Professional Documents
Culture Documents
with extensive surrounding swelling. Regional lym- • Under circumstances of a bioterrorism threat,
phadenopathy and lymphangitis are often present. the need for and potential effectiveness of specific
Systemic symptoms, including fever, malaise, and donor screening questions would need to be
headache, also may occur. addressed.
• Inhalation anthrax: Early symptoms are nonspecific
Laboratory Test(s) Available:
with myalgia, fever, and malaise. Two to three days
later, respiratory symptoms develop (severe dyspnea • No FDA-licensed blood donor screening test exists.
and hypoxemia). Shock may occur in the second • Primary approach is direct culture of clinical
phase. Hematogenous spread can result in lesions in specimens
other organ systems. • An FDA-licensed immunochromatographic diagnos-
• Gastrointestinal anthrax: Includes two clinical forms, tic test is available for testing of nonhemolytic Bacil-
oropharyngeal and intestinal. The oropharyngeal lus isolates cultured on sheep blood agar plates. This
form consists of edematous lesions in the orophar- can be used for the presumptive identification of
ynx, which progress to pseudomembranous necrotic B. anthracis isolates.
ulcers. Cervical lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, and • Other tests include susceptibility to gamma phage
fever may be present. In the intestinal form, symp- lysis, real-time PCR assay, a direct fluorescent assay,
toms may include fever, nausea and vomiting, anor- and time-resolved fluorescent assay for detection of
exia, abdominal pain and tenderness, and progress to B. anthracis-specific antigens.
hematemesis and bloody diarrhea. Hemorrhagic
ascites may be present. The disease may progress Currently Recommended Donor Deferral Period:
to toxemia, cyanosis, shock, and death. Mild cases of • The FDA recommends:
gastrointestinal anthrax may present as gastroenteri- 䊊 Current confirmed medical diagnosis of anthrax
tis with diarrhea as the only symptom. of any form: Defer until a full course of an appro-
Severity of Clinical Disease: priate treatment is completed and the condition
is resolved.
• Cutaneous anthrax: Severe if not treated with 䊊
Proven bacterial colonization in a well person:
antibiotics Defer until a full course of prophylaxis with an
• Inhalation and gastrointestinal anthrax: Severe appropriate antibiotic is completed.
Mortality: 䊊 Presence of a skin lesion suspected to be anthrax:
Defer until either the lesion is later shown not to
• Cutaneous anthrax: Mortality rate is <1% with anti- be a result of anthrax or the lesion is confirmed as
biotic therapy. Without appropriate therapy, it can be cutaneous anthrax and the person completes a
as high as 20% full course of an appropriate treatment and the
• Inhalation anthrax: Usually fatal (85% or higher). If condition is resolved.
treated early in the course of disease, the mortality
rate is lower. During 2001 bioterrorism event, 55% Impact on Blood Availability:
responded to antibiotic treatment.
• Agent-specific screening question(s): Not applicable;
• Gastrointestinal anthrax: Fatality rate is unknown but
in response to a bioterrorism threat, impact of a local
is estimated to range from 25-60%.
deferral would be significant.
Chronic Carriage: • Laboratory test(s) available: Not applicable
• None Impact on Blood Safety:
Treatment Available/Efficacious: • Agent-specific screening question(s): Not applicable;
• Sensitive to a wide range of antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin, unknown impact in response to a bioterrorism threat
doxycycline, and penicillin are FDA approved for the • Laboratory test(s) available: Not applicable
treatment of anthrax in adults and children. Leukoreduction Efficacy:
Agent-Specific Screening Question(s): • Unknown
• No specific question is in use.
Pathogen Reduction Efficacy for Plasma Derivatives:
• Not indicated because of a low incidence of disease,
and it is unlikely that persons with symptomatic B. • Specific data indicate that the multiple steps in the
anthracis infection would pass the donor screening fractionation process are robust and capable of inac-
questionnaire and physical exam. tivating and/or removing bacteria at concentrations
• No sensitive or specific question is feasible. that may be present in plasma.