%.

a/
-Lltr\
I

tl
Chapter 4
Dry Lnmi,nntdon
 The last clause has discussed extrusion coating lamination. This
paper
describes lamination using an adhesive. Extrusion coating lamination
is
also a coating method in which melting extrusion resins are laminated
after they are coated with an adhesive called an anchor coating
agent.
However, dry lamination is a method of laminating base materials
using
an adhesive. In recent years, improved ability and quality of
both base
materials and adhesives has enabled a wide selection of raw
materials
and relatively few restrictions to the diverse purposes and
uses of
lamination. As a result, dry lamination is now applied for packaging
of
many products, such as foods and medicines, and industrial
proclucts
such as electronics components, internal components of rolling
stock,
architectural materials, fumiture and clothing.

4-l What is Dry Lamination?

In dry lamination, the surface of a base material is coated with
adhesive
dissolved in an organic solvent, and the solvent is dried by hot
air in a
dryer. Another base material is then laminated with it by a heating
roll
and the laminated material is rolled up.
Fig. 4-1 shows a block diagram of a dry laminator and the steps in
the
lamination process. The dry laminator consists of a 1st unwinder
which

Figure4-1.
TypicalDry l I r";*;;t
Lamination /o-t-!-oo-oyo-o-lq\ rol- \
Roll supponingmelhql
Process Floatingmethod

r', Smmrhing roll

Dtrctor blade
--

Laminatingroll

€:
Two roll type
L_S
Shatiless

.---l -
--t*___-jiJ-
-{
,YWg, Reversekiss
roll merhul
Revers roll
Shafr-in merhql
(Air shafi)
l. Gravureroll 3. Coaringroll 5. lmpressionroll
2. Impressionroll 4. D$tor roll 6. Dctor btade
Threeroll rype
H .,. Heat st@l roll
R ... Rubberroll Gravuresell forms(concave)
ts-7 ,,,Ju j ,l Jl ,;,
tHl t\--7
ttl l tY l 'L 'L 'L l i ',r i l l
t/\ ,lll,Jii;ll:;ll
Quadrangular Piramid Tri-helical
cell cell
c el l
I
 rolls out a basematerial film, a 2nd unwinder which rolls out a laminating
film, a coating devicewhich coatsthe 1st unwinder basematerial film
with adhesive,a drying device which evaporatesthe solvent from the
adhesive,a laminating device which laminates the 1st and the 2nd base
material films, and a rewinder which takesup the laminated films.

4-1-1. The unwinder comprisesa uniaxial unwinder systempartly adopted for

Unwinders testingmachines,and a biaxial turret systemfor generaluse' The latter
(1stand 2nd systemhas unwinders of basematerial at two points and is designed for
Unwinders)
continuous processingand high speedperformance.
The tension imparted to the unwound base material is generatedby
braking. This systemprovides mechanicalhand braking, power braking
and AC (alternatingcurrent) oi pC (direct current) motor control. The
latter three are common.
In dry laminating, the tension is very important, becausecurling,
tunneling or printing pitch failure may result from unwinding tension in
the 1st and 2nd basematerialfilms.
The splicing deviceadoptsan automaticsplicing systemfor high speed
operation,labor saving and loss cutback,and a flyitg systemwith a saw
at its tip as its main cutting system. It also has an EPC (edge position
controller) device which automatically aligns the unwinding position of
the basematerial.

4-1-2. The coatingdevicecoatsthe 1stbasematerial film with adhesive.Systems

Adhesive include the gravureroll coatingsystem,the reversekiss roll coatingsystem,
Coating and the reverseroll coating system.Of these,the gravure roll coating
Device
systemis the most commonly used.

