2 R3
and the given data R1 = R2 = 100, R3 = 200, we find that R = 40 Ω. Also from this equation we derive
(with time t in seconds)
Then substitution of the previous data and the additional information that
C13S07.039: Given: x = h(y, z) satisfies the equation F (x, y, z) = 0. Thus F (h(y, z), y, z) ≡ 0, and so
implicit differentiation with respect to y yields
∂F ∂x ∂F ∂y ∂F
· + · + · 0 = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z
∂x Fy
Thus if Fx = 0, we find that =− .
∂y Fx
10
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w
= · + · = cos θ + sin θ.
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂x ∂y
Thus
2
∂w
= (wx )2 cos2 θ + 2wx wy cos θ sin θ + (wy )2 sin2 θ.
∂r
Next,
∂w ∂w ∂w
= (−r sin θ) + (r cos θ).
∂θ ∂x ∂y
Hence
2
1 ∂w 1 2 1
= (wx )2 r2 sin2 θ − 2 wx wy r2 sin θ cos θ + 2 (wy )2 r2 cos2 θ
r2 ∂θ r 2 r r
∂w ∂u ∂u ∂w
= f (u) · = f (u) = f (u) · = .
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂w ∂u ∂w ∂u
= f (u) = f (u) and = f (u) = −f (u),
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
∂2w ∂ ∂u
= f (u) = f (u) = f (u),
∂x2 ∂x ∂x
∂2w ∂ ∂u
2
= − f (u) = −f (u) = f (u), and
∂y ∂y ∂y
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂ ∂u
= = − f (u) = −f (u) = −f (u).
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w
= · + · = − .
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y
Therefore
11
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂w
= −
∂u∂v ∂u ∂x ∂y
∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y
= 2
· + · − · − ·
∂x ∂u ∂y ∂x ∂u ∂x∂y ∂u ∂y 2 ∂u
∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w
= + − − = − .
∂x2 ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2
∂w ∂w ∂w
= ·2+ · 1;
∂u ∂x ∂y
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂w
= 2 +
∂u2 ∂u ∂x ∂y
2
∂ w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y
=2 · + · + · + ·
∂x2 ∂u ∂y ∂x ∂u ∂x∂y ∂u ∂y 2 ∂u
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w
= · + · = − ;
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂w
= −
∂v 2 ∂v ∂x ∂y
Therefore
∂w ∂w ∂w
= cos θ + sin θ;
∂r ∂x ∂y
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂w
2
= cos θ + sin θ
∂r ∂r ∂x ∂y
∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y
= · cos θ + · cos θ + · sin θ + · sin θ
∂x2 ∂r ∂y ∂x ∂r ∂x∂y ∂r ∂y 2 ∂r
∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w
= cos 2
θ + sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ + sin2 θ;
∂x2 ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y 2
1 ∂w 1 ∂w 1 ∂w
· = · cos θ + · sin θ;
r ∂r r ∂x r ∂y
12
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w
= · + · = (−r sin θ) + (r cos θ);
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ ∂x ∂y
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂w
= −r · sin θ + r · cos θ
∂θ2 ∂θ ∂x ∂y
∂w ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y
= −r cos θ + · sin θ + · sin θ
∂x ∂x2 ∂θ ∂y ∂x ∂θ
∂w ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y
+r − sin θ + · cos θ + · cos θ
∂y ∂x∂y ∂θ ∂y 2 ∂θ
∂w ∂2w ∂2w
= −r · cos θ + r2 · sin2
θ − r 2
· cos θ sin θ
∂x ∂x2 ∂y ∂x
∂w ∂2w ∂2w
−r· sin θ − r2 · sin θ cos θ + r2 · cos2 θ.
∂y ∂x∂y ∂y 2
Therefore
C13S07.046: Given
1 r
1
wxx + wyy + wzz = wtt .
a2
This problem is best worked in spherical coordinates because of the spherical symmetry of the Laplacian,
but it is stated in such a way to suggest that it should be worked in Cartesian coordinates. Thus we will
follow that route, but we asked Mathematica 3.0 to help us with the complicated computations. First we
expressed w in Cartesian form:
Then we computed wx :
D[w[x,y,z,t], x] // Together
1 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
− −axf t − − x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 f t −
a(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 a a
D[ w[x,y,z,t], {x,2} ]
13
3x2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 1 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
f t − − f t −
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 a (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 a
3x2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 1 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
+ f t− − f t−
a(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 a a(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) a
x2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
+ 2 2 f t−
a (x + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 a
but suppressed the output by ending the command with the semicolon. But when we asked Mathematica to
Simplify the result, we obtained
1 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
f t−
a2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 a
1
We compared this with wtt by computing the latter:
a2
(1/(a∗a))∗D[ w[x,y,z,t], {t,2} ]
1 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
f t−
a2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 a
∂w ∂r x
= f (r) = 2 f (r),
∂x ∂x (x + y + z 2 )1/2
2
and thus
∂2w ∂ x
= f (r)
∂x2 ∂x (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
x ∂ ∂ x
= 2 2 2 1/2
· f (r) + f (r) ·
(x + y + z ) ∂x ∂x (x + y + z 2 )1/2
2 2
14
Hence
f (r) 3f (r) d2 w 2 dw
=− + + f (r) = + · .
r r dr2 r dr
∂w ∂u ∂v
= f (u) · + g (v) · = −af (u) + ag (v).
