Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hkkjrh; ekud
rhu Qs th izsj.k eksVj ds ijh{k.k dh ekxZnf'kZdk
( igyk iqujh{k.k )
Indian Standard
GUIDE FOR TESTING THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTORS
( First Revision )
ICS 29.160.30
© BIS 2010
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Rotating Machinery Sectional Committee had been approved by the Electrotechnical Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1967. This standard incorporates performance determination of induction
machines by circle diagram method. Its scope was enhanced to include generators and special induction machines.
In this standard instructions for conducting and reporting the more generally applicable and acceptable tests to
determine the performance characteristics of three phase induction motor are also covered. It is not intended to
cover all possible tests nor those of research nature. The guidelines shall not be deemed as making it obligatory
to carry out any or all tests discussed here in any given transaction.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
IS 4029 : 2010
Indian Standard
GUIDE FOR TESTING THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTORS
( First Revision )
1
IS 4029 : 2010
its parts in place under conditions equivalent to normal percent of the normal test voltage given in Table 1, the
working conditions. The test shall be carried out at the test voltage being applied by means of prods.
manufacturers works soon after the completion of 6.5 The test made on the winding on acceptance shall,
temperature rise test of the motor, where such a test is as far as possible, not be repeated. If, however, a second
carried out. test is made at special request of the purchaser, after
6.1.1 It is generally advisable that the high voltage test further drying, if considered necessary, the test voltage
should be conducted, if the insulation resistance is shall be 80 percent of the voltage given in Table 1.
greater than the value derived from 30.2.2 of IS 4722. 6.6 Completely rewound winding shall be tested at full
voltage as for new motors. When user and a repair
6.2 In the case of motors with nominal voltage
contractor have agreed to carry out high voltage tests
above 1 kV, when both ends of each phase are in cases where windings have been partially rewound
individually accessible, the test voltage shall be applied or in the case of an overhauled motor, the following
between each phase and the frame, with the core provisions are recommended:
connected to the frame and to other phases and
a) Partially rewound windings shall be tested at
windings not under test.
75 percent of the test voltage for a new motor.
6.3 The test voltage shall be of power frequency and Before the test, the old part of the winding
shall be as near as possible to sine waveform. The test shall be carefully cleaned and dried.
shall be commenced at the voltage of not more than b) Overhauled motors, after cleaning and drying
one-half of the full test voltage. The voltage shall then shall be subjected to a test at voltage equal to
be increased to the full value steadily or in steps of not 1.5 times the rated voltage, with a minimum
more than 5 percent of the full value, the time allowed of 1 000 V, if the rated voltage is equal to or
for the increase of the voltage from half to full value greater than 100 V, and a minimum of 500 V,
not being less than 10 s. The full test voltage shall then if the rated voltage is less than 100 V.
be maintained for 1 min in accordance with the values 7 RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
as indicated in Table 1. At the end of this period, the
test voltage shall be rapidly diminished to one third of 7.1 General
its full value before switching off. The following two methods are commonly used for
the measurement of resistance:
6.4 During the routine testing of the motors of the rated
output of up to and including 15 kW, the 1 min test a) Drop of potential or voltmeter ammeter
may be replaced by a test note to be added: ‘5 kW method, and
increased to 15 kW comments are invited’ 1 second 120 b) Bridge method.
NOTE — High voltage tests on motors having graded insulation shall be the subject of special agreement.
2
IS 4029 : 2010
7.1.1 Every possible precaution shall be taken to obtain used. Resistance lower than 1 Ω shall be measured by
the true temperature of the winding when measuring Kelvin double bridge method also known as Kelvin-
the cold resistance. The temperature of the surrounding Thompson double bridge method.
air shall not be regarded as the temperature of the
7.3.1 Wheatstone Bridge Method
windings unless the motor has been standing idle under
similar atmospheric temperature conditions for a In using Wheatstone bridge method the resistance of
considerable time. the ratio arms shall be so selected that the values
7.1.2 If the resistance of winding is known at one correspond as closely as possible to the resistance to
temperature it may be calculated for any other be measured; the use of one ohm ratio coil should be
temperature by using following formula: avoided. The values of resistance thus measured
include the resistance of connecting leads. Therefore,
(235 + t2 ) the resistance of leads should be subtracted from total
R2 = ×R
(235 + t1 ) 1 measured resistance; otherwise it should be suitably
compensated for.