(1) Gravure This systemmakesa uniform cell of intaglio on the surfaceof the gravure
Roll Coating roll, picks up adhesivewith the cell, scratchesoff excessiveadhesivefrom
System the roll surfacewith a doctor blade, and transfersadhesiveto the surface
of the base material by applying pressure to the base material by an
impression roll. immediately after coating, it smooths the coatedsurface
with a smoothing roll of reverse rotation on the gravure cell of the
adhesive.
The quantity of adhesivecan be adjustedaccordingto form, depth,
mesh of gravure roll and solid content in the adhesive. A quadrangle cell
is often adopted in dry lamination, and a tri-helical one for high coating
volume or a high viscosityadhesive(Fig. -1).
Unifying spread weight is easy with the gravure system, but it is
necessaryto changethe impressionroll to changethe width. Furthermore,
if the spreadweight can not be controlled by the solid content of adhesive,
 the gravure roll must be changed. It is also necessary to remake the plate
as the gravure roll cells wear out.

(2) Reverse with this system, coating is achieved by turning the flat coating roll in
Kiss Roll the reverse direction of the current of the base material film. The spread
Coating
weight is adjusted by the clearance of the coating roll and the doctor roll,
System
the peripheral speed ratio of these two rolls, and. the speed ratio of the
base material film and the coating roll. This system is adopted less often
than the gravure roll system, but it has the advantages that it does not
require the press roll to be changed according to the width of the base
material film, the roll can be easily washed, it leaves no gravure cell trace,
and it enables a large spread weight. However, to obtain constant spread
weight, it requires fine and skilled adjustment and any sags and
unevenness in film thickness can cause the spread weight to lack
uniformitv.

(3) Reverse This coating system is almost the same as the reverse kiss roll coating
Roll Coating system, except that it has a driving impression roll. It also utilizes almost
System
the same method of adjusting the spread weight of the adhesive. However,
to change the width of the base material film, it is necessary to change the
impression roll, as it is necessary to change the impression roll in the
gravure roll system. The changeable extent of the coating volume is broad
and the roll can be easily washed. Howeveq, much greater skill is required
to adjust the spread weight.

4-1-3. After the base material film is coated with adhesive, the dryer volatilizes
Dryer the solvent within the adhesive. It comprises a roll supporting system
and floating system (Fig. a-1).

(r) Roll This system projects the base material film forward and supplies hot air
Support from above to the film coated with the adhesive, while supporting it in
System
the dryer from below with many driving guide rolls. This system is most
often adopted in a dry laminator.

(2) Floating This system does not use guide rolls to support the base material film,
Syst6m but it sprays hot air in a well balanced manner from above and below the
base material film and feeds the film forward while making the film
floating and dry. It has the following features.
* As it does not have guide
rolls, there is no contact scratch
* It is easy to clean the
fumace
+ It can handle base
material films of both high and low tensile forces
 The drying devicecan be powered by steam,gas,electricity or oil, but
for operationaland economicreasons,steamis most preferred and gas
follows that. In the drying process,the drying efficiencyis most important.
It is necessaryto ensureeasysubstratesetting at the beginning of the
operation and to ensureeasycleaning.A stablemechanismis required
that eliminatesshrinking, curling, meandering and scratchin the process
of drying the basematerial film. It is also necessaryto take measureson
exhaust,deodorization and safety.

4-1-4. This devicelaminatesthe basematerial film with the adhesivefrom which

Laminator the solventhasbeenevaporatedand the film to be put to the basematerial
film which is fed forward from the second unwinder by heating and
pressingutilizing the nip roll. In the part of the devicewhich heatsand
pressesthe films, two-roll and three-roll configurations are generally
adopted (Fig.a-1).
The two-roll configuration comprisesa driving heating roll and a
pressure rubber roll. The heating roll is about 200-250 mm in diameter
and a temperatureof 60-100 "C is needed depending on the kind of film
used. The pressurerubber roll is about 160-180mm in diameter.
In the three-rollsystem,a steelback-up roll is loaded to balancethe
right and left pressurewhile assistingbending by the nip roll (pressure
rubber roller).
With the help of the back-up roll, the nip roll can be made smaller in
diameterand easierto use,but its strucfureis complicated.
The cooling roll is used soon after the lamination is performed to cool
the laminated films. Lamination quality dependson the adjustmentof
the tension of the 1st and 2nd basefilms, and the operation and set-up of
the expanderroll which preventsfilm wrinkling, and adjustmentof the
nip roll temperatureat the lamination part.

