Section 12.

C12S05.001: Because y 2 + z 2 = 1 while x is arbitrary, the graph lies on the cylinder of radius 1 with axis
the x-axis. A small part of the graph is shown in Fig. 12.5.17.

C12S05.002: Because x2 + y 2 = 1 while z varies between −1 and 1, the graph lies on the part of the
cylinder with radius 1 and axis the z-axis that lies between z = −1 and z = 1. A small part of the graph is
shown in Fig. 12.5.18.

C12S05.003: Because x2 + y 2 = t2 = z 2 , the graph lies on the cone with axis the z-axis and equation
z 2 = x2 + y 2 . A small part of the graph is shown in Fig. 12.5.16.

C12S05.004: First note that

x2 + y 2 = (cos2 t + sin2 t) sin2 4t = sin2 4t,

so that

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = sin2 4t + cos2 4t = 1.

Therefore the graph lies on the sphere with radius 1 and center (0, 0, 0). A small part of the graph is shown
in Fig. 12.5.15.

C12S05.005: If r(t) = 3i − 2j, then r
(t) = 0 = r

(t), and hence r
(1) = 0 = r

(1).

C12S05.006: If r(t) = t2 i − t3 j, then r
(t) = 2ti − 3t2 j and r

(t) = 2i − 6tj. Therefore r
(2) = 4i − 12j
and r

(2) = 2i − 12j.

C12S05.007: If r(t) = e2t i + e−t j, then r
(t) = 2e2t i − e−t j and r

(t) = 4e2t i + e−t j. Therefore r
(0) = 2i − j
and r

(0) = 4i + j.

C12S05.008: If r(t) = i cos t + j sin t, then r
(t) = −i sin t + j cos t and r

(t) = −i cos t − j sin t. Hence
π √ √ π √ √

2 2

2 2
r =− i+ j and r =− i− j.
4 2 2 4 2 2

C12S05.009: If r(t) = 3i cos 2πt + 3j sin 2πt, then

r
(t) = −6πi sin 2πt + 6πj cos 2πt and r

(t) = −12π 2 i cos 2πt − 12π 2 j sin 2πt.

Therefore
   
3 3
r
= 6πi and r

= 12π 2 j.
4 4

C12S05.010: If r(t) = 5i cos t + 4j sin t, then r
(t) = −5i sin t + 4j cos t and r

(t) = −5i cos t − 4j sin t.
Hence r
(π) = −4j and r

(π) = 5i.

C12S05.011: If r(t) = ti + t2 j + t3 k, then

1
 v(t) =  1, 2t, 3t2 ,

v(t) = 1 + 4t2 + 9t4 , and

a(t) =  0, 2, 6t .

C12S05.012: If r(t) =  3t2 , 4t2 , −12t2 , then


v(t) =  6t, 8t, −24t , v(t) = 36t2 + 64t2 + 576t2 = |26t|, and a(t) =  6, 8, −24 .

C12S05.013: If r(t) =  t, 3et , 4et , then


v(t) =  1, 3et , 4et , v(t) = 1 + 25e2t , and a(t) =  0, 3et , 4et .

C12S05.014: If r(t) =  et , e2t , e3t , then


v(t) =  et , 2e2t , 3e3t , v(t) = e2t + 4e4t + 9e6t , and a(t) =  et , 4e2t , 9e3t .

C12S05.015: If r(t) =  3 cos t, 3 sin t, −4t , then


v(t) =  −3 sin t, 3 cos t, −4 , v(t) = 9 sin2 t + 9 cos2 t + 16 = 5, and a(t) =  −3 cos t, −3 sin t, 0 .

C12S05.016: If r(t) =  12t, 5 sin 2t, −5 cos 2t , then

√
v(t) =  12, 10 cos 2t, 10 sin 2t , v(t) = 2 86 , and a(t) =  0, −20 sin 2t, 20 cos 2t .

C12S05.017: By Eq. (16), we have

  π/4
√ 
√ 
π/4
2 √ 2− 2 √
 sin t, 2 cos t  dt =  − cos t, 2 sin t  = − , 2 −  −1, 0  = , 2 .
0 0 2 2

C12S05.018: By Eq. (16), we have

 e  e
1
, −1 dt =  ln t, −t  =  1, −e  −  0, −1  =  1, 1 − e .
1 t 1

C12S05.019: By Eq. (16), we have

 2  2  
2 162 2 484
 t2 (1 + t3 )3/2 , 0  dt = (1 + t3 )5/2 , 0 = − i= i.
0 15 0 5 15 15

C12S05.020: By Eq. (16), we have

  1   
1
1 1 1 1−e
 et , −t exp(−t2 )  dt = et , exp(−t2 ) = e, − 1, = e − 1, .
0 2 0 2e 2 2e

2
C12S05.021: Given u(t) =  3t, −1  and v(t) =  2, −5t , Theorem 2 yields

Dt [u(t) · v(t)] = u(t) · v
(t) + u
(t) · v(t) =  3t, −1  ·  0, −5  +  3, 0  · 2, −5t  = 5 + 6 = 11.