where
7.3.2 Kelvin-Thompson Double Bridge
R2 = unknown resistance at temperature, t2ºC, and
R1 = resistance measured at temperature, t1ºC. The double bridge compensates for resistance of leads
or other connections. It also enables low resistance to
NOTE — If R1, R2 and t1 are known, t2 may also be calculated be compared accurately with a standard one of the same
from the above formula, 235 is not recognized for all materials; order.
for instance, for aluminium the constant is 225.
7.4 The rotor winding resistance shall be measured at
7.2 Drop of Potential or Voltmeter Ammeter Method the point of connection of the rotor windings to the
In this method, a dc ammeter and d c voltmeter shall slip rings so that slip ring resistance is eliminated from
be used. Simultaneous readings of both voltage at the measurement and true rotor winding resistance
motor terminals and current shall be taken when their obtained. This will give more realistic rotor windings
values becomes steady. The relationship between R, V temperature.
and I is as follows: 7.5 The variation of resistance between phases to the
extent of 5 percent may be permitted.
V
R=
I 8 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
where 8.1 No Load Test
R = resistance, in Ω; 8.1.1 This test is intended to find out the no load current,
V = dc voltage, in V; and core loss and friction and windage losses.
I = dc current, in A. 8.1.1.1 The motor is run at no load at rated voltage
7.2.1 Suitable ranges of instruments shall be chosen and frequency until the watts input is constant. Reading
so that errors of observations are reduced to minimum. of voltage, current and power input should be taken.
For the measurement of potential drop of less This test shall preferably be conducted immediately
than 0.5 V the use of millivoltmeter is recommended. after the temperature rise test.
7.2.2 The passage of high current may heat the 8.1.2 The watts input is the sum of the friction and
windings appreciably and may cause erroneous windage losses, core loss and no load primary I2 R loss.
measurement. It is therefore recommended that the The sum of friction and windage losses and core loss
current be applied as low as possible to obtain is obtained by subtracting the primary I2 R loss at the
consistent reading and be limited to 10 percent of the temperature of the test from input watts.
rated current of the winding. 8.1.3 The separation of friction and windage losses and
7.2.3 Care should be taken to compensate for the errors core loss may be made, if desired, by obtaining readings
introduced in the measurements by the resistance of of voltage, current and watts input at rated frequency
leads and contacts. Correction for the current drawn and voltage from 125 percent of the rated voltage to
by the voltmeter shall be made, if it is appreciable. the point where further voltage reduction will increase
the current; this point is usually at 15 percent of the
7.3 Bridge Method rated voltage. If instruments are changed during test,
The resistance above 1 Ω may be determined with the readings taken with new instruments should overlap
sufficient accuracy, if ordinary Wheatstone bridge is to ensure continuity. The primary loss I2R shall be
deducted from watts input and a curve of watts versus
3
IS 4029 : 2010
voltage is plotted and extended to zero voltage. The a) the direction of rotation be established prior
intercept with zero axis which represents friction and to the test;
windage loss may preferably be found by plotting a b) the mechanical means of locking the rotor be
second curve with the square of voltage as abscissa of adequate strength to prevent possible injury
and watts as ordinate. At low saturations, the core loss to personnel or damage to equipment; and
varies nearly as square of voltage and therefore, the c) as the windings gets heated very rapidly, the
lower part of the curve may be shown as straight line. test shall be carried out as rapidly as possible.
Typical curves are shown in Fig. 1. Care should be taken to ensure that the motor
temperature does not exceed the value of
permissible temperature of given class of
insulation. The readings at any point shall be
taken within 6s.
CURRENT OR INPUT kW
when equivalent circuit method is used to calculate speed. The value of the torque at which the motor
performance. The precautions listed under 8.3.1 are breaks away from the locked rotor condition and attains
also applicable. Any suitable mechanical arrangement the speed corresponding to pull out torque condition
to prevent rotation of shaft during the test for example shall be noted and reported as pull up torque.
brake or beam clamped rigidly on motor shaft is NOTE — The test method for pull up torque for motors above
adequate. 15 kW is under consideration.