4-1-s. This device rolls up laminated films on the stabilizing wound condition.
Rewinder Abiaxial turret systemis most often adoptedasthe centerwinding system,
by turning about the central axis. During rewinding, the film must be
kept at an appropriate tension.A taper tension control is used to prevent
tighten roll up. Generally,the larger the diameter of the film roll, the
more important the taper tension control.
An automatic splicing system is used in the winding system of the
rewinding device.The cutting systemmay be a flying systemwith a saw
at its tip or a traversingsystemwhich cuts the film crosswisewith a cutter.
However,the former is usually used.
 4-2 Characteristicsof Drv Lamination
A solvent type adhesive is used in dry lamination. Therefore, it is very
easy to get the good wetting and can be used for many kinds of base
material films, enabling a wide selection of laminated materials. In
addition, depending on the adhesive components and the material
selection, many characteristicssuch as adhesive strength, heat resistance,
boil resistance,retort resistance,and content resistancecan be added. The
advantages and disadvantages of dry lamination are as follows.

4-2-1. (1) Many kinds of base materials can be laminated,

Advantages (2) Adhesive strength is high,
(3) The type and spread weight of the adhesive can be set freely,
enabling characteristics of heat resistance,water proof, oil resistance,
chemical resistance, boil resistance, retort resistance, content resistance
and so on to be incorporated,
(4) Widths can be changed easily by replacing the impression roll,
therefore suitable to a variety of short-run production,
(5) It is economical due to the machine's short processing line and small
loss,
(6) High dimensional stability in process, making it is suitable for
printing production,
(7) Laminated products have stiffness, making it suitable for secondary
processing such as slitting, bag making automatic fill-seal.

4-2-2. (1) As a solvent type adhesive is used, steps mustbe taken to eliminate
Disadvantages residual solvent and to control solvent use,
(2) It is very difficult to eliminate residual solvent completely after
lamination,
(3) The use of reaction curing type adhesive requires aging time,
(4) Minute control of spread weight of adhesive is required to prevent
coating unevenness and bonding failure,
(5) The adhesive must be chosen according to the material to be bonded
and its use,
(6) Unwinding tension control is necessary to eliminate problems such
as tunneling and bubbling.
 4-3 RetortableFood Packagingby Dry
Lamination
This sectiondescribesan example of retorted processedfoods such as
curry or stew,which can be stored or displayed for salefor a long time at
room temperatureon supermarketshelves. Retort sterilization is used
for canned,bottled or retortedfoods. The food is sterilizedat over 100'C
for a specifiedtime. Retort sterilization(high pressuresterilization)for
canned food is done for 40-90 minutes at 100-120'C. However, retort
sterilizationis generallydone for 20-30 minutes at 115-120"C.The
packagingform adopted for retorted food sterilization is usually a flat
bag with 4 sidessealed.Packagingmaterial comprises3-4 layersand is
processedby dry laminationusing a heat resistantfilm and an adhesive.
Fig.4-2 outlines the production procedure for retortable curry pouch,
which is done as the 2-stepprocessof 3-layer dry lamination using
aluminum foil.
First of all, printing is carriedout on the biaxially orientedpolyester
film (PET)made by the film maker in the printing process.Secondly,a
dry laminator is used to spreadadhesivefor dry lamination on the printed
side, dried for a while, and then laminated with aluminum foil.

