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OPTICAL BACK BONE NETWORK submarine depend on. Supporting faster transmission speeds and
greater bandwidth requirements optical fiber meets those needs of
A backbone network or network backbone is a part of computer consumers, businesses and government agencies around the world
network infrastructure that interconnects various pieces of network, [3]. A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that
providing a path for the exchange of information between usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects
different LANs or sub networks. a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity
backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-
link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet.[2Its
geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN. MANs provide
Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan region, and connect
them to wider area networks like the Internet. [3] Access devices
normally exist at a customer's premises, unit, or wireless base
station. This is the network that connects customer equipment, and
may include ONT and/or Residential gateway, or office router.
Aggregation occurs on a distribution network such as
an ODN segment[4]. Often Passive Optical Network, microwave
or Digital Subscriber Line technologies are employed, but some
using point-to-point Ethernet over "home-run" direct fiber. This part of
the network includes nodes such as Multi Tenanted Unit
switches, Optical line terminals in an outside plant or central
office cabinet, Ethernet in the First Mile equipment, or provider
bridges.[5]A MAN may include the transport technologies
MPLS, PBB-TE and T-MPLS, each with its own resiliency and
management solutions. A core network often uses IP-MPLS to
connect different MANs together. Much of the functionality of
Ethernet MANs such as virtual private lines or virtual private
networks is implemented by the use of Ethernet VLAN tags that
allow differentiation of each part of the network[6]. Logical
differentiation of the physical network helps to identify the rights that
the traffic has and to ease the management of hosts' access rights
Fig. 2 Example network model with respect to other users and networks.
A backbone can tie together diverse networks in the same ACCESS NETWORK
building, in different buildings in a campus environment, or over wide An access network is that part of a telecommunications network
areas. Normally, the backbone's capacity is greater than the which connects subscribers to their immediate service provider. It is
networks connected to it [4]. Optical backbone network is a back contrasted with the core network, (for example the Network
bone network where the exchange of data occurs using light paths. Switching Subsystem in GSM) which connects local providers to
The design of a back bone network involves finding the values of each other. The access network may be further divided between
variables such that the Increase the number of nodes (No.of.users) feeder plant or distribution network, and drop plant or edge network
maximized [3]. The back bone uses a fiber optic to transport the [5]. An access network or outside plant refers to the series of wires,
information. cables and equipment lying between a consumer/business telephone
termination point (the point at which a telephone connection reaches
Back bone network topology used in Synchronous Optical the customer) and the local telephone exchange.The local exchange
Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is contains banks of automated switching equipment to direct a call or
standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams connection to the consumer. The access network is perhaps one of
over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light transmission the oldest assets a telecoms operator owns, and is constantly
rates data can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The evolving, growing as new customers are connected, and as new
method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital services are offered. This makes the access network one of the most
Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting large amounts complex networks in the world to maintain and keep track [4].
of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber without A. Access Network Process
synchronization problems [5]. SONET/SDH allowed for the
simultaneous transport of many different circuits of differing origin The process of communicating with a network begins with an
within a single framing protocol. access attempt, in which one or more users interact with a
communications system to enable initiation of user information
METROPOLITAN NETWORK transfer. An access attempt itself begins with an issuance of an
access request by an access originator [2]. An access attempt ends
Today's global economy depends on a secure, reliable and robust
either in successful access or in access failure - an unsuccessful
communications infrastructure to support the ever growing demand
access that results in termination of the attempt in any manner other
for cost-effective bandwidth. Optical fiber provides the platform on
than initiation of user information transfer between the intended
which virtually all telecommunications networks, including long
source and destination (sink) within the specified maximum access
distance, local access, regional, competitive local exchange and
time. Access failure can be the result of access outage, user
28 Vasuki et al.
blocking, incorrect access, or access denial. Access denial (system operations systems of much greater power than previous
blocking) can include: Access failure caused by the issuing of a transmission networks [1]. STM-1: (Synchronous Transport Module
system blocking signal by a communication system that does not level-1)isthe SDH ITU-T fiber optic network transmission standard. It
have a call-originator camp-on feature [4]. Access failure caused by has a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s. higher levels go up by a factor of 4 at
exceeding the maximum access time and nominal system access a time: the other currently supported levels are STM-4, STM-
time fraction during an access attempt. 16, STM-64 and STM-256[1]. Wavelength-division multiplexing
(WDM) commonly used in submarine cabling [2]. The STM-1 base
frame is structured with the following characteristics: Length: 270
column x 9 row = 2430 bytes Duration: (Frame repetition time): 125
μs i.e. 8000 frame/s. Rate: (Frame capacity): 2430 x 8 x 8000 =
155.520 Mbit/s. Payload : 2349bytes x 8bits x 8000frames/sec =
150.336 Mbit/s.
The lower value of end to end delay means the better respect to TCP is obviously higher that of UDP because TCP is the
performance of the protocol. connection oriented, lossless protocol.Fig4.shows the packet
delivery ratio of the TCP and UDP protocol for different number of
RESULT ANALYSIS nodes in the optical network. And the fig.5.shows the average end to
The figure shows below are different parameter metrics of end delay of the network. Here we observe that the delay of the TCP
proposed variation in optical backbone network. Simulation is carried is higher than the UDP protocol.
out at different scenarios. Here for simulation the optical equivalent
speed and equivalent standards are given. The observation being CONCLUSION
with number of node with the two different protocols (TCP, UDP) and
the date rate is 155.52Mbps (STM-16). Then the packet size of From this analysis we conclude that if there is increased node in
2000kb for both TCP and UDP protocol and the increasing the network does not affect the data rate of the optical signal. Here the
number of nodes are the observation count increases. Toward the performance parameters shows the data rate of increased nodes will
end of the observation nodes are allowed to move with random not change up to 32 nodes. This analysis is made easy to design the
velocity (average velocity of 2.254m/sec). optical backbone ring network design up to 32 nodes in STM-16
demand rate used in BSNL. In future the STM rate will be increased
from 32 and above up to the data rate remain constant node and
then analysis the network performance parameters such as
throughput, jitter, latency and packet delivery ratio of the increased
nodes and also for different network parameters.
References
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