UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

THERMOFLUIDS LABORATORY
(CGE 536)
EXPERIMENT: MARCET BOILER
DATE PERFORMED: 9 NOVEMBER 2017
SEMESTER: 3
PROGRAMME CODE: THERMOFLUIDS LABORATORY (CGE 536)
GROUP: EH2433
NAMA NO. PELAJAR
SATIAH A/P WAHAB 2016691696

No. Title Allocated marks % Marks

1. Abstract/Summary 5
2. introduction 5
3. Aims/Objectives 5
4. Theory 5
5. Apparatus 5
6. Procedures 10
7. Result 10
8. Calculations 10
9. Discussions 10
10. Conclusions 10
11. Recommendations 5
12. References 5
13. Appendices 5
Total 100

Remarks:

Checked by:

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TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. TITLE PAGE

1. ABSTRACT/SUMMARY 3

2. INTRODUCTION 3

3. AIMS/OBJECTIVES 4

4. THEORY 4-6

5. APPARATUS 7

6. PROCEDURE 8-9

7. RESULT 10-11

8. CALCULATIONS 11

9. DISCUSSION 12

10. CONCLUSIONS 12

11. RECOMMENDATIONS 12

12. REFERENCES 13

13. APPENDICES 13

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ABSTRACT/SUMMARY

Marcet Boiler is a bench top unit designed for the demonstration of the basic principal of
boiling phenomenon to study the relationship between the pressure and temperature of
saturated steam in equilibrium with water.

This experiment was also conducted to demonstrate the vapour pressure curve. Water at room
temperature was boiled until 185.0◦ C and every changes of pressure, the temperature was
recorded until 10.0 bar. Air was removed first to avoid any of inaccuracy. After the heater
was turned off and being cooled, the temperature was recorded again until the steam pressure
reached atmospheric pressure.

INTRODUCTION

The marcet boiler is the unit for the demonstration of the basic principle in Thermodynamics
studies which is the boiling phenomenon.

Marcet boiler is also a device that is used for the understanding of the basic properties of
saturated steam to superheated steam. It consists of cylinders surrounded with the isolated
substance in its electrically heated boiler which is used to heat up water and to measure both
the temperature and pressure.

Marcet boiler also contains thermometer, barometer, and safety valve.

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OBJECTIVE

 To study the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam in
equilibrium.
 To demonstrate the vapour pressure curve.

THEORY

Thermodynamic is a part of physics, which deals with work, energy and power of a system.
Thermodynamics substance such as gases and vapours are often referred as P-V-T substance
which is absolute pressure (P), volume (V), and absolute temperature (T).

An ideal gas obeys the equation of state relates the absolute pressure (P), volume(V), number
of moles(n), ideal gas constant(R), and absolute temperature (T). The relationship between
them may be deduced from kinetic theory and its called Ideal Gas Law.

PV=nRT
Where P = absolute pressure

V= volume

n = amount of substance (moles)

R = Ideal Gas Constant

T = absolute temperature

If a gas behaves exactly as the ideal gas law would predict it to behave in terms of the
volume, pressure, moles, and temperature, then the gas is said to be an ideal gas. On the other
hand, the gas deviate from ideal gas behaviour, then the gas is said to be acting like a ‘real
gas’.

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When the energy increase within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules
enables the increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until the equilibrium
state is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface
and steam. At lower pressure, the molecules become easier leaving the water surface while
less energy required in achieving the state of equilibrium. The temperature where the
equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature.

𝑑𝑇
The measured value of the slope of the graph (𝑑𝑃)sat obtained from the practical result can be

compared with corresponding values calculated from the data in steam tables.

Clausius- Clapeyron states:-

When the phase transition of a substance is between a gas phase and a condensed phase and
occurs at temperature much lower than the critical temperature of that substance, the specific
volume of the gas phase, Vg greatly exceeds that of the condensed phase Vc.

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Therefore, one may approximate at low temperature, ∆V is like the equation above. Therefore

In which

Vf = specific volume of saturated liquid

Vg = specific volume of saturated vapour

Hf = enthalpy of saturated liquid

Hg = enthalpy of saturated vapour

Hfg = latent heat of vaporization

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APPARATUS

1. Pressure transducer 6. Bordoun Tube Pressure Gauge

2. Pressure indicator 7. Temperature sensor
3. Temperature controller/indicator 8. Pressure Relief Valve
4. Control panel 9. Heater
5. Bench 10. Water Intel Port & Valve

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PROCEDURE

General start up procedure

1. A quick inspection was performed to ensure that the unit was in proper operating
condition.
2. The unit was connected to the nearest power supply.
3. The water was already filled in the boiler.
4. The level sight tube (V1, V2, & V3) and the valves at the feed port were opened.
5. The boiler was filled with the distilled water through the feed port and the water level
was at about the half of the boiler’s height. Then, the valves, V1 & V2 were closed at
the level sight tube.
6. The power supply switch was turned on.
7. Now you are ready to carry on with the experiment.