Figure4-2.
Outlineof Film
Productions

Composition or PET/P'inI/DUAI/DUCPP (inside)

pir Pnntj1 n1 p1 6irp

l-FErFir'"l- ll-
rtEe8-F!!99:!9r!i$
Two-stepprtress
hcess
l-AtF"tt l- i ll
t rt eevplntrounl
I i
TcJJFr,rl- (2) PET/print/DUAI/DUCPP !

Film manufacturcr i Printing timinating ;

Clusification
i convertir .nnu.rt.r' i
of Converter

Al foil manufacturcr
:--

& cy4/)
Retonable
curry poucn

PET lilm
-J/1
--x/.//

hGess /)-
?#r?itr
Outline
{J ( l ) Al foi l
Al foil (2) CPPfilm
Bag making
,/^\ Two-stepprcess

I Dry lamination (inside)

CPP film
 At the second stage, adhesive is spread on the aluminum foil of the
processedlaminating film PET/printing/aluminum foil processedat the
fi rs t s ta g e . It i s th e n d ri ed for a w hi l e and l ami nated w i th cast
polypropylene film (CPP).
At the third stage, the bag is cut to the proper size. Then, after automatic
packaging and retort sterilization by the curry food maker, it is delivered
to the market.
The characteristic of this cot'nposition is that, for retort sterilization, it
uses heat resistant PET and cPP films and a heat resistant adhesive for
dry lamination. [n addition, the use of aluminum foil used as a gas barrier
ensures long life at room temperature. This retort packaging material
composition can be made only by dry lamination.

4-4 Adhesivefor Dry Lamination

At present, polyurethane based adhesive is suitable for dry lamination
because of its easy use, adhesive and bonding strength.

4-4-1. Polyurethane is a generic term for a macro molecule which has the
Composition
of Adhesive o
urethane group _ r,ru[o_ in one molecule. The isocyanate group (-NCO)
for Dry
Lamination reacts and becomes a urethane group, but since the isocyanate group has
very high polarity and reactivity, it is activated by the following activated
hydride.

(1)Aureabond( i I i )isformedbyreactionof 2isocyanate

groups (-NCO) and water (HrO).
-
(2) A urethanebond ( t-8-"- ) is formed by reactionof an isocyanate
group (-NCO) and a hydroxyl group (-OH).

(3) A urea bond (

t 8-i ) is formed by reactionof an isocyanate
group (-NCO) and an amine (-NHr).
- N- C-
(4) Amide (
r! b ) and carbon dioxide gas (COr) are formed by
reaction of an isocyanate group(-NCO) and a carboxyl group (_COOH).
Many other reactions are considered as well, but the polyurethane
adhesives used for dry lamination are the most practical applications of
reactions of (1) and (2). That is, these adhesives are utilizing reactions
with isocyanate group and water or isocyanate group and hydroxyl group.
 There are two kinds of adhesives for dry lamination: one-component
adhesive and two-component adhesive. The former is made by the use
of a polyurethane pre-polymerttl which has an isocyanate group at the
end of its polymer and it forms a urea bond by reacting with water in the
rer'(8).
One-
air or on the fitm and then cures. Fig.4-3 shows the reaction
component adhesive takes time to harden, depending on the drying
conditions, the water coverage on the surface of the film, or the spread

Figure 4-3. ( l) OCN- R- NCO + H{ OR} nOH

Reaction Di-isocyanate PolyetherpolYol
Mechanismof
One- -_ocN -R-N-croR *-l-, ;-;-;+ --..-_Ns
Component I n "i
H o 5 tl i
Adhesive u;;til;;;i
\%
(Pre-polymer)
""-"" NHr + CO>
l-

(2) OCN- R- NCO + HO- - """""-OH

/'
/n I ocN -
Di-isocyanate PolyesterPolYol /s " " " " ' +__-i--.____
tt-c-N + " " " " "
/'
i- - - - - - - - - i i -:----- ,-i _ / it n r:
- o cN - R- :- N- C- O+ ......---.-.f o-c -N t R -
, , tl
Nco i-l--9--Ii
;t [ l

i-l--9.----i i----9---t-i Urea bond

(Hardening)
Urethane bond

Figure 4-4.
Reaction ( l) HO- R- OH + HOOC- R- CO O H
Glycol Di-carboxYlic acid
Mechanismof
Two- - HO - R - O- C- R - C- O- - ........- ..- - - - ..- - - oH
[il
Component oo
Adhesive polyol
Polyester

( 2 ) HO- .- - - - - .- OH + OCN- R- N C O
Polyesterpolyol Di-isocyanate
NCO
,.t,
I N - C - O - i - '...

