Section 13.

7
C13S07.001: If w = exp(−x2 − y 2 ), x = t, and y = t1/2 , then

dw ∂w dx ∂w dy
= · + ·
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

= −2x exp(−x2 − y 2 ) − yt−1/2 exp(−x2 − y 2 ) = −2t exp(−t2 − t) − exp(−t2 − t).

Alternatively, w = exp(−t2 − t), and hence

dw
= −(2t + 1) exp(−t2 − t).
dt

1
C13S07.002: If w = , u = cos 2t, and v = sin 2t, then
u2 + v 2

dw ∂w dx ∂w dy
= · + ·
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
4u sin 2t 4v cos 2t 4 sin 2t cos 2t − 4 sin 2t cos 2t
= − 2 = = 0.
(u2 + v 2 )2 (u + v 2 )2 (cos2 2t + sin2 2t)2
1 dw
Alternatively, w = ≡ 1, and hence ≡ 0.
cos2 2t + sin2 2t dt

C13S07.003: If w(x, y, z) = sin xyz, x = t, y = t2 , and z = t3 , then

dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
= · + · + ·
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
= yz cos xyz + 2txz cos xyz + 3t2 xy cos xyz = t5 cos t6 + 2t5 cos t6 + 3t5 cos t6 = 6t5 cos t6 .

dw
Alternatively, w = sin t6 , and thus = 6t5 cos t6 .
dt

C13S07.004: If w(u, v, z) = ln(u + v + z), u = cos2 t, v = sin2 t, and z = t2 , then

dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz
= · + · + ·
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
2 sin t cos t 2 sin t cos t 2t 2t 2t
=− + + = = .
u+v+z u+v+z u+v+z u+v+z 1 + t2
dw 2t
Alternatively, w = ln(t2 + 1), and so = 2 .
dt t +1

C13S07.005: If w(x, y, z) = ln(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ), x = s − t, y = s + t, and z = 2(st)1/2 , then

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= · + · + ·
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂z ∂s

2x 2y 2tz 2(st)1/2 x + 2(st)1/2 y + 2tz

= + + =
x2 + y 2 + z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 (st)1/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) (st)1/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

2(s − t)(st)1/2 + 4t(st)1/2 + 2(s + t)(st)1/2 2(2s + 2t) 2

= = 2 =
(st)1/2 [(s − t)2 + 4st + (s + t)2 ] 2s + 4st + 2t2 s+t

1
and

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= · + · + ·
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t

2x 2y 2sz −2(st)1/2 x + 2(st)1/2 y + 2sz

=− + 2 + =
x2 2
+y +z 2 2
x +y +z 2 1/2 2 2 2
(st) (x + y + z ) (st)1/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

4s(st)1/2 − 2(s − t)(st)1/2 + 2(s + t)(st)1/2 2(2s + 2t) 2

= = 2 = .
(st)1/2 [(s − t)2 + 4st + (s + t)2 ] 2s + 4st + 2t2 s+t

Alternatively,
 
w(s, t) = ln (s − t)2 + 4st + (s + t)2 = ln(2s2 + 4st + 2t2 ),

and therefore

∂w 2 ∂w 2
= and = .
∂s s+t ∂t s+t

C13S07.006: If w(p, q, r) = pq sin r, p = 2s + t, q = s − t, and r = st, then

∂w ∂w ∂p ∂w ∂q ∂w ∂r
= · + · + · = 2q sin r + p sin r + pqt cos r
∂s ∂p ∂s ∂q ∂s ∂r ∂s

= (s − t)t(2s + t) cos st + 2(s − t) sin st + (2s + t) sin st = (2s2 t − st2 − t3 ) cos st + (4s − t) sin st

and

∂w ∂w ∂p ∂w ∂q ∂w ∂r
= · + · + · = q sin r − p sin r + pqs cos r
∂t ∂p ∂t ∂q ∂t ∂r ∂t

= s(s − t)(2s + t) cos st + (s − t) sin st − (2s + t) sin st = (2s3 − s2 t − st2 ) cos st − (s + 2t) sin st.

Alternatively,

w(s, t) = (s − t)(2s − t) sin st,

and thus

∂w
= (s − t)t(2s + t) cos st + 2(s − t) sin st + (2s + t) sin st
∂s
= (2s2 t − st2 − t3 ) cos st + (4s − t) sin st and

∂w
= s(s − t)(2s + t) cos st + (s − t) sin st − (2s + t) sin st
∂t
= (2s3 − s2 t − st2 ) cos st − (s + 2t) sin st.