C12S05.022: Given u(t) =  t, t2  and v(t) =  t2 , −t , Theorem 2 yields

Dt [u(t) · v(t)] = u(t) · v
(t) + u
(t) · v(t) =  t, t2  ·  2t, −1  +  1, 2t  · t2 , −t  = 2t2 − t2 + t2 − 2t2 = 0.

C12S05.023: Given u(t) =  cos t, sin t  and v(t) =  sin t, − cos t , Theorem 2 yields

Dt [u(t) · v(t)] = u(t) · v
(t) + u
(t) · v(t) =  cos t, sin t  ·  cos t, sin t  +  − sin t, cos t  · sin t, − cos t 

= cos2 t + sin2 t − sin2 t − cos2 t = 0.

C12S05.024: Given u(t) =  t, t2 , t3  and v(t) =  cos 2t, sin 2t, e−3t , Theorem 2 yields

Dt [u(t) · v(t)] = u(t) · v
(t) + u
(t) · v(t)

=  t, t2 , t3  ·  −2 sin 2t, 2 cos 2t, −3e−3t  +  1, 2t, 3t2  ·  cos 2t, sin 2t, e−3t 

= −2t sin 2t + 2t2 cos 2t − 3t3 e−3t + cos 2t + 2t sin 2t + 3t2 e−3t

= (2t2 + 1) cos 2t + (3t2 − 3t3 )e−3t .

C12S05.025: Given a = 0 =  0, 0, 0 , it follows that v(t) =  c1 , c2 , c3  where c1 , c2 , and c3 are

constants. Then

k =  0, 0, 1  = v(0) = v0 =  c1 , c2 , c3 

implies that c1 = c2 = 0 and c3 = 1. Hence v(t) =  0, 0, 1 , and therefore

r(t) =  k1 , k2 , t + k3 

where k1 , k2 , and k3 are constants. Then

i =  1, 0, 0  = r(0) = r0 =  k1 , k2 , k3 

leads to k1 = 1 and k2 = k3 = 0. Therefore r(t) =  1, 0, t .

C12S05.026: Given a =  2, 0, 0 , it follows that v(t) =  2t+c1 , c2 , c3  where c1 , c2 , and c3 are constants.
Then

4k =  0, 0, 4  = v(0) = v0 =  c1 , c2 , c3 

implies that c1 = c2 = 0 and c3 = 4. Hence v(t) =  2t, 0, 4 , and therefore

r(t) =  t2 + k1 , k2 , 4t + k3 

where k1 , k2 , and k3 are constants. Then

3
 3j =  0, 3, 0  = r(0) = r0 =  k1 , k2 , k3 

leads to k2 = 3 and k1 = k3 = 0. Therefore r(t) =  t2 , 3, 4t .

C12S05.027: Given a =  2, 0, −4 , it follows that v(t) =  2t + c1 , c2 , −4t + c3  where c1 , c2 , and c3 are

constants. Then

10j =  0, 10, 0  = v(0) = v0 =  c1 , c2 , c3 

implies that c1 = c3 = 0 and c2 = 10. Hence v(t) =  2t, 10, −4t , and therefore

r(t) =  t2 + k1 , 10t + k2 , −2t2 + k3 

where k1 , k2 , and k3 are constants. Then

0 =  0, 0, 0  = r(0) = r0 =  k1 , k2 , k3 

leads to k1 = k2 = k3 = 0. Therefore r(t) =  t2 , 10t, −2t2 .

C12S05.028: Given a =  1, −1, 3 , it follows that v(t) =  t + c1 , −t + c2 , 3t + c3  where c1 , c2 , and c3

are constants. Then

7j =  0, 7, 0  = v(0) = v0 =  c1 , c2 , c3 

implies that c1 = c3 = 0 and c2 = 7. Hence v(t) =  t, −t + 7, 3t , and therefore


1 2 1 2 3 2
r(t) = t + k1 , − t + 7t + k2 , t + k3
2 2 2

where k1 , k2 , and k3 are constants. Then

5i =  5, 0, 0  = r(0) = r0 =  k1 , k2 , k3 

leads to k1 = 5 and k2 = k3 = 0. Therefore


1 2 1 2 3 2
r(t) = t + 5, − t + 7t, t .
2 2 2

C12S05.029: Given a =  0, 2, −6t , it follows that v(t) =  c1 , 2t + c2 , −3t2 + c3  where c1 , c2 , and c3

are constants. Then

5k =  0, 0, 5  = v(0) = v0 =  c1 , c2 , c3 

implies that c1 = c2 = 0 and c3 = 5. Hence v(t) =  0, 2t, −3t2 + 5 , and therefore

 
r(t) = k1 , t2 + k2 , −t3 + 5t + k3

where k1 , k2 , and k3 are constants. Then

2i =  2, 0, 0  = r(0) = r0 =  k1 , k2 , k3 

leads to k1 = 2 and k2 = k3 = 0. Therefore

4
  
r(t) = 2, t2 , −t3 + 5t .