I
-Tii-f -o-l
| :- - - - - - - - - i

NCO liH o l
.f.....
+ r N-c-o-+-...
i.!g i
( 3 ) H{ OR} n o H + o CN- R- NCO Urethm bond
(Hudening)
Polyetherpolyol Di-isocyanate

io-a -N+Rl;-;-;- ...- oH

"' ".' ' n )-..i
-H-roR ri r i lr n i
i i-!-9-----i
i-.--9--r
Urcthanebond
Polyetherpolyurethane PolYol

polymerizalionlrom a monomer.
l1l pre-potymer:During polymerization,an intermediatepolymer is formed by
 weight of the adhesive.
T h e tw o -c o mp o n e n t adhesi ve compri ses tw o l i qui ds: a mai n
component with a hydroxyl group (-oH) at the terminal of the macro
molecule and a hardener with an isocyanate group (-NCo) at the terminal
of the macro molecule. urethane bonding is formed by reaction of the
hydroxyl group and the isocyanate group. The hardener is used as an
additive by getting rid of the non-reacted monomer of any kind of
isocyanate group. The reaction is indicated in Fig. 4-4 ,er.(8).
For bonding
stability with the two-component adhesive, the main component and the
hardener must always be mixed at a fixed ratio. If the curing agent is
mixed at a higher ratio, excessivecuring agent will remain in the adhesive.
deteriorating the bonding strength, or the adhesive membrane grows
rigidly, deteriorating the low temperature characteristics. If it is mixed at
a lower ratio, excessmain component will remain in the adhesive and it
will not reach the optimum curing condition, and satisfactory bonding,
heat resistance or content resistance will not be achieved. However,
whether a one-component adhesive or a two-component adhesive is used,
the polyester adhesive is superior to the polyether adhesive in strength,
heat resistance,boilability, and retortability.

4-4-2. Characteristics of adhesive for dry lamination are as follows.

Characteristics (1) As it is dissolved in the solvent, the base material is easily wet,
of Adhesive
(2) It is useful with many materials (ceilophane, paper, plastic film,
for Dry
Lamination metallic foil),
(3) It provides a stable reaction and strong bonding strength depending
on the selection of the adhesive ingredient,
(4) As it is of the reaction type, after blending the main component
and the hardener and solvent, it has a limited pot-life,
(5) It has a general solid spread weight of 2.5 -4.5 g/m2,
(6) It provides superior resistanceand bonding (content resistance),
(7) As it is of the reaction type, it requires some time to complete the
reaction (this time can be shortened by heating),
(8) As solvent is used, sufficient drying time is required (giving rise to
the problem of residual solvent in the adhesive),
(9) Explosion proof equipment and exhaust or ventilation equipment
are required.
As described, the advantages of dry lamination are that many different
materials can be laminated and that it can be broadly applied. It is very
important to select the adhesive according to the materials used.
 4-5 Characteristicsand Functionsof
PackagingMaterials for Soup in Dry
Lamination Process
This section describes, with reference to Fig. 4-5, the characteristics
required of a packaging material for a bag of liquid soup in a package of
instant noodles, and points to be noted in the dry lamination Process.
The main requirements of the packaging material for the bag of soup
are to protect the contents and to provide puncture resistance and
automatic formed filling and packaging ability. Vinylidene chloride (K)
coated biaxially oriented nylon film (ONy), which has high gas barrier
performance and high film strength, is selected to protect the contents.
Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) film, which is superior in heat
seal strength and contaminated heat seal strength, is selected for its
puncture resistanceand automatic foamed-filled packaging ability.
Thus, this packaging system, from outside to inside, is composed of
ONy / K-coat/ printing /DL / LLDPE.
In this dry lamination process, printing is done on the K-coat side of
ONy fitm and adhesive agent for dry lamination is spread on the printed
side and LLDPE film is laminated. In this case,the laminated product is
achieved with only one dry lamination process. The laminated film goes