√
C13S07.007: If w(u, v, z) = u2 + v 2 + z 2 , u = 3et sin s, v = 3et cos s, and z = 4et , then

∂w 3uet cos s 3vet sin s 3et (u cos s − v sin s)

=√ −√ +0= √ =0
∂s u2 + v 2 + z 2 u2 + v 2 + z 2 u2 + v 2 + z 2

2
because u cos s − v sin s = 3et sin s cos s − 3et cos s sin s = 0. But

∂w 3uet sin s 3vet cos s 4zet

=√ +√ +√
∂t u2 + v 2 + z 2 u2 + v 2 + z 2 u2 + v 2 + z 2
et (3u sin s + 3v cos s + 4z) et (16et + 9et cos2 s + 9et sin2 s)
= √ = = 5et .
u2 + v 2 + z 2 2t 2t 2 2t
16e + 9e cos s + 9e sin s 2

Alternatively,

w(s, t) = 16e2t + 9e2t cos2 s + 9e2t sin2 s = 5et ,

and therefore

∂w ∂w
=0 and = 5et .
∂s ∂t

C13S07.008: If w(x, y, z) = yz + zx + xy, x = s2 − t2 , y = s2 + t2 , and z = s2 t2 , then

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= · + · + · = 2s(y + z) + 2s(x + z) + 2st2 (x + y)
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂z ∂s
= 4s3 t2 + 2s(s2 − t2 + s2 t2 ) + 2s(s2 + t2 + s2 t2 ) = 4s3 (2t2 + 1) and

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= · + · + · = −2t(y + z) + 2t(x + z) + 2s2 t(x + y)
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂z ∂t
   
= 2t (s2 + 1)x + (s2 − 1)y = 2t (s2 + 1)(s2 − t2 ) + (s2 − 1)(s2 + t2 ) = 4t(s4 − t2 ).

Alternatively,

w(s, t) = s2 t2 (s2 − t2 ) + s2 t2 (s2 + t2 ) + (s2 − t2 )(s2 + t2 ) = s4 + 2s4 t2 − t4 ,

and therefore

∂w ∂w
= 4s3 + 8s3 t2 and = 4s4 t − 4t3 .
∂s ∂t

C13S07.009: Because r(x, y, z) = exp(yz + xz + xy), we find that

∂r ∂r
= (y + z) exp(yz + xz + xy), = (x + z) exp(yz + xz + xy),
∂x ∂y
∂r
and = (x + y) exp(yz + xz + xy).
∂z

C13S07.010: Because r(x, y, z) = (x + y)(x + z)(y + z) − (x + y)2 − (x + z)2 − (y + z)2 , we find that

∂r
= 2xy + 2xz + 2yz − 4x − 2y − 2z + y 2 + z 2 ,
∂x
∂r
= 2xy + 2xz + 2yz − 2x − 4y − 2z + x2 + z 2 , and
∂y
∂r
= 2xy + 2xz + 2yz − 2x − 2y − 4z + x2 + y 2 .
∂z
3
C13S07.011: Because
  
xy 2 z 3
r(x, y, z) = sin √ ,
x + 2y + 3z
we find that
   
∂r (2y + 3z) xy 2 z 3 xy 2 z 3
= cos √ ,
∂x 2x(x + 2y + 3z)3/2 x + 2y + 3z
   
∂r (x + y + 3z) xy 2 z 3 xy 2 z 3
= cos √ , and
∂y y(x + 2y + 3z)3/2 x + 2y + 3z
   
∂r 3(x + 2y + 2z) xy 2 z 3 xy 2 z 3
= cos √ .
∂z 2z(x + 2y + 3z)3/2 x + 2y + 3z

C13S07.012: Because r(x, y, z) = exp(xz − xy) + exp(xy − yz) + exp(yz − xz), we find that

∂r
= y exp(xy − yz) − z exp(yz − xz) + (z − y) exp(xz − xy),
∂x
∂r
= z exp(yz − xz) − x exp(xz − xy) + (x − z) exp(xy − yz), and
∂y
∂r
= x exp(xz − xy) − y exp(xy − yz) + (y − x) exp(yz − xz).
∂z

C13S07.013: If p = f (x, y), x = x(u, v, w), and y = y(u, v, w), then

∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= · + · ,
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= · + · , and
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= · + · .
∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w

C13S07.014: If p = f (x, y, z), x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v), and z = z(u, v), then

∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= · + · + · and
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂z ∂u
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂z
= · + · + · .
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂z ∂v

C13S07.015: If p = f (u, v, w), u = u(x, y, z), v = v(x, y, z), and w = w(x, y, z), then

∂p ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= · + · + · ,
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂w ∂x
∂p ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= · + · + · , and
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂w ∂y
∂p ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= · + · + · .
∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂w ∂z

4
C13S07.016: If p = f (v, w), v = v(x, y, z, t), and w = w(x, y, z, t), then

∂p ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w ∂p ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= · + · , = · + · ,
∂x ∂v ∂x ∂w ∂x ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂w ∂y
∂p ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w ∂p ∂f ∂v ∂f ∂w
= · + · , and = · + · .
∂z ∂v ∂z ∂w ∂z ∂t ∂v ∂t ∂w ∂t

C13S07.017: If p = f (w) and w = w(x, y, z, u, v), then

∂p ∂w ∂p ∂w ∂p ∂w ∂p ∂w ∂p ∂w
= f  (w) · , = f  (w) · , = f  (w) · , = f  (w) · , and = f  (w) · .
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v

C13S07.018: If p = f (x, y, u, v), x = x(s, t), y = y(s, t), u = u(s, t), and v = v(s, t), then

∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v
= · + · + · + · and
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂u ∂s ∂v ∂s
∂p ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y ∂f ∂u ∂f ∂v
= · + · + · + · .
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t ∂u ∂t ∂v ∂t

C13S07.019: Let F (x, y, z) = x2/3 + y 2/3 + z 2/3 − 1. Then

2 −1/3
∂z Fx x z 1/3
=− = − 32 −1/3 = − 1/3 and
∂x Fz 3z
x
2 −1/3
∂z Fy y z 1/3
=− = − 32 −1/3 = − 1/3 .
∂y Fz 3z
y

C13S07.020: Let F (x, y, z) = x3 + y 3 + z 3 − xyz. Then

∂z Fx 3x2 − yz ∂z Fy 3y 2 − xz
=− =− 2 and =− =− 2 .
∂x Fz 3z − xy ∂y Fz 3z − xy

C13S07.021: Let F (x, y, z) = xexy + yezx + zexy − 3. Then

∂z Fx exy + xyexy + yzezx + yzexy ∂z Fy x2 exy + ezx + xzexy

=− =− and =− =− .
∂x Fz xyezx + exy ∂y Fz xyezx + exy

C13S07.022: Let F (x, y, z) = x5 + xy 2 + yz − 5. Then

∂z Fx 5x4 + y 2 ∂z Fy 2xy + z
=− =− and =− =− .
∂x Fz y ∂y Fz y

C13S07.023: Let

x2 y2 z2
F (x, y, z) = 2
+ 2 + 2 − 1.
a b c
Then

5
 ∂z Fx c2 x ∂z Fy c2 y
=− =− 2 and =− =− 2 .
∂x Fz a z ∂y Fz b z

C13S07.024: Let F (x, y, z) = xyz − sin(x + y + z). Then

∂z Fx yz − cos(x + y + z) ∂z Fy xz − cos(x + y + z)
=− =− and =− =− .
∂x Fz xy − cos(x + y + z) ∂y Fz xy − cos(x + y + z)

C13S07.025: If w = u2 + v 2 + x2 + y 2 , u = x − y, and v = x + y, then

∂w
= 2u · ux + 2v · vx + 2x = 2(x − y) + 2(x + y) + 2x = 6x and
∂x
∂w
= 2u · uy + 2v · vy + 2y = −2(x − y) + 2(x + y) + 2y = 6y.
∂y
  
C13S07.026: If w = uvxy , u = x − y , and v = x + y , then

wx = wu ux + wv vx + wx · 1 + wy · 0
vxy uxy uvy
=   +   + 
4 x − y uvxy 4 x + y uvxy 2 uvxy
  
uxy x − y + vxy x + y + 2uvy x2 − y 2
=   .
4 x2 − y 2 uvxy
 
Substitution of x − y for u and x + y for v finally yields

∂w xy 2 (2x2 − y 2 )
∂x
= 
3/2 .
2 xy x − y
2 2

Similarly,

∂w x2 y(x2 − 2y 2 )
∂y
= 
3/2 .
2 xy x2 − y 2

C13S07.027: If w(u, v, x, y) = xy ln(u + v), u = (x2 + y 2 )1/3 , and v = (x3 + y 3 )1/2 , then

wx = wu ux + wv vx + wx · 1 + wy · 0

2x2 y 3x3 y
= + + y ln(u + v).
3(u + v)(x2 + y 2 )2/3 2(u + v)(x3 + y 3 )1/2
Then substitution of the formulas for u and v yields

∂w 2x2 y
=  
∂x 2 2
3(x + y )2/3 (x + y 2 )1/3 + (x3 + y 3 )1/2
2

3x3 y  
+   + y ln ( x2 + y 2 )1/3 + (x3 + y 3 )1/2 .
2(x3 + y 3 )1/2 2 2 1/3 3 3
(x + y ) + (x + y )1/2