The locked rotor torque in such a case is calculated by 8.5.2 Pull out Torque
the following formula from readings taken at rated
frequency: The motor shall be mounted with a suitable loading
arrangement and the rated voltage at the rated
Locked rotor torque at test voltage (TIr′): frequency (see 13.3 of IS 325) applied to the motor
terminals at no load conditions. The load on the motor
(1 − s) × ( Psi − Pcu ) in percent full load torque may then gradually be increased and the maximum
= load at which the motor stalls may be noted. The
Pr
torque calculated at this point is the pull out torque.
where NOTES
Psi = input power to stator, in W; 1 The motor should be disconnected from the supply
immediately, if it stalls.
Pcu = stator copper losses, at tested current and at 2 It may be noted that the motor should not be kept in the
reference temperature, in W; locked rotor condition for more than a few seconds since longer
time lapse will endanger the windings.
Pr = rated output of motor, in W; and
3 The test method for pull out torque for motors above 15 kW
s = full load slip. is under consideration.
And extrapolated locked rotor torque at rated voltage 8.6 Determination of Starting Characteristics
(TIr′):
8.6.1 Locked Rotor Current of an Induction Machine
(TIr′ ) × ( I st′ ) 2
5
IS 4029 : 2010
Ist = Ist (V1/Vs1)B with square of voltage. A more exact method of test is
B = 0.7a + 0.35 quite elaborate and calls for determining the rate of
change of current and torque with voltage by establishing
a = log (Is3/Is1)/log (Vs3/Vs1)
speed-torque and speed-current curves for at least two,
8.6.1.3 Logarithmic proportion method (II) preferably three or more, values of voltages.
Besides the locked rotor test in the logarithmic 8.7.4 It is necessary to avoid temperatures exceeding the
proportion Method (I), a locked rotor test shall be limits of temperature-rise for a given class of insulation
performed at a current nearly equal to 150 percent of as specified in the relevant equipment specification.
the rated current. The current Is2 at the locked rotor
8.7.5 For wound rotor motors, speed torque and speed-
test and the voltage Vs2 corresponding to the current
current tests may be taken between synchronous speed
shall be measured. Locked rotor current is determined and the speed at which maximum torque occurs.
by following formula. This method applies to machines
with totally-enclosed rotor slots. 8.8 Load Test
Ist = 1.04 Is3 (V1/Vs3) ‘y’ 8.8.1 Tests with load are carried out for determination
y = 1.05y2 – 0.35(y1 – 1) (when y2 > y1) of performance, such as efficiency, power factor, speed,
= 0.7Y2 + 0.35 (when y2 < y1) temperature-rise and also to affirm general soundness
of machines.
y1 = log (Is2/Is1)/log (Vs2/Vs1)
y2 = log (Is3/Is2)/log(Vs3/Vs2) For all tests with load, the machine shall be securely
fastened and in case of direct coupling, also properly
8.7 Tests for Speed-Torque and Speed-Current aligned with the load. Load characteristics are obtained
Curves by taking readings at higher loads followed by those
8.7.1 Speed-torque characteristic is the relationship at lower loads. This is usually done at 125, 100, 75, 50
between torque and speed, embracing the range from and 25 percent of the full load values.
zero to synchronous speed. This relationship when When loading to rated conditions is not possible due
expressed as a curve, will include pull out torque, pull to limitations in facility by either direct loading and
up torque and starting torque. indirect loading the super-imposition method of
8.7.2 Speed-current characteristic is the relationship loading for temperature rise shall be considered in
between current and speed. accordance with method given in Annex A.
Speed-torque and speed-current tests may be carried One of the following six methods shall be selected by
out by the following methods: the manufacturer, depending on the available facilities:
6
IS 4029 : 2010
7
IS 4029 : 2010
where Watts
Power factor =
S = percentage slip; 3 × Volts × Amperes
N = number of oscillations; 8.8.5.2 Two wattmeter readings method
T = time required for ‘n’ oscillations, in second;
On three phase motor where load is pulsating the power
and
factor so obtained may be checked by the following
f = supply frequency. formula obtained from independent wattmeter
readings.