C12S05.030: Given a =  6t, −5, 12t2 , it follows that v(t) =  3t2 + c1 , −5t + c2 , 4t3 + c3  where c1 , c2 ,
and c3 are constants. Then

4j − 5k =  0, 4, −5  = v(0) = v0 =  c1 , c2 , c3 

implies that c1 = 0, c2 = 4, and c3 = −5. Hence v(t) =  3t2 , −5t + 4, 4t3 − 5 , and therefore

5
r(t) = t3 + k1 , − t2 + 4t + k2 , t4 − 5t + k3
2
where k1 , k2 , and k3 are constants. Then

3i + 4j =  3, 4, 0  = r(0) = r0 =  k1 , k2 , k3 

leads to k1 = 3, k2 = 4, and k3 = 0. Therefore


5 2
r(t) = t + 3, − t + 4t + 4, t − 5t .
3 4
2

C12S05.031: Given a =  t, t2 , t3 , it follows that


1 2 1 1
v(t) = t + c1 , t3 + c2 , t4 + c3
2 3 4
where c1 , c2 , and c3 are constants. Then

10j =  0, 10, 0  = v(0) = v0 =  c1 , c2 , c3 

implies that c1 = c3 = 0, and c2 = 10. Hence


1 2 1 3 1 4
v(t) = t , t + 10, t ,
2 3 4
and therefore

1 3 1 4 1 5
r(t) = t + k1 , t + 10t + k2 , t + k3
6 12 20
where k1 , k2 , and k3 are constants. Then

10i =  10, 0, 0  = r(0) = r0 =  k1 , k2 , k3 

leads to k1 = 10 and k2 = k3 = 0. Therefore


1 3 1 4 1 5
r(t) = t + 10, t + 10t, t .
6 12 20

C12S05.032: Given a =  t, e−t , 0 , it follows that


1 2
v(t) = t + c1 , −e−t + c2 , c3
2

5
where c1 , c2 , and c3 are constants. Then

5k =  0, 0, 5  = v(0) = v0 =  c1 , −1 + c2 , c3 

implies that c1 = 0, c2 = 1, and c3 = 5. Hence


1 2
v(t) = t , 1 − e−t , 5
2

and therefore

1 3
r(t) = t + k1 , e−t + t + k2 , 5t + k3
6

where k1 , k2 , and k3 are constants. Then

3i + 4j =  3, 4, 0  = r(0) = r0 =  k1 , 1 + k2 , k3 

leads to k1 = 3, k2 = 3, and k3 = 0. Therefore


1 3 −t
r(t) = t + 3, e + t + 3, 5t .
6

C12S05.033: Given a =  cos t, sin t, 0 , it follows that

v(t) =  c1 + sin t, c2 − cos t, c3 

where c1 , c2 , and c3 are constants. Then

−i + 5k =  −1, 0, 5  = v(0) = v0 =  c1 , −1 + c2 , c3 

implies that c1 = −1, c2 = 1, and c3 = 5. Hence

v(t) =  −1 + sin t, 1 − cos t, 5 ,

and therefore

r(t) =  −t − cos t + k1 , t − sin t + k2 , 5t + k3 

where k1 , k2 , and k3 are constants. Then

j =  0, 1, 0  = r(0) = r0 =  −1 + k1 , k2 , k3 

leads to k1 = 1, k2 = 1, and k3 = 0. Therefore

r(t) =  1 − t − cos t, 1 + t − sin t, 5t .

C12S05.034: Given a =  9 sin 3t, 9 cos 3t, 4 , it follows that

v(t) =  −3 cos 3t + c1 , 3 sin 3t + c2 , 4t + c3 

where c1 , c2 , and c3 are constants. Then

6
 2i − 7k =  2, 0, −7  = v(0) = v0 =  −3 + c1 , c2 , c3 

implies that c1 = 5, c2 = 0, and c3 = −7. Hence

v(t) =  5 − 3 cos 3t, 3 sin 3t, 4t − 7 ,

and therefore

r(t) =  5t − sin 3t + k1 , − cos 3t + k2 , 2t2 − 7t + k3 

where k1 , k2 , and k3 are constants. Then

3i + 4j =  3, 4, 0  = r(0) = r0 =  k1 , −1 + k2 , k3 

leads to k1 = 3, k2 = 5, and k3 = 0. Therefore

r(t) =  5t − sin 3t + 3, 5 − cos 3t, 2t2 − 7t .

C12S05.035: The position vector of the moving point is r(t) =  3 cos 2t, 3 sin 2t, 8t . Hence its velocity,
speed, and acceleration are

v(t) =  −6 sin 2t, 6 cos 2t, 8 ,


v(t) = |v(t)| = 36(sin2 2t + cos2 2t) + 64 = 10, and

a(t) =  −12 cos 2t, −12 sin 2t, 0 ,

respectively. Therefore
7  √ √ 7  7  √ √
v 8 π =  3 2 , 3 2 , 8 , v 8 π = 10, and a 8 π =  −6 2 , 6 2 , 0 .