Figure4-5.
Dry Lamination
Process&
Packaging
Materials&
Design for L=J
Liquid Soup
B G F E

UnwinderI Coating head Dryer Unwinder2 Laminating Chilling Rewinder

Device
B D E r G

Films& Marerials ONy/lvprint Adhesive LLDPE Producl

lmpact strength Bondingstrenglf Drying solvent Heat seal Lamination of Cmling web High heat
slrength films sealabilityfilm
Functions Hat resistance Oil and Water
resistance Low temperature High banier
& Gs barier heat sal srengtf film
Propenies Moistureprd)f Heatresistance Compressive Highly tough
streng|h film
Tensioncontrol A ppetrance Blowing Tensioncontrol Temperature Temperature ApPearance
capacrly control control Tensioncontml
Printingpitch Spread weight Surfacetreatmen
Pointsrequiring Wrinkle Dewing on the Tapertension
conuol Choice of DL Temperature Suggingof web
chilled roll c0ntrol
specialattentions Unwinding aSent Curl of web Width of web Presscontrol Wrinkle
surface
position Green tack Residualslven Unwinding Laminating Tunneling
DOSrhOn position lmsenins of wcl
 through a processto provide a slit of a certainwidth and is brought to
the
automatic formed-filled packaging line of the instant noodle factory
and
filled there.
In dry lamination, with which many materialscan be laminated,
a
diversity of film materials are used. Thble4-1 shows typical kinds
of
materialsand their featuresrer(e).
Table4-2outlinesthe materialproduction
processfor referencerer'(r.).
Table4-3 is the main casting film,s properties
rer'(rl).
Table4-4 shows the compositionof typical products made by dry
lamination and their feafures.

Thble 4-1. BaseFilms & Materiats

Typical Base
Films & 20pm Excellent in printability
HzO:large
Or:100 Cood heatresistarce,hencegood in machineprocessability
Materials (s00) No static electricity
Low tear resistance,henceeasy to open

(oPP) Excellent in scratchresistance

20pm Cood moisture& water proof
HzO:7 Oz:1,500 Inferior in gas barrier property and low temp. resistance
(7,s00) to pay attentionto the limit of heat resistingte
Nece.sgary
uood ln transparencyar
(cPP) Cood scratchresistance
25pm Good moisture & water proof
HzO:8-10 Oz:2,000 Good in heat resistance

Exceltent ln transparencyand tough

(PET) Excellent in insulationof electricitv
l2pm Excellent in heat, low temp. resistanceand water proof
H:O:50 Ou:ll0 Excellent in oil, chemical,solvent resistance
(550) Excellent in dimensionalstabilitv
Excellent in aroma barrier

(oNy) Tough and excellentimpact strength

l5pm Good in heat, low temp. resistance
HzO:250 Oz:40-50 Excellent in anti-pinholeproperty
(200_2s0) Comparativelygood in gas-banier property
Good in oil, chemicalsresistance
Absorbs moisture
ln transparency,deep draw
(cNy) Excellent in heat,low temp. resistance
30pm Excellent in anti-pinholepropeny
HzO:80-100 Oz:40 Excellent in impact strength

nt ln transparency,
Vinylon(PVA) Comparativelygood in impact strength,low temp. resistance
l4pm No static electricity
HzO;200 Oz:0.5-0.8 Good in old, solvent resistancc
(2.s-4.0) Good aroma barrier
Extremely excellent in gas banier propeny
Absorbs moisture