8.8.4.3 Magnetic needle method
In this a magnetic needle is suspended on a sharp point 1
so that it can rotate freely on the body of the motor in Power factor = 2
W1 − W2
horizontal plane. The needle will oscillate and the 1+ 3
number of oscillations will be counted for a period of W1 + W2
say 20 s. The percentage slip may be found by using where
the formula given under 8.8.4.2.
W1 = higher of two readings, and
8.8.4.4 Measurement of speed and frequency method
W2 = lower of two readings.
This method is permissible only when the readings are
taken using non-contact type accurate tachometers If W2 gives a negative reading, it should be considered
(generally digital) with ± 0.1 percent accuracy when minus quantity. From the above formula, curves can
the frequency is measured by an instrument of same be plotted of power factor versus ratio of lower
accuracy class. The following formula will give wattmeter reading to higher wattmeter reading
percentage slip: (W2)/(W1). It is possible to obtain the power factor
directly from these curves. If W2 is negative the ratio
100 (1 − N × P ) (W2)/(W1) should be considered a minus quantity.
S= Percent
120 × f
1 (1 + X )
3
cos θ =
where 2 1+Y3
f = supply frequency, in Hz ; where
N = measured speed, in rev/min (rpm); and
X = ratio of wattmeter readings like polarity, and
P = number of poles.
Y = ratio of wattmeter readings unlike polarity.
8.8.4.5 For equivalent loading methods
8.8.5.3 Power factor meter method
The readings required to be taken and the procedure
In this method, power factor meter is directly connected
for calculations shall be as specified in Annex C.
in the circuit and direct reading is obtained.
8
IS 4029 : 2010
8.8.5.4 If two values of power factor determined Unless otherwise agreed, the duration of one cycle
by 8.8.5.1 and 8.8.5.2 do not agree for a three phase motor should be 10 min, for the purpose of this test.
the test may be repeated to eliminate the error. However, Temperature measurements should be made at the end
in the case where the load is fluctuating power factor of no load periods for the purpose of establishing
determined by 8.8.5.2 will be higher than that determined thermal equilibrium. At the end of first half of the last
by 8.8.5.1. In this case higher value shall be taken as period of no load operation the temperature-rise shall
correct reading. The difference is because of the inclusion not exceed the specified limit.
of pulsating components of current in volt-ampere, which
8.9.4 When thermal equilibrium is reached the motor
is a function of load rather than of motor itself. The power
shall be stopped as quickly as possible and
factor determined from the ratio of wattmeter reading is
measurements taken both while the motor is running
not affected by the presence of pulsating current.
and after shut down (wherever possible). No corrections
8.8.5.5 For equivalent loading method for observed temperatures are necessary, if the stopping
period does not exceed the values given below:
The readings required to be taken and the procedure
for calculations shall be as specified in Annex C.
Rating Stopping Period
8.9 Temperature-Rise Test kW s
9
IS 4029 : 2010
when the machine is completed. This method is generally t2 = temperature of the winding at the end of the
employed for the slot portion of stator windings. test, ºC;
At least six detectors shall be built in the machine, R2 = resistance of the winding at the end of the
suitably distributed around the circumference and test;
placed in positions along the length of the core at which t1 = temperature of the winding (cold) at the
the highest temperatures are likely to occur. Each moment of the initial resistance
detector shall be installed in intimate contact with the measurement, ºC; and
surface whose temperature is being measured and in R1 = initial resistance of the winding (cold).
such a manner that the detector is effectively protected
from contact with cooling air. The location of the For practical purposes, the following alternative
detectors shall be as follows: formula may be found convenient:
10
IS 4029 : 2010
draughts. The value to be adopted for the temperature than the stated site cooling air temperature by not
of the cooling air or gas during a test shall be the mean more 30°C, no correction shall be made on account
of the readings of the thermometers (placed as of such difference. When the temperature of the
mentioned above), taken at equal intervals of time cooling air during test is lower than the stated site
during the last quarter of the duration of the test. cooling air temperature by more than 30°C, the
permissible temperature-rise on test shall be the
8.9.7.1 In order to avoid errors due to time lag
permissible temperature-rise under specified site
between the temperature of large motors and variations
conditions reduced by a percentage numerically equal
in the cooling air or gas, all reasonable precautions
to one third of the difference between the specified
shall be taken to reduce these variations and errors
temperature of the cooling air on site and the
arising there from.