C12S05.036: Given u(t) =  t, t2 , t3  and v(t) =  et , cos t, sin t , we have

Dt [u(t) · v(t)] = u(t) · v
(t) + u
(t) · v(t)

=  t, t2 , t3  ·  et , − sin t, cos t  +  1, 2t, 3t2  ·  et , cos t, sin t 

= (t + 1)et + 2t2 sin t + (t3 + 2t) cos t.

Moreover,

Dt [u(t) × v(t)] = u(t) × v
(t) + u
(t) × v(t)

   
 i j k   i j k 
   
   
 3   
= t t2 t  +  1 2t 3t2 
   
   
 t   t 
e − sin t cos t e cos t sin t

=  t2 cos t + t3 sin t, t3 et − t cos t, −t sin t − t2 et 

7
 +  2t sin t − 3t2 cos t, 3t2 et − sin t, cos t − 2tet 

=  (t3 + 2t) sin t − 2t2 cos t, (t3 + 3t2 )et − sin t − t cos t, cos t − t sin t − (t2 + 2t)et .

C12S05.037: Given u(t) =  0, 3, 4t  and v(t) =  5t, 0, −4 , we first compute

 
 i j k 
 
 
 
u(t) × v(t) =  0 3 4t  =  −12, 20t2 , −15t .
 
 
 
5t 0 −4

Therefore Dt [u(t) × v(t)] =  0, 40t, −15 . Next,

   
 i j k   i j k 
   
   


   
u(t) × v (t) + u (t) × v(t) =  0 3 4t  +  0 0 4 
   
   
   
5 0 0 5t 0 −4

=  0, 20t, −15  +  0, 20t, 0  =  0, 40t, −15  = Dt [u(t) × v(t)] .

C12S05.038: We asked Mathematica 3.0 to prove part 5 of Theorem 2. First we define arbitrary 3-vectors
u(t) and v(t):

u[t ] := { u1[t], u2[t], u3[t] }

v[t ] := { v1[t], v2[t], v3[t] }

Then we form their cross product:

c = Cross[ u[t], v[t] ]

{-u3[t]∗v2[t] + u2[t]∗v3[t], u3[t]∗v1[t] - u1[t]∗v3[t], -u2[t]∗v1[t] + u1[t]∗v2[t]}

Then we compute the derivative of the last expression with respect to t:

side1 = D[c,t]
{ v3[t]∗u2
[t] - v2[t]∗u3
[t] - u3[t]∗v2
[t] + u2[t]∗v3
[t],
-v3[t]∗u1
[t] + v1[t]∗u3
[t] + u3[t]∗v1
[t] - u1[t]∗v3
[t],
v2[t]∗u1
[t] - v1[t]∗u2
[t] - u2[t]∗v1
[t] + u1[t]∗v2
[t] }

Next we compute the other side of the equation:

side2 = Cross[u[t],v
[t]] + Cross[u
[t],v[t]]

{ v3[t]∗u2
[t] - v2[t]∗u3
[t] - u3[t]∗v2
[t] + u2[t]∗v3
[t],
-v3[t]∗u1
[t] + v1[t]∗u3
[t] + u3[t]∗v1
[t] - u1[t]∗v3
[t],
v2[t]∗u1
[t] - v1[t]∗u2
[t] - u2[t]∗v1
[t] + u1[t]∗v2
[t] }

Now we see if the two computations produce the same result:

8
 Simplify[ side1 - side2 ]
{0, 0, 0}

and the proof is complete.

C12S05.039: Given: |r(t)| = R, a constant. Let v(t) = r
(t). Then r(t) · r(t) = R2 , also a constant. Hence

0 = Dt [r(t) · r(t)] = 2r(t) · v(t),

so that r(t) · v(t) = 0. Therefore v(t) is perpendicular to the radius of the sphere, so the velocity vector is
everywhere tangent to the sphere.

C12S05.040: If v(t) is the velocity vector of the moving particle, then we are given |v(t)| = c, a constant.
Then v(t) · v(t) = c2 , also a constant. Hence 0 = Dt [v(t) · v(t)] = 2v(t) · a(t) where a(t) is the acceleration
vector of the particle. But because v(t) · a(t) = 0, it follows that v and a are always perpendicular.

C12S05.041: The ball of Example 10 has position vector r(t) =  t2 , 80t, 80t − 16t2  and velocity vector
v(t) =  2t, 80, 80 − 32t . Its maximum height occurs when the z-component of its velocity vector is zero:
80 − 32t = 0, so that t = 52 . The speed of the ball at time t is

v(t) = 4t2 + 6400 + 6400 − 5120t + 1024t2 ,

so that
5 √ √ √
v 2 = 25 + 12800 − 12800 + 6400 = 6425 = 5 257 ≈ 80.156097709407

(ft/s). Its position then is

   
r 52 = 25
4 , 200, 100 ,

and the z-component of this vector is its maximum height, 100 ft.

C12S05.042: Given L(t) = mr(t) × v(t), we have

L
(t) = [mr(t) × v
(t)] + [mr
(t) × v(t)]

= [mr(t) × a(t)] + m [v(t) × v(t)] = [mr(t) × a(t)] + m · 0 = τ (t).