6
Similarly,

∂w 2xy 2
=  
∂y 2 2
3(x + y )2/3 (x + y 2 )1/3 + (x3 + y 3 )1/2
2

3xy 3  
+   + x ln ( x2 + y 2 )1/3 + (x3 + y 3 )1/2 .
2(x3 + y 3 )1/2 (x2 2 1/3 3 3
+ y ) + (x + y )1/2

C13S07.028: If w(u, v, x, y) = uv − xy,

x y
u= , and v= , (1)
x2 + y2 x2 + y2

then

wx = wu ux + wv vx + wx · 1 + wy · 0

(y 2 − x2 )v 2uxy
= 2 2 2
− 2 − y.
(x + y ) (x + y 2 )2
After substituting the formulas in (1) to eliminate u and v, the result is

∂w y 3 − 3x2 y − x6 y − 3x4 y 3 − 3x2 y 5 − y 7

= .
∂x (x2 + y 2 )3

Similarly,

∂w x3 − 3xy 2 − xy 6 − 3x3 y 4 − 3x5 y 2 − x7

= .
∂y (x2 + y 2 )3

C13S07.029: We differentiate the equation x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 implicitly, first with respect to x, then with
respect to y, and obtain

2x + 2z · zx = 0, 2y + 2z · zy = 0.

We substitute the coordinates of the point of tangency P (1, 2, 2) and find that

2 + 4zx = 0 and 4 + 4zy = 0,

and it follows that at P , zx = − 12 and zy = −1. Hence an equation of the plane tangent to the given surface
at the point P is

1
z − 2 = − (x − 1) − (y − 2);
2
that is, x + 2y + 2z = 9.

C13S07.030: Given: The surface with equation x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 = 14 and the point P (2, 1, −2) on it.
Implicit differentiation of the equation with respect to x and again with respect to y yields

2x + 4z · zx = 0, 4y + 4z · zy = 0.

Substitution of the coordinates of P then yields

7
 4 − 8zx = 0 and 4 − 8zy = 0,
1
and thus zx = zy = 2 at the point P . Hence an equation of the plane tangent to the surface at P is

1 1
z+2= (x − 2) + (y − 1);
2 2
that is, x + y − 2z = 7.

C13S07.031: Given: The surface with equation x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 5xyz and the point P (2, 1, 1) on it. We
differentiate the equation implicitly, first with respect to x, then with respect to y, and thereby obtain

3x2 + 3z 2 · zx = 5yz + 5xy · zx , 3y 2 + 3z 2 · zy = 5xz + 5xy · zy .

Then we substitute the coordinates of P and find that

12 + 3zx = 5 + 10zx and 3 + 3zy = 10 + 10zy ,

and it follows that zx = 1 and zy = −1 at the point P . Hence an equation of the plane tangent to the
surface at P is

z − 1 = (x − 2) − (y − 1);

that is, x − y − z = 0.

C13S07.032: Given: The surface with equation z 3 + (x + y)z 2 + x2 + y 2 = 13 and the point P (2, 2, 1) on
it. We first differentiate the equation with respect to x, then with respect to y, and find that

3z 2 · zx + 2(x + y)z · zx + z 2 + 2x = 0 and 3z 2 · zy + 2(x + y)z · zy + z 2 + 2y = 0.

Then substitution of the coordinates of P yields

3zx + 8zx + 1 + 4 = 0, 3zy + 8zy + 1 + 4 = 0.

It follows that zx = − 11
5
= zy at the point P . Thus an equation of the plane tangent to the surface at P is

5 5
z−1=− (x − 2) − (y − 2);
11 11
that is, 5x + 5y + 11z = 31.

C13S07.033: Suppose that the square base of the box measures x (inches) on each side and that its height
is z. Suppose also that time t is measured in hours. Then the volume of the box is V = x2 z, and by the
chain rule

dV ∂V dx ∂V dz
= · + · = 2xz · (−3) + x2 · (−2).
dt ∂x dt ∂z dt
Thus when x = 24 and z = 12, we have

dV
= 2 · 24 · 12 · (−3) + 242 · (−2) = −2880
dt
cubic inches per hour; that is, − 53 cubic feet per hour.

8
C13S07.034: Let x be the length of each edge of the square base of the box and let z be its height. Units:
centimeters and minutes. We are given

dx dz
=2 and = −3,
dt dt
and we are to find the rate of change V  (t) of the volume of the box and the rate of change A (t) of its
surface area when x = z = 100 (cm). Note that V = x2 z and A = 2x2 + 4xz. First,

dV ∂V dx ∂V dz
= · + · = 2xz · 2 + x2 · (−3),
dt ∂x dt ∂z dt
and thus, when x = z = 100, we have

dV
= 40000 − 30000 = 10000
dt
cubic centimeters per minute; that is, 0.01 cubic meters per minute. Next,

dA ∂A dx ∂A dz
= · + · = (4x + 4z) · 2 + 4x · (−3),
dt ∂x dt ∂z dt
so that, when x = z = 100,

dA
= 1600 − 1200 = 400
dt
square centimeters per minute; that is, 0.04 square meters per minute.

