Hyperelasticity

Elastic Potential Function  : Elastic Strain Energy per unit undeformed volume d
0

( )
 F ( X 0 ) , X 0 =  P : F dt  = P:F (1)

Since

 Fij 
= = Fij (2)
Fij t Fij

Then


Pij = (3)
Fij

Since  must be invariant under a rigid body rotation, it follows that the  is invariant of R and is
only dependent on U . More often,  =  ( C, X ) where C = U = F  F , and thus:
2 T

 ( F, X ) =  ( C, X ) (4)

Since 12 C = E , then


= : C = S : E = 12 S : C (5)
C

S= (6)
E
Stress-Strain Relations in the Material/Langrangian Frame

S = C:E (7)

S S  2 2
C= =2 = =4 (8)
E C EE CC
Defining the following invariants of the Deformation Tensor C

I C = 1 : C II c = C : C III C = C = J 2 (9)

The derivatives of the invariants with respect to C are:

I C II C III C
=1 = 2C = J 2C−1 (10)
C C C
  I C  II C  III C
S=2 +4 +2
I C C II C C III C C
(11)
   2 −1
=2 1+ 4 C+2 J C
I C II C III C

  2 
 = 2 J −1 b + 4 J −1 b + 2J I
I C II C III C
(12)
2 
= b
J b

St. Venant-Kirchoff Material

 ( E) = 12  (1 : E) +  ( E : E)
2
(13)

S =  (1 : E ) 1 + 2  E (14)

C = 1 1 + 2 I (15)

Compressible Neo-Hookean Material

 
( IC − 3) −  ln ( J ) + ln ( J ) 
2
= (16)
2 2

S =  (1 − C−1 ) +  ln ( J ) C−1 (17)

C =  C−1  C−1 + 2   −  ln ( J ) I (18)

, where

Iijkl = 12 (Cik C jl + Cil C jk ) (19)

Incompressible Hyperelasticity

From (5) gives

1  
2S− :C = 0 (20)
 C 

ˆ = 1 is given by
Recall that the distortional part F̂ of the deformation gradient F so that F

1
Fˆ = 3 F (21)
J
For incompressible materials, it can also be shown that:
 J = (1 : d ) J = 12 JC−1 : C = 0 (22)

From(20) and (22)

 1
1
S− =  J C−1 (23)
2
C 2
Solve (23) for S gives


S =  JC−1 + 2 (24)
C
Note that S can be expressed in terms of volumetric and distortional components as:

S = pJC−1 + S (25)

From which


p = 13 J −1S : C =  + 23 J −1 :C (26)
C
Forcing p and  to be equal, implies:


:C = 0 (27)
C

This implies that  ( C ) must be homogeneous of order n = 0 such that

 ( C ) =  ( C )    (28)

Using (28)

 1 
 (C) =  
3 C 
ˆ (C)
ˆ =
C =  C ( ) (29)
 

, where Ĉ is the distortional component of C , and ̂ ( C ) is the elastic strain potential function in
which (27) for any value of C . Substituting (29) into (25) gives

ˆ

S = pJC−1 + 2 (30)
C
ˆ

S = 2 (31)
C

Imcompressible Neo-Hookean Material

 
 (C) = ( I C − 3) (32)
2

ˆ ( C ) =  Iˆ − 3
 ( ) (33)
C
2

ˆ ( C)

S=2 + pJC−1
C
(34)

=
3 III C
(1 − 1
3 IC C −1
) + pJC −1

σ = p1 + s s =  J −5 3 ( b − 13 I b 1) (35)

ˆ +C
C=C (36)
p

ˆ
2 2 1
ˆ
C=4 =  3 I C I − 13 1  C−1 − 13 C−1  1 + 91 C−1  C−1  (37)
C C 3 III C

 ( JC−1 )
Cp = 2 p = pJ C−1  C−1 − 2I  (38)
C
For nearly incompressible

 ( C) = 
ˆ ( C) + U ( J ) (39)

 ˆ
 U J ˆ

S=2 =2 +2 =2 + pJC−1 (40)
C C J C C

U ( J ) = 12  ( J −1)
2
(41)

dU
p= =  ( J − 1) (42)
dJ
Mooney-Rivlin materials

 ( C ) = 0 ( I C − 3) + 12 1 ( I c − II c − 6 ) (43)

 C( ) 0 C (
2 1 c )
ˆ =  Iˆ − 3 + 1  Iˆ − IIˆ − 6
c ( ) (44)
 HYPERELASTICITY IN PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS

I C = 12 + 22 + 32

II C = 14 + 24 + 34 (45)
III C = 12 22 32

I C II C III C III C

= 1, = 22 , = 2 ,  = 1, 2,3 (46)
2  2
2 
3

S =  S n  n S = 2 (47)
 =1 2
3
 3 S − S
C= 
 ,  =1
4 n
2 
 
2
 n  n   n  + 
 ,  =1
2 2 n  n   n  n 
 − 2 
(48)
 

For the isotropic case where S = S and  =  ,

S − S  2 2 

lim 2 = 4 2 2 − 2 2  (49)
 → 2 − 2      
Ogden Material

p 
( )
N
 ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) = 
 
1 + 2 + 3 − 3
p p p
(50)
p =1  p

, where N ,  p and  p ,  p = 1 N are material constants. The shear modulus is given by

N
2 =   p p (51)
p =1

For incompressible materials where 123 = 1

p 
( )
N
 ( 1 , 2 ) = 
 − −
1 + 2 + 1 2 − 3
p p p p
(52)
p =1  p

A Mooney-Rivlin material is a special case of an incompressible Ogden material where N = 2 , 1 = 2

and  2 = −2 .
Example: Pure Dilation (Compressible)

 0 0   2 0 0
 
F =  0  0  C = b =  0  2
0  = J 2 31 (53)
 0 0   0 0  2 


IC = 3 2 , IIC = 3 4 , IIIC = 6 , J = 3 (54)

  
σ =  ( J 2 3 − 1) + ln ( J )  I (55)
J J 

 
p = 13 tr ( σ ) =
J
(J 23
− 1) +
J
ln ( J ) (56)

Example: Simple Shear (Compressible)

1  0  1  0 1 +  2  0
 
F = 0 1 0 C =  1 +  2 0 b =   1 0 (57)
0 0 1   0 0 1   0 0 1 


IC = 3 +  2 , IIC = 3 + 4 2 +  4 , IIIC = 1, J = 1 (58)

 2  0
 
 =    0 0 p =  2 3 (59)
 0 0 0
 
Example: Simple Shear (Nearly Incompressible)

1  0  1  0 1 +  2  0
    
F = 0 1 0 C =  1 +  2 0 b =   1 0 (60)
0 0 1   0 0 1   0 0 1 


IC = 3 +  2 , IIC = 3 + 4 2 +  4 , IIIC = 1, J = 1 (61)

 2 2 3 0 
 
 =  3 − 2 0  p=0 (62)
3
 0 0 − 2 

Example: Pure Dilation (Nearly Incompressible)

Using (53) and (54) results in s = 0 , and p =  ( J − 1)