C12S05.043: Because x0 = y0 = 0, the equations in (22) and (23) take the form

1
x(t) = (v0 cos α)t, y(t) = − gt2 + (v0 sin α)t.
2
To find the range, find the positive value of t for which y(t) = 0:

2v0 sin α
gt = 2v0 sin α; t= ;
g

thus the range is the value of x(t) then; it is

 
2v0 sin α 2v 2 sin α cos α v 2 sin 2α
R=x = 0 = 0 .
g g g

9
If α = 14 π and R = 5280 (there are 5280 feet in one mile), then

v02 √ √
= 5280, so that v0 = 32 · 5280 = 32 165 ≈ 411.047442517284
32
(feet per second).

C12S05.044: Because x0 = y0 = 0, the equations in (22) and (23) take the form

1
x(t) = (v0 cos α)t, y(t) = − gt2 + (v0 sin α)t.
2
The maximum height of the projectile occurs when y
(t) = 0; that is, when

v0 sin α
−gt + v0 sin α = 0; t= .
g
Hence the maximum height is
 
v0 sin α 1 v0 sin2 α v02 sin2 α v 2 sin2 α
y =− g· 2
+ = 0 . (1)
g 2 g g 2g

We saw in the solution of Problem 43 that the range of the projectile is given by

v02 sin 2α
R= , (2)
g

so if α = 13 π and R = 5280, we have by Eq. (2)

5280g
v02 = .
2 sin α cos α
Therefore by Eq. (1) the maximum height of the projectile is

v02 sin2 α 5280g sin2 α 1320 sin α π √

= · = = 1320 tan = 1320 3 ≈ 2286.307065990918
2g 2 sin α cos α 2g cos α 3
(feet).

C12S05.045: The formula for the range is derived in the solution of Problem 43.

C12S05.046: The formula for the range, derived in the solution of Problem 43, is

2v02 sin α cos α v 2 sin 2α

R(α) = = 0 .
g g

The range will be maximized when R
(α) = 0; that is, when

2v02 cos 2α π
=0: α= .
g 4

C12S05.047: We saw in the solution of Problem 43 that the range of the projectile is

v02 sin 2α
R= .
g

To find its maximum height, first find when y
(t) = 0:

10
 v0 sin α
−gt = v0 sin α, so that t= .
g

Then to find the maximum height, evaluate y(t) at that value of t:

 
v0 sin α v02 sin2 α
y = .
g 2g

Part (a): If v0 = 160 and α = 16 π, then the range is

√
(160)2 · 3 √
R= = 400 3 ≈ 692.820323027551
2 · 32
(feet) and the maximum height is

v0 sin2 α (160)2 · 1
= = 100
2g 4 · 2 · 32

(feet). Part (b): If v0 = 160 and α = 14 π, then the range is

(160)2 · 1
R= = 800
32
(feet) and the maximum altitude is

v02 sin2 α (160)2 · 1

= = 200
2g 2 · 2 · 32

(feet). Part (c): If α = 13 π and v0 = 160, then the range is

√
(160)2 · 3 √
R= = 400 3 ≈ 692.820323027551
2 · 32
(feet) and the maximum altitude (also in feet) is

(160)2 · 3
ymax = = 300.
4 · 2 · 32

C12S05.048: We have seen in previous solutions that the range and maximum height of the projectile are

v02 sin 2α v02 sin2 α

R= and ymax =
g 2g

where α is the angle from the horizontal at which the projectile is fired and v0 is its initial velocity. To clear
the hill, we require ymax > 300; we are given v0 = 160 and R = 600. To find α, we solve

(160)2 sin 2α 600 · 32 3

= 600 : sin 2α = = ,
32 (160)2 4

so that 2α ≈ 48.590378◦ or 2α ≈ 131.409622◦ . Thus α ≈ 24.295189◦ or α ≈ 65.704811◦ . In the first case

the maximum height of the projectile will be

v02 sin2 α (160)2 sin2 α

ymax = = ≈ 67.712434
2g 64

11
(feet), not enough to clear the hill. But if α ≈ 65.704811◦ , then the maximum height of the projectile will
be

v02 sin2 α (160)2 sin2 α

ymax = = ≈ 332.287565
2g 64

(feet), so the projectile will clear the hill unless the hill has an unusual shape. Answer: Angle of elevation
approximately 65◦ 42
17.32

.

C12S05.049: With x0 = 0 and y0 = 100, the equations in (22) and (23) of the text take the form

1
x(t) = (v0 cos α)t, y(t) = − gt2 + (v0 sin α)t + 100.
2
With g = 9.8 and α = 0, these equations become

1 2
x(t) = v0 t, y(t) = 100 − gt .
2
We require x(t) = 1000 when y(t) = 0. But y(t) = 0 when
√
2 200 1000 10 10
t = = , so that t= .
9.8 49 7
Thus
√  √
10 10 10 10
1000 = x = v0 ,
7 7
√
and it follows that v0 = 70 10 ≈ 221.359436211787 (meters per second, approximately 726.244869461242
feet per second).