C13S07.035: Let r denote the radius of the conical sandpile and h its height. Units: feet and minutes.
We are given that, at the time t when when h = 5 and r = 2,

dh dr
= 0.4 and = 0.7.
dt dt
1 2
The volume of the sandpile is given by V = πr h, and thus
3
   
dV ∂V dr ∂V dh 2 7 1 2 2
= · + · = πrh · + πr · .
dt ∂r dt ∂h dt 3 10 3 5
Thus when h = 5 and r = 2,

dV 20π 7 4π 2 26π
= · + · = ≈ 16.336282
dt 3 10 3 5 5
(cubic feet per minute).

C13S07.036: Units: centimeters and minutes. We are given

dx dy dz
= 1, = 2, and = −2.
dt dt dt
The volume of the box is given by V = xyz and its total surface area by A = 2(xy + xz + yz). We are to
find the rate of change of each at the time t at which x = 300, y = 200, and z = 100. First, the volume:

dV ∂V dx ∂V dy ∂V dz
= · + · + · = yz + 2xz − 2xy.
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt
Thus when x = 300, etc., we have

9
 dV
= 200 · 100 + 2 · 300 · 100 − 2 · 300 · 200 = −40000.
dt
So the volume of the box is decreasing at the rate of 40000 cubic centimeters per minute; that is, at the rate
of 0.04 cubic meters per minute. Next,

dA dx dy dz
= 2(y + z) + 2(x + z) + 2(x + y) .
dt dt dt dt
Then when x = 300, etc., we have

dA
= 2 · 300 · 1 + 2 · 400 · 2 − 2 · 500 · 2 = 200
dt
square centimeters per minute. Thus the surface area of the box is increasing at the rate of 0.02 square
meters per minute when x = 300.

C13S07.037: For this gas sample, we have V = 10 when p = 2 and T = 300. Substitution in the equation
1
pV = nRT yields nR = 15 . Moreover, with time t measured in minutes, we have
 
nRT dV 1 dT T dp
V = , so that = nR · − 2· .
p dt p dt p dt
1
Finally, substitution of the data nR = 15 , V = 10, p = 2, T = 300, dT /dt = 10, and dp/dt = 1 yields the
conclusion that the volume of the gas sample is decreasing at the rate of 13
3 liters per minute at the time in
question.

C13S07.038: From the equation

1 1 1 1
= + +
R R1 R2 R3

and the given data R1 = R2 = 100, R3 = 200, we find that R = 40 Ω. Also from this equation we derive
(with time t in seconds)

1 1 dR1 1 dR2 1 dR3

= 2· + 2· + 2· .
R2 R1 dt R2 dt R3 dt

Then substitution of the previous data and the additional information that

dR1 dR2 dR2

= =1 and = −2
dt dt dt
yields the result that R is increasing at the rate of 0.24 Ω per second at the time in question.

C13S07.039: Given: x = h(y, z) satisfies the equation F (x, y, z) = 0. Thus F (h(y, z), y, z) ≡ 0, and so
implicit differentiation with respect to y yields

∂F ∂x ∂F ∂y ∂F
· + · + · 0 = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂y ∂z

∂x Fy
Thus if Fx = 0, we find that =− .
∂y Fx

C13S07.040: Suppose that w = f (x, y), x = r cos θ, and y = r sin θ. Then

10
 ∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w
= · + · = cos θ + sin θ.
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂x ∂y

Thus
 2
∂w
= (wx )2 cos2 θ + 2wx wy cos θ sin θ + (wy )2 sin2 θ.
∂r

Next,

∂w ∂w ∂w
= (−r sin θ) + (r cos θ).
∂θ ∂x ∂y
Hence

 2
1 ∂w 1 2 1
= (wx )2 r2 sin2 θ − 2 wx wy r2 sin θ cos θ + 2 (wy )2 r2 cos2 θ
r2 ∂θ r 2 r r

= (wx )2 sin2 θ − 2wx wy sin θ cos θ + (wy )2 cos2 θ.

It follows immediately that

 2  2  2  2
∂w 1 ∂w ∂w ∂w
+ = + .
∂r r2 ∂θ ∂x ∂y

C13S07.041: If w = f (u) and u = x + y, then

∂w ∂u ∂u ∂w
= f  (u) · = f  (u) = f  (u) · = .
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y

C13S07.042: If w = f (u) and u = x − y, then

∂w ∂u ∂w ∂u
= f  (u) = f  (u) and = f  (u) = −f  (u),
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y

which establishes the first result we were to prove. Moreover,

∂2w ∂  ∂u
= f (u) = f  (u) = f  (u),
∂x2 ∂x ∂x
∂2w ∂   ∂u
2
= − f  (u) = −f  (u) = f  (u), and
∂y ∂y ∂y
 
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂   ∂u
= = − f  (u) = −f  (u) = −f  (u).
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x

And this establishes the second equation.

