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ceriated tungsten electrode---A type of tungsten electrode that contains small amounts of

cerium. Ceriated tungsten electrodes have good arc starting characteristics, work well
with low amperage settings, and can be used for both AC and DC applications.

Cerium is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft,
silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air.

thoriated tungsten electrode --a type of tungsten electrode that contains approximately 2
percent thorium. Thoriated tungsten electrodes have higher conductivity and generally
last longer.
Thorium----A heavy, radioactive element used in tungsten electrodes. Thorium ( /
ˈθɔriəm/ thohr-ee-əm) is a naturally occurring radioactive chemical element, found in
abundance throughout the world. Thorium atoms (symbol Th) have an atomic number of
90, with 90 protons and 90 electrons, of which 4 are valence electrons. It was discovered
in 1828 and named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.

zirconiated tungsten electrode---A type of tungsten electrode, which contains small


amounts of zirconium oxide. Zirconiated tungsten electrodes combine the characteristics
of pure tungsten and thoriated tungsten electrodes.
zirconium oxide--- A white, crystalline powder used in zirconiated tungsten
electrodes. Zirconium ( /zərˈkoʊniəm/ zər-KOH-nee-əm) is a chemical element with the
symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the mineral
zircon (see zircon for etymology). Its atomic mass is 91.224. It is a lustrous, grey-white,
strong transition metal that resembles titanium. Zirconium is mainly used as a refractory
and opacifier, although minor amounts are used as alloying agent for its strong resistance
to corrosion. Zirconium is obtained mainly from the mineral zircon, which is the most
important form of zirconium in use.

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