C12S05.050: First we analyze the behavior of the bomb. Suppose that it is dropped at time t = 0. If the
projectile is fired from the origin, then the equations of motion of the bomb are

1 2
x(t) ≡ 800, y(t) = 800 − gt
2
where g = 9.8 (m/s2 ). Now y(t) = 400 when

1 2 1 2
800 − gt = 400; gt = 400;
2 2
√
800 4000 20 10
t2 = = ; t=T = .
9.8 49 7
Now we turn our attention to the projectile, fired at time t = 0 from the origin. By Eqs. (22) and (23) of
the text, its equations of motion are

1
x(t) = (v0 cos α)t, y(t) = − gt2 + (v0 sin α)t.
2
We require x(T ) = 800 and y(T ) = 400. Thus
√ √
20 10 1 800 20 10
· v0 cos α = 800 and − g· + · v0 sin α = 400;
7 2 g 7

12
 √
7 · 800 20 10
v0 cos α = √ and · v0 sin α = 400 + 400 = 800;
20 10 7
√ √
v0 cos α = 28 10 and v0 sin α = 28 10 .

It now follows that cos α = sin α, and thus α = 15 π. Moreover,

√
28 10 √
v0 = = 56 5 ≈ 125.219806739988
sin(π/4)
meters per second, approximately 410.826137598387 feet per second.

C12S05.051: First we analyze the behavior of the bomb. Suppose that it is dropped at time t = 0. If the
projectile is fired from the origin, then the equations of motion of the bomb are

1 2
x(t) ≡ 800, y(t) = 800 − gt
2
where g = 9.8 (m/s2 ). Now y(t) = 400 when

1 2 1 2
800 − gt = 400; gt = 400;
2 2
√
800 4000 20 10
t2 = = ; t=T = .
9.8 49 7
Now we turn our attention to the projectile, fired at time t = 0 from the origin. (We will adjust for the
one-second delay later in this solution.) By Eqs. (22) and (23) of the text, its equations of motion are

1
x(t) = (v0 cos α)t, y(t) = − gt2 + (v0 sin α)t.
2
We require x(T − 1) = 800 and y(T − 1) = 400. (This is how we take care of the one-second delay). Thus
√
20 10 − 7
T −1= ;
7

(v0 cos α)(T − 1) = 800;

1
− g(T − 1)2 + (v0 sin α)(T − 1) = 400;
2

800
v0 cos α = . (1)
T −1
Also

1 400
− g(T − 1) + v0 sin α = ;
2 T −1

400 1
v0 sin α = + g(T − 1). (2)
T −1 2
Division of Eq. (2) by Eq. (1) then yields

13
 
T −1 400 1 1 9.8
tan α = · + g(T − 1) = + (T − 1)2
800 T −1 2 2 1600
 √ 2 √
1 98 20 10 − 7 8049 − 280 10
= + · = ≈ 0.895445,
2 16000 7 8000

so that α ≈ 41.842705345876◦ . Then, by Eq. (1),

800
v0 = ≈ 133.645951548503
(T − 1) cos α

meters per second, approximately 438.470969647319 feet per second.

C12S05.052: With the origin at the base of the cliff, the equations of motion of the projectile are

1
x(t) = (v0 cos α)T, y(t) = − gt2 + (v0 sin α)t + 500.
2
Here we use v0 = 1000 and g = 32. We require x(T ) = 20000 and y(T ) = 0 simultaneously. Thus

20000 20
(v0 cos α)T = 20000 : T = =
v0 cos α cos α
and

0 = y(T ) = −2 + (1000 sin α)T + 500 :

400 20000 sin α
− 16 · + + 500 = 0;
cos2 α cos α
6400 sec2 α − 20000 tan α − 500 = 0;

6400 + 6400 tan2 α − 20000 tan α − 500 = 0;

6400 tan2 α − 20000 tan α + 5900 = 0;

64 tan2 α − 200 tan α + 59 = 0;

√ √ √
200 ± 40000 − 15104 200 ± 24896 25 ± 389
tan α = = = .
128 128 16
It now follows that α ≈ 18.252934◦ and α ≈ 70.314970◦ are both solutions. Answer: There are two angles;
one is approximately 18◦ 15
11

and the other is approximately 70◦ 18
54

.

C12S05.053: We give proofs for vectors with two components; these proofs generalize readily to vectors
with three or more components. Let u(t) =  u1 (t), u2 (t)  and v(t) =  v1 (t), v2 (t) . The assumptions that

lim u(t) and lim v(t)

t→a t→a

both exist means that there exist vectors  p1 , p2  and  q1 , q2  such that

lim u1 (t) = p1 , lim u2 (t) = p2 , lim v1 (t) = q1 , and lim v2 (t) = q2 .

t→a t→a t→a t→a

Part (a):

14
 lim [u(t) + v(t)] = lim  u1 (t) + v1 (t), u2 (t) + v2 (t)  =  p1 + q1 , p2 + q2 
t→a t→a
   
=  p1 , p2  +  q1 , q2  = lim u(t) + lim v(t) .
t→a t→a

Part (b):

lim [u(t) · v(t)] = lim [u1 (t)v1 (t) + u2 (t)v2 (t)] = p1 q1 + p2 q2

t→a t→a
   
=  p1 , p2  ·  q1 , q2  = lim u(t) · lim v(t) .
t→a t→a

C12S05.054: We give the proof in case the vector function r(t) has two components; the proof generalizes
readily to vectors with three or more components. Suppose that r(t) =  r1 (t), r2 (t) . Then

Dt [r(h(t))] = Dt  r1 (h(t)), r2 (h(t)) 

=  r1
(h(t)) · h
(t), r2
(h(t)) · h
(t)  = h
(t) r1
(h(t)), r2
(h(t))  = h
(t)r
(h(t)).