C13S07.043: If w = f (x, y), x = u + v, and y = u − v, then

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w
= · + · = − .
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y

Therefore

11
  
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂w
= −
∂u∂v ∂u ∂x ∂y

∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y
= 2
· + · − · − ·
∂x ∂u ∂y ∂x ∂u ∂x∂y ∂u ∂y 2 ∂u
∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w
= + − − = − .
∂x2 ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y 2 ∂x2 ∂y 2

C13S07.044: If w = f (x, y), x = 2u + v, and y = u − v, then

∂w ∂w ∂w
= ·2+ · 1;
∂u ∂x ∂y
 
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂w
= 2 +
∂u2 ∂u ∂x ∂y
 2 
∂ w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y
=2 · + · + · + ·
∂x2 ∂u ∂y ∂x ∂u ∂x∂y ∂u ∂y 2 ∂u

∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w

=4 2
+2 +2 + 2
=4 2 +4 + .
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y 2

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w
= · + · = − ;
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y
 
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂w
= −
∂v 2 ∂v ∂x ∂y

∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w

= · + · − · − · = − 2 + .
∂x2 ∂v ∂y ∂x ∂v ∂x∂y ∂v ∂y 2 ∂v ∂x2 ∂y ∂x ∂y 2

Therefore

∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w

+ = 5 + 2 + 2 .
∂u2 ∂v 2 ∂x2 ∂y ∂x ∂y 2

C13S07.045: If w = f (x, y), x = r cos θ, and y = r sin θ, then

∂w ∂w ∂w
= cos θ + sin θ;
∂r ∂x ∂y
 
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂w
2
= cos θ + sin θ
∂r ∂r ∂x ∂y

∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y
= · cos θ + · cos θ + · sin θ + · sin θ
∂x2 ∂r ∂y ∂x ∂r ∂x∂y ∂r ∂y 2 ∂r
∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w
= cos 2
θ + sin θ cos θ + sin θ cos θ + sin2 θ;
∂x2 ∂y ∂x ∂x∂y ∂y 2

1 ∂w 1 ∂w 1 ∂w
· = · cos θ + · sin θ;
r ∂r r ∂x r ∂y

12
 ∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂w
= · + · = (−r sin θ) + (r cos θ);
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ ∂x ∂y
 
∂2w ∂ ∂w ∂w
= −r · sin θ + r · cos θ
∂θ2 ∂θ ∂x ∂y
 
∂w ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y
= −r cos θ + · sin θ + · sin θ
∂x ∂x2 ∂θ ∂y ∂x ∂θ
 
∂w ∂ 2 w ∂x ∂ 2 w ∂y
+r − sin θ + · cos θ + · cos θ
∂y ∂x∂y ∂θ ∂y 2 ∂θ

∂w ∂2w ∂2w
= −r · cos θ + r2 · sin2
θ − r 2
· cos θ sin θ
∂x ∂x2 ∂y ∂x
∂w ∂2w ∂2w
−r· sin θ − r2 · sin θ cos θ + r2 · cos2 θ.
∂y ∂x∂y ∂y 2

Therefore

∂ 2 w 1 ∂w 1 ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w

2
+ · + 2· 2
= 2
cos2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + sin2 θ
∂r r ∂r r ∂θ ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y 2
1 ∂w 1 ∂w 1 ∂w 1 ∂w
+ · cos θ + · sin θ − · cos θ − · sin θ
r ∂x r ∂y r ∂x r ∂y
∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w
+ sin2
θ + cos 2
θ − 2 sin θ cos θ = + .
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂y ∂x ∂x2 ∂y 2

C13S07.046: Given

1 r

w= f t− where r = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 ,

r a
show that

1
wxx + wyy + wzz = wtt .
a2
This problem is best worked in spherical coordinates because of the spherical symmetry of the Laplacian,
but it is stated in such a way to suggest that it should be worked in Cartesian coordinates. Thus we will
follow that route, but we asked Mathematica 3.0 to help us with the complicated computations. First we
expressed w in Cartesian form:

w[x , y , z , t ] := (1/Sqrt[x∗x + y∗y + z∗z])∗f[t - (1/a)∗Sqrt[x∗x + y∗y + z∗z]]

Then we computed wx :

D[w[x,y,z,t], x] // Together
   
1 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
− −axf t − − x(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 f  t −
a(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 a a

Next we computed wxx :

D[ w[x,y,z,t], {x,2} ]