PROCEDURE

1. If the boiler is initially filled with water, open the valves at the level side tube (V2 &
V3) to check the water level. Pour in additional distilled water if necessary. Then
closed the valves.
2. The temperature controlled was set to 185.0 ◦ C which slightly above the expected
boiling point of the water at 10.0 bars (abs)
3. The valve, V3 was opened and the heater was turned on.
4. The steam temperature was observed, rise as the water boils.
5. The steam was allowed to come out from the valve,V3 for about 30 seconds, and then
the valve was closed. This step is important to remove air from boiler as the accuracy
of the experimental results will be significantly affected when the air is present.
6. The steam temperature and pressure was recorded when the boiler was heated until
the steam pressure reached 10.0 bar (abs)
7. Then, the heater was turned off and the steam temperature and pressure was dropped.
The steam temperature was recorded when the boiler was cooled until the steam
pressure reached atmospheric pressure.
8. The boiler was allowed to cool down to room temperature.
9. The steam temperature was recorded at different pressure readings when the boiler
was heated and cooled.

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GENERAL SHUT-DOWN PROCEDURE
1. The heater was switched off and the boiler temperature was allowed to drop until
room temperature.
2. The main switch and main power supply were switched off when it had dropped
to room temperature.
3. The water retained to the next use.
4. The upper part of the level sight tube. V3 was opened to drain the water, and then
V1 and V2 were opened to drained off the water.

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RESULTS

Tabulated data

Pressure, Temperature, Measuserd Calculated

P (bar) T 𝑑𝑇 TvFG
slope, 𝑑𝑃 slope, HFG

Gauge Absolute Increase (℃) Decrease Average, Average,

(℃) Tave (℃) Tave (K)
0.00 1.00 78.2 79.6 78.9 352.1 - 0.264
0.99 2.00 93.0 94.1 93.6 366.7 0.146 0.147
1.99 3.00 104.7 105.9 105.3 378.5 0.118 0.106
2.99 4.00 113.6 114.8 114.2 387.4 0.089 0.084
3.99 5.00 120.5 121.7 121.1 394.3 0.069 0.070
4.99 6.00 126.2 127.4 126.8 400.0 0.057 0.060
5.99 7.00 131.4 132.5 132.0 405.1 0.051 0.053
6.99 8.00 135.9 137.0 136.5 409.6 0.045 0.049
7.99 9.00 140.1 141.1 140.6 413.8 0.042 0.044
8.99 10.00 142.8 143.9 143.3 416.5 0.027 0.040

Graph

Graph of average temperature,T against Absolute

Pressure,P
160

140
average temperature,T(◦C)

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Absolute pressure,P(bar)

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 graph of dT/dP and Tvg/hfg against absolute pressure,P
0.35

0.3

0.25
dT/dP and Tvg/hfg

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Absolute pressure,P (bar)

CALCULATION

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒+𝑇𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
Sample calculation for average temperature, Tavg =
2

93.0+94.1
=
2

=93.6

Tavg (K) = 93.6 + 273.15

= 366.6 K

𝑑𝑇 366.7−366.6
Measured Slope, 𝑑𝑃 = 2−0.99

=0.099

366.6 𝑥 1.256
Calculated slope, Tvg /hfg = 2234.3

= 0.205

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DISCUSSION

Based on the graphs, the relationship between pressure and temperature is directly
proportional and there is deviation between the experimental slope and the theoretical slope
at the beginning.

Sources of error are measurement or reading accuracy, pressure, and calculation (decimal
points were not being constant when calculating every data. When the liquid absorbed
enough heat energy, it will change to vapour form. As the steam is not allowed to exit, it will
cause an increase in pressure and thus causing the temperature to increase.

It is necessary to remove air from the boiler as this could affect the accuracy of the
experimental results.

CONCLUSION

The pressure increase as the temperature increase. This was proved with the obtained graph
of average temperature against absolute pressure that directly proportional. The vapour
pressure curve obtained was slightly deviate because of some errors of data.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Air must be completely removed from the valve to avoid any inaccuracy of the readings of
temperature also should be recorded after the pressure was stable. Switch on the heater to
boiled the water when the temperature reading at room temperature.

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REFERENCES

1. http://www.academia.edu/11843064/CHE144_-_Lab_Report_Marcet_Boiler_2015_
2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/93324504/Marcet/Boiler
3. http://www.slashdocs.com/pwxyx/marcet-boiler-lab-report-html
4. Lab manual CGE 536

APPENDICES

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