C12S05.055: If v(t) is the velocity vector of the moving particle, then we are given |v(t)| = C, a constant.
Then v(t) · v(t) = C 2 , also a constant. Hence 0 = Dt [v(t) · v(t)] = 2v(t) · a(t) where a(t) is the acceleration
vector of the particle. But because v(t) · a(t) = 0, it follows that v and a are always perpendicular.

C12S05.056: Let r(t) be the position vector of the moving point and let R denote the radius of the circle.
Then |r(t)| = R, a constant. Thus r(t) · r(t) = R2 , also a constant. Differentiation of both sides of this
equation (actually, an identity) with respect to t yields 2r(t) · v(t) = 0, so that r(t) · v(t) = 0 for all t. Thus
r and v are always perpendicular.

C12S05.057: If r(t) =  cosh ωt, sinh ωt , then

v(t) = r
(t) =  ω sinh ωt, ω cosh ωt  and

a(t) = v
(t) =  ω 2 cosh ωt, ω 2 sinh ωt  = ω 2 r(t) = cr(t)

where c = ω 2 > 0. An external force that would produce this sort of motion would be a central repulsive
force proportional to distance from the origin.

C12S05.058: If r(t) =  a cos ωt, b sin ωt , then

v(t) = r
(t) =  −aω sin ωt, bω cos ωt  and

a(t) = v
(t) =  −aω 2 cos ωt, −bω 2 sin ωt  = −ω 2  a cos ωt, b sin ωt  = −ω 2 r(t) = cr(t)

where c = −ω 2 < 0. An external force producing this type of motion would be a central force directed
toward the origin and with magnitude proportional to distance from the origin.

C12S05.059: Given the acceleration vector a = 0, a , we first find the velocity and position vectors:

v(t) =  c1 , at + c2  and

r(t) =  c1 t + k1 , 1
2 at
2
+ c2 t + k2 

15
where c1 , c2 , k1 , and k2 are constants. Thus the position (x(t), y(t)) of the moving point is given by

x(t) = c1 t + k1 and y(t) = 12 at2 + c2 t + k2 .

If c1 = 0 then the point moves in a straight line. Otherwise, we solve the first of these equations for t and
substitute in the second:

x − k1
t= ;
c1

 2
1 x − k1 x − k1
y= a + c2 · + k2
2 c1 c1
a c2
= 2 (x2 − 2k1 x + k12 ) + (x − k1 ) + k2
2c1 c1
 2   2 
a c ak1 ak1 c2 k1
= 2 x2 + − 2 x+ − + k2
2c1 c1 c1 2c21 c1

= Ax2 + Bx + C

where A, B, and C are constants. If A = 0 then the trajectory of the particle is a parabola. If A = 0 it is
a straight line.

C12S05.060: If the acceleration of the particle is a =  0, 0, 0 , then we first find its velocity and position
vectors:

v(t) =  c1 , c2 , c3  and

r(t) =  c1 t + k1 , c2 t + k2 , c3 t + k3 

where ci and ki are constants for 1
i
3. Hence the position (x, y, z) of the moving particle is given by

x = c1 t + k1 , y = c2 t + k2 , z = c3 t + k3 .

If c1 = c2 = c3 = 0 then the particle remains at a single point without motion. Otherwise these are Cartesian
equations of a straight line, and that is the trajectory of the particle. Note also that its speed is given by

v(t) = |v(t)| = c21 + c22 + c23 ,

a constant.

C12S05.061: Given: r(t) =  r cos ωt, r sin ωt . Part (a):

v(t) =  −rω sin ωt, rω cos ωt  = rω − sin ωt, cos ωt . So

r(t) · v(t) = r2 ω(− sin ωt cos ωt + sin ωt cos ωt) = 0,

and therefore r and v are always perpendicular. Therefore v is always tangent to the circle. Moreover, the
speed of motion is

v(t) = rω sin2 ωt + cos2 ωt = rω.

16
Part (b): a(t) = rω 2  − cos ωt, − sin ωt  = −ω 2 r(t). Therefore a and r are always parallel and have
opposite directions (because −ω 2 < 0). Finally, the scalar acceleration is

a(t) = |a(t)| = |−ω 2 | · |r(t)| = rω 2 .

C12S05.062: Because F = k r, r and a are parallel. So

Dt (r × v) = (r × a) + (v × v) = 0 + 0 = 0.