13
    
3x2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 1 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
f t − − f t −
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 a (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 a
   
3x2  (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 1  (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
+ f t− − f t−
a(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 a a(x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) a
 
x2  (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
+ 2 2 f t−
a (x + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 a

We then asked for wxx + wyy + wzz with the command

D[ w[x,y,z,t], {x,2} ] + D[ w[x,y,z,t], {y,2} ] + D[ w[x,y,z,t], {z,2} ];

but suppressed the output by ending the command with the semicolon. But when we asked Mathematica to
Simplify the result, we obtained
 
1  (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
f t−
a2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 a

1
We compared this with wtt by computing the latter:
a2
(1/(a∗a))∗D[ w[x,y,z,t], {t,2} ]
 
1  (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
f t−
a2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 a

and this is enough to show that

∂2w ∂2w ∂2w 1 ∂2w

2
+ 2
+ 2
= 2· 2.
∂x ∂y ∂z a ∂t

C13S07.047: Suppose that w = f (r) where r = (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 . Then

∂w ∂r x
= f  (r) = 2 f  (r),
∂x ∂x (x + y + z 2 )1/2
2

and thus
 
∂2w ∂ x 
= f (r)
∂x2 ∂x (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
 
x ∂    ∂ x
= 2 2 2 1/2
· f (r) + f  (r) ·
(x + y + z ) ∂x ∂x (x + y + z 2 )1/2
2 2

x2 f  (r) f  (r) x2 f  (r)

=− + +
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 x2 + y 2 + z 2

x2 f  (r) f  (r) x2 f  (r)

=− + + .
r3 r r2
Similarly,

∂2w y 2 f  (r) f  (r) y 2 f  (r) ∂2w z 2 f  (r) f  (r) z 2 f  (r)

2
=− + + and =− + + .
∂y r3 r r2 ∂z 2 r3 r r2

14
Hence

∂2w ∂2w ∂2w r2 f  (r) 3f  (r) r2 f  (r)

2
+ 2
+ 2
=− + +
∂x ∂y ∂z r3 r r2

f  (r) 3f  (r) d2 w 2 dw
=− + + f  (r) = + · .
r r dr2 r dr

C13S07.048: If w = f (u) + g(v), u = x − at, and v = x + at, then

∂w ∂u ∂v
= f  (u) · + g  (v) · = −af  (u) + ag  (v).
∂t ∂t ∂t
Hence

∂2w ∂   
2
= − af  (u) + ag  (v) = a2 f  (u) + a2 g  (v) = a2 f  (u) + g  (v) .
∂t ∂t
Also

∂w
= f  (u) + g  (v)
∂x
because ux = vx = 1. For the same reason,

∂2w
= f  (u) + g  (v).
∂x2
Therefore

∂2w 2
2∂ w
= a .
∂t2 ∂x2

C13S07.049: If w = f (u, v), u = x + y, and v = x − y, then

∂w ∂w ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂w ∂w
= · + · = + and
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂u ∂v

∂w ∂w ∂u ∂w ∂v ∂w ∂w
= · + · = − .
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y ∂u ∂v
Therefore
 2  2
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
· = − .
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v

C13S07.050: Suppose that w = f (x, y), x = eu cos v, and y = eu sin v. Then

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w u ∂w u
= · + · = e cos v + e sin v and
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂x ∂y

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w u ∂w u
= · + · =− e sin v + e cos v.
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v ∂x ∂y

Thus

15
 (wu )2 + (wv )2 = (wx )2 e2u cos2 v + 2wx wy e2u sin v cos v + (wy )2 e2u sin2 v

+ (wx )2 e2u sin2 v − 2wx wy e2u sin v cos v + (wy )2 e2u cos2 v

= e2u (wx )2 + e2u (wy )2 .

Therefore
 2  2  2  2 
∂w ∂w −2u ∂w ∂w
+ =e + .
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v

C13S07.051: We are given w = f (x, y) and the existence of a constant α such that

x = u cos α − v sin α and y = u sin α + v cos α.

Then

wu = wx xu + wy yu = wx cos α + wy sin α;

wv = wx xv + wy yv = −wx sin α + wy cos α;

(wu )2 + (wv )2 = (wx )2 cos2 α + 2wx wy sin α cos α + (wy )2 sin2 α

+ (wx )2 sin2 α − 2wx wy sin α cos α + (wy )2 cos2 α

= (wx )2 + (wy )2 .