(EVOH) l5pm Good in oil, solvent resistance

HzO:30-40 Oz:0.5-0.8 Extremely good in gas barrier property
Absorbs moistureconsider
Continuc to thc nexl page
K-coated films Excellentin gasbarrierproperty
(K: Polyvinylidenechloride) Excellentin moistureproof
* K-coated cellophane 22pm
* K-coated OPP 221tm
* K-coated PET l4pm
* K-coated ONy 17pm
HzO:1 2 - 1 4 Oz:1 0 - 1 5 ( 5 0 - 7 5 )
* K- co a te dvin ylo n l5 p m
(Coated on both faces)
H UO:6 O::0 .5 ( 2 .5 )
raper Hlgh stltlness
* Imitation Japanesevellum Excellent in printability, processability
* High quality paper Excellent in light shielding
* Kraft paper Excellent display effect
* Snow white rolled paper No disposalor wasteproblem
* Parchmentpaper
* Water proof paper
H zO:- Oz:-
Alumlnum Iolt n lgn sul rness
20pm Extremely excellent in water proof, gas barrier properties
HzO:OOr:0 Excellent aroma barrier
Excellent in light shielding
Excellent disolav effect
VacuumMetallrzlng Fllms |,xcellent ln morstureprool, gas barner propenles
(PET,ONy, OPP,CPP,etc.) Good light shielding
Aluminium(600-800A) Good processabilitybecauseof good anti-pinhole property
H: O : 0. 8- 1. 0O u: 1. 0- 1. 2 comparedwith aluminum foil
(5.0-6.0) Excellent display effect
srlrcavacuumMetallrzlng tllm uood transparency
PETl2pm(600-800A) Excellentwaterproof,gasbarrier
H : O : 1. 0- 1. 5O z : 1. 0- 1. 5 Goodaromabarrier
(5.0-7.5)
Atum lna vacuum Metaillzlng r llm
PETl2pm(600-800A)
Hz O :1. 5 O : : 1. 5- 2. 0
(7.5-10.0)
H2O;watervaport.ansmission.ate, g/m2/24hrs,
4ffC, 90%Rtl
02: ox) gengastransmissionrate,cc/m2/24hrs,
20"C,60%RH
( ): SI unit,f€mtomol/m2.wc . paral
 Table4-2.
Film hoduction Methods Films
Outlineof Film
L Solutioncasting
Productions Polyvinylalcohol (PVA)
Polyimide (Pl)
Polycarbonate (PC)
Acetate
HA (Hot air) HA HA enoi".. t*tr typ"
2. Calendering
*?2%*/%-8-@\
o9..' Polyvinylchloride (PVC)

J. Extrusion Polyethylene(PE)
Polypropylene(PP)
Polyamide(PA, Nylon)
Polyvinyl dictrloride @VDC)
Polystyrene(PS)
PVC, PC, PVA

4. Uniaxial orientation (T- type die) PE, PP,PVC, PS

Polyethylenererephrhalate
(PET)

Biaxial orientation(T{ype die) PP,PET,PA, PVC, PS,PVA

Sequentialorientatiotr
+

PA, PP,PVDC, PS,PVA

Biaxialorientarion(lnfl ation) PA, PVDC, PVC, PS,PP,PE

II
t'
II
II
Thble4-3.
Main Casting rtl $
Film's g 00
(\
N
o( o
Properties J
J
-i I co
I
\n
\
I
rn
co
I
a)
n X @ I
rn
c*
X o a 6r @ o I
A

\o

U
r) r- nI o 6t
o X o co 6t X o X a)
v -

lr)

A rn s

s
I C.l
I
o\ r-
I
c.l
I
c.l
o X o@ @
I
lr)
a) X @ r-\ o .) o ) 6\
\o - f-.

be

t
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