∂t ∂t ∂t
Hence
∂2w ∂
2
= − af (u) + ag (v) = a2 f (u) + a2 g (v) = a2 f (u) + g (v) .
∂t ∂t
Also
∂w
= f (u) + g (v)
∂x
because ux = vx = 1. For the same reason,
∂2w
= f (u) + g (v).
∂x2
Therefore
∂2w 2
2∂ w
= a .
∂t2 ∂x2
∂w ∂w ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂w ∂w
= · + · = + and
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v
∂w ∂w ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂w ∂w
= · + · = − .
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂u ∂v
Therefore
2 2
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
· = − .
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w u ∂w u
= · + · = e cos v + e sin v and
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂x ∂y
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w u ∂w u
= · + · =− e sin v + e cos v.
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y
Thus
15
(wu )2 + (wv )2 = (wx )2 e2u cos2 v + 2wx wy e2u sin v cos v + (wy )2 e2u sin2 v
+ (wx )2 e2u sin2 v − 2wx wy e2u sin v cos v + (wy )2 e2u cos2 v
Therefore
2 2 2 2
∂w ∂w −2u ∂w ∂w
+ =e + .
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v
C13S07.051: We are given w = f (x, y) and the existence of a constant α such that
Then
wu = wx xu + wy yu = wx cos α + wy sin α;
= (wx )2 + (wy )2 .
x2 − y 2
u= ,
x2 + y 2
then
4xy 2 4x2 y
xwx + ywy = xf (u)ux + yf (u)uy = xf (u) · − yf
(u) · = 0.
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2
C13S07.053: Using the Suggestion and the notation in the equations in (17), we have
∂x ∂y ∂z Fy Fz Fx
· · = − · − · − = −1.
∂y z ∂z x ∂x y Fx Fy Fz
16
Thus
y
z x
∂x ∂y ∂z
= − − − = −1.
∂y z ∂z x ∂x y x y z
C13S07.055: If the equation pV − nRT = 0 implicitly defines the functions T = f (p, V ), V = g(p, T ),
and p = h(V, T ), then
∂h p ∂h ∂p
p+V = 0, so − = = ,
∂V V ∂V ∂V T
∂g nR ∂g ∂V
p − nR = 0, so = = , and
∂T p ∂T ∂T p
∂f V ∂f ∂T
V − nR = 0, so = = .
∂p nR ∂p ∂p V
Therefore
∂p ∂V ∂T p
nR V
= − = −1.
∂V T ∂T p ∂p V V p nR
C13S07.056: From the equation F (p, V, T ) = 0 and results in Section 13.7, we find that
∂V Fp ∂V FT ∂p FV ∂p FT
=− , =− , =− , and =− .
∂p FV ∂T FV ∂V Fp ∂T Fp
α VT FT /FV FT ∂p
=− =− =− = .
β Vp Fp /FV Fp ∂T
Hence an increase of 5◦ in the Celsius temperature multiplies the initial pressure (1 atm) by 3000
13 ≈ 230.77,
so the bulb will burst.
17
sin φ cos θ ρ cos φ cos θ −ρ sin φ sin θ
T (ρ, φ, θ) = sin φ sin θ ρ cos φ sin θ ρ sin φ cos θ .
cos φ −ρ sin φ 0
Therefore
|T (ρ, φ, θ)| = ρ2 sin3 φ sin2 θ + ρ2 sin φ cos2 φ cos2 θ + ρ2 cos2 φ sin φ sin2 θ + ρ2 sin3 φ cos2 θ
C13S07.060: According to the chain rule in Theorem 2, the partial derivatives of the composition
G(u, v, w) = F (T (u, v, w)) = F x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)
Gu = Fx xu + Fy yu + Fz zu ,
Gv = Fx xv + Fy yv + Fz zv ,
Gw = Fx xw + Fy yw + Fz zw .
18
sin φ cos θ ρ cos φ cos θ −ρ sin φ sin θ
∂w
∂w ∂w
Fx Fy Fz sin φ sin θ ρ cos φ sin θ ρ sin φ cos θ = ,
∂ρ ∂φ ∂θ
cos φ −ρ sin φ 0
∂w
= Fx sin φ cos θ + Fy sin φ sin θ + Fz cos φ,
∂ρ
second component
∂w
= Fx ρ cos φ cos θ + Fy ρ cos φ sin θ − Fz ρ sin φ,
∂φ
∂w
= −Fx ρ sin φ sin θ + Fy ρ sin φ cos θ.
∂θ
19