C13S07.052: If w = f (u) where

x2 − y 2
u= ,
x2 + y 2
then

4xy 2 4x2 y
xwx + ywy = xf  (u)ux + yf  (u)uy = xf  (u) · − yf 
(u) · = 0.
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

C13S07.053: Using the Suggestion and the notation in the equations in (17), we have
           
∂x ∂y ∂z Fy Fz Fx
· · = − · − · − = −1.
∂y z ∂z x ∂x y Fx Fy Fz

C13S07.054: If F (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 1 = 0 implicitly defines z = f (x, y), y = g(x, z), and

x = h(y, z), then:
 
∂h y ∂h
∂x
2x + 2y = 0, so − = = ,
∂y x ∂y
∂y z
 
∂g z ∂g ∂y
2y + 2z = 0, so − = = , and
∂z y ∂z ∂z x
 
∂f x ∂f ∂z
2x + 2z = 0, so − = = .
∂x z ∂x ∂x y

16
Thus
    y
 z  x

∂x ∂y ∂z
= − − − = −1.
∂y z ∂z x ∂x y x y z

C13S07.055: If the equation pV − nRT = 0 implicitly defines the functions T = f (p, V ), V = g(p, T ),
and p = h(V, T ), then
 
∂h p ∂h ∂p
p+V = 0, so − = = ,
∂V V ∂V ∂V T
 
∂g nR ∂g ∂V
p − nR = 0, so = = , and
∂T p ∂T ∂T p
 
∂f V ∂f ∂T
V − nR = 0, so = = .
∂p nR ∂p ∂p V

Therefore
       
∂p ∂V ∂T p
nR V
= − = −1.
∂V T ∂T p ∂p V V p nR

C13S07.056: From the equation F (p, V, T ) = 0 and results in Section 13.7, we find that

∂V Fp ∂V FT ∂p FV ∂p FT
=− , =− , =− , and =− .
∂p FV ∂T FV ∂V Fp ∂T Fp

It now follows that

α VT FT /FV FT ∂p
=− =− =− = .
β Vp Fp /FV Fp ∂T

C13S07.057: First note that

∂p α 1.8 × 106 600

= = = .
∂T β 3.9 × 104 13

Hence an increase of 5◦ in the Celsius temperature multiplies the initial pressure (1 atm) by 3000
13 ≈ 230.77,
so the bulb will burst.

C13S07.058: The result

 
a1 b1 c1
 
 
T  (u, v, w) =  a2 b2 c2 
 
a3 b3 c3

follows immediately from the definition of derivative matrix.

C13S07.059: Here we have

17
  
sin φ cos θ ρ cos φ cos θ −ρ sin φ sin θ
 
 
T  (ρ, φ, θ) =  sin φ sin θ ρ cos φ sin θ ρ sin φ cos θ  .
 
cos φ −ρ sin φ 0

Therefore

|T  (ρ, φ, θ)| = ρ2 sin3 φ sin2 θ + ρ2 sin φ cos2 φ cos2 θ + ρ2 cos2 φ sin φ sin2 θ + ρ2 sin3 φ cos2 θ

= ρ2 (sin3 φ + sin φ cos2 φ) = ρ2 sin φ.

C13S07.060: According to the chain rule in Theorem 2, the partial derivatives of the composition

 
G(u, v, w) = F (T (u, v, w)) = F x(u, v, w), y(u, v, w), z(u, v, w)

are given in scalar notation by

Gu = Fx xu + Fy yu + Fz zu ,

Gv = Fx xv + Fy yv + Fz zv ,

Gw = Fx xw + Fy yw + Fz zw .

In matrix notation, this means that the derivative matrix of G is given by

   
Gu Fx xu + Fy yu + Fz zu
   
   
G =  Gv  =  Fx xv + Fy yv + Fz zv .
   
Gw Fx xw + Fy yw + Fz zw

Because the derivative matrices of F and T are given by

 
xu xv xw
 
 
F  = [ Fx Fy Fz ] and T  =  yu yv yw  ,
 
zu zv zw

it follows upon calculating the matrix product that

   
xu xv xw Fx xu + Fy yu + Fz zu
   
   
F  T  = [ Fx Fy Fz ] yu yv yw  =  Fx xv + Fy yv + Fz zv  = G .
   
zu zv zw Fx xw + Fy yw + Fz zw

C13S07.061: Here we compute

18
  
sin φ cos θ ρ cos φ cos θ −ρ sin φ sin θ
   ∂w 
  ∂w ∂w
Fx Fy Fz  sin φ sin θ ρ cos φ sin θ ρ sin φ cos θ  = ,
  ∂ρ ∂φ ∂θ
cos φ −ρ sin φ 0

which has first component

∂w
= Fx sin φ cos θ + Fy sin φ sin θ + Fz cos φ,
∂ρ

second component

∂w
= Fx ρ cos φ cos θ + Fy ρ cos φ sin θ − Fz ρ sin φ,
∂φ

and third component

∂w
= −Fx ρ sin φ sin θ + Fy ρ sin φ cos θ.
∂θ

19