Therefore r × v = C, a constant vector. Consequently the vector r is always perpendicular to the constant
vector C. This holds for every point on the trajectory of the particle, and thus every point on the trajectory
lies in the plane through the origin with normal vector C.

C12S05.063: With north the direction of the positive x-axis, west the direction of the positive y-axis,
and upward the direction of the positive z-axis, the baseball has acceleration a(t) =  0.1, 0, −32 , initial
velocity v0 =  0, 0, 160 , and initial position r0 =  0, 0, 0 . It follows that its position vector is

1 2
r(t) = t , 0, 160t − 16t2 .
20

The ball returns to the ground at that positive value of t for which the z-component of r is zero; that is,
t = 10. At that time the x-component of r is 5, so the ball lands 5 feet north of the point from which it was
thrown.

C12S05.064: We assume that the baseball is hit directly down the left-field foul line, that this line coincides
with the positive y-axis, and that its direction is due north. We also assume that the acceleration due to
spin is directed due east, in the direction of the positive x-axis. Then the acceleration vector of the baseball
is a(t) =  2, 0, −32 . Its initial velocity is v0 =  0, 96 cos 15◦ , 96 sin 15◦ , so its velocity vector is
  √ √  √ √ 
v(t) = 2t, 24 1 + 3 2 , 24 −1 + 3 2 − 32t .

The initial position of the baseball is r0 =  0, 0, 0 , so the baseball has position vector
  √ √  √ √ 
r(t) = t2 , 24t 1 + 3 2 , 24t −1 + 3 2 − 16t2 .

The ball strikes the ground when the z-component of r is zero; that is, when

3 √ √ 
t= 6 − 2 ≈ 1.552914.
2
√
At this time the x-component of r(t) is 18 − 9 3 ≈ 2.411543, so the ball hits the ground just under 2 ft 5
in. from the foul line.

C12S05.065: In the “obvious” coordinate system, the acceleration of the projectile is a(t) =  2, 0, −32 ;
its initial velocity is v0 =  0, 200, 160  and its initial position is r0 =  0, 0, 384 . Hence its velocity and
position vectors are

v(t) =  2t, 200, 160 − 32t  and r(t) =  t2 , 200t, 384 − 160t − 16t2 .

The projectile strikes the ground at that positive value of t from which the z-component of r is zero:

17
 16t2 − 160t − 384 = 0; t2 − 10t − 24 = 0;

(t − 12)(t + 2) = 0; t = 12 (not t = −2).

When t = 12, the position of the projectile is r(12) =  144, 2400, 0 , so it lands 2400 ft north and 144 ft
east of the firing position. The projectile reaches its maximum altitude when the z-component of v(t) is
zero; that is, when t = 5. Its position then is r(5) =  25, 1000, 784 , so its maximum altitude is 784 ft.

C12S05.066: Situate the gun at the origin, north the positive y-direction, east the positive x-direction,
upward the positive z-direction. Assume that the gun is fired at time t = 0 (seconds) with angle α of
elevation and lateral deviation θ measured counterclockwise from the positive y-axis. Note that θ will be
rather close to zero. If T is the time of impact of a shell at the point (0, 5000, 0), it is then easy to derive
the equations

T = 6000 cos α sin θ,

T cos α cos θ = 10, and

4T = 125 sin α.

To obtain a first approximation to a solution, assume that θ = 0. The previous equations then imply that

16
sin 2α = and T = 10 sec α.
25
The first of these equations has two first-quadrant solutions:

α ≈ 19.89590975◦ and α ≈ 70.10409025◦ .

The corresponding values of T are

T ≈ 10.63476324 and T ≈ 29.38476324 (seconds).

One may now continue in a very pragmatic way: Fire the gun due north with the smaller value of α. It’s
easy to show that the shell won’t clear the hill. So the larger value of α must be used in any case. If the gun
is fired due north with the larger value of α, the shell will strike the ground at

(x, y, z) ≈ (71.95535922, 5000, 0) .

So swivel the gun counterclockwise through an angle of

 
71.95535922
θ = arctan ≈ 0.8244907643◦
5000

and really fire it this time. The results:

T = 29.38476324 and point of impact (x, y, z) ≈ (0.0074499339, 4999.482323, 0.000001).

This is certainly close enough! You can also verify that the shell easily clears the hill unless the hill has an
abnormal shape (the shell reaches a maximum altitude of more than 3450 ft).

18
A more sophisticated solution might proceed as follows. Obtain the approximate values of α and T using
θ = 0. Beginning with those values, iterate the following versions of the first equations (this is a method of
repeated substitution):

125
T = sin α,
4
 
T
θ = arcsin ,
6000 cos α
 
10
α = arccos .
T cos θ
A few iterations of these equations, in the order given, results in convergence to the values

T ≈ 29.38430462,

α ≈ 70.10161954◦ , and

θ ≈ 0.8244650319◦ .

The point of impact is (−0.0000000078, 5000, 0.0000011) if these values are used. The errors in x and z are
undoubtedly roundoff errors.

19