temperature of the cooling air on test where both
8.9.7.2 In the case of cooling by means of forced temperatures are expressed, in ºC.
ventilation, or where machines have water cooled air
Example:
or gas coolers, the temperature of the air or gas
measured, where it enters the motor, shall be considered If the specified temperature of the cooling air on site
as the cooling air or gas temperature. is 56°C and the temperature of the cooling air on test
is 20°C, the reduction in temperature-rise to take
8.9.8 Temperature Correction account of the difference is:
8.9.8.1 Motors specified for operation at altitudes in
excess of 1 000 m 56 − 20
= 12
3
For motors, specified for operation at an altitude higher
than 1 000 m but not in excess of 4 000 m, no correction The permissible temperature-rise on test is, therefore,
shall be made, if the difference between altitude during 100 − 12
= 88 percent of the temperature-rise on site.
test and the specified altitude in service does not 100
exceed 1 000 m. If, however, the specified altitude
These reductions apply to all the classes of insulation
exceeds the test altitude by more than 1 000 m, the
covered in this standard, the test being carried out at
specified temperature-rise shall be reduced at the rate
the manufacturer’s works.
of one percent for each increment of 100 m by which
the site altitude exceeds 1 000 m. 9 MEASUREMENT OF SHAFT CURRENTS AND
8.9.8.2 Cooling air temperature for temperature-rise VOLTAGES
test 9.1 Shaft currents and voltages may be produced in a
A motor may be tested at any convenient value of machine due to various factors like dissymetries in the
cooling medium temperature less than 40°C, but magnetic circuit, non inform flux distribution, eccentric
whatever is the value of this cooling medium air gap and electrostatic effects.
temperature, the permissible rise of temperature shall 9.2 A test suitable for all 2 poles and higher capacity
not exceed, during the test, those specified in the motors is given below.
relevant equipment specification.
9.2.1 The machine is run at no-load and at rated supply
In the case of motors intended to operate under voltage and frequency. A rectifier type moving coil
conditions in which the maximum cooling air voltmeter of full scale deflection of 5 V (preferably
temperature exceeds 40°C, the temperature-rise as of 1 V only) should be connected across the ends of
given in the relevant specification shall be reduced as the machine by means of solid copper prods firmly
follows: held in the shaft centres. When this is not feasible
a) By 5°C, if the temperature of the cooling air any smooth cylindrical surface outside the bearing
exceeds 40°C by 5°C or less; may be used.
b) By 10°C, if the temperature of the cooling air Alternatively, this measurement may be done by
exceeds 40°C by more than 5°C but not more inserting a voltmeter between the shaft and the pedestal
than 10°C; and (in case of sleeve bearing).
c) By agreement, if the temperature of the 9.2.2 The connecting leads used in this test should be
cooling air is more than 10°C above 40°C. of very low resistance.
Tests of temperature-rise may be carried out at any
convenient cooling air temperature. When the 10 MEASUREMENT OF NOISE
temperature of the cooling air during test is lower See IS 12065.
11
IS 4029 : 2010
11 TEST OF MOTORS FOR OPERATION WITH tested with sinusoidal supply as mentioned in this
FREQUENCY CONVERTERS standard. Additional tests with frequency converter are
as follows:
All tests with frequency converter may be specified
together with the customer and the motor manufacturer a) Temperature-rise test at rated load and speed;
in each case. When the motor is tested together with b) Efficiency measurement by loss segregation
customer’s frequency converter it is customer’s method; and
responsibility to take care of the implementation of c) Vibration level test at the highest speed.
the frequency converter and necessary accessories.
Suitable power analyzer shall be used for measurement
Motors for operation with frequency converter are of voltage, current and input power.
ANNEX A
(Clauses 8.8.1 and 8.9.1)
SUPERIMPOSITION METHOD OF LOADING FOR TEMPERATURE-RISE
12
IS 4029 : 2010
ANNEX B
(Clauses 8.8.2.4.1 and 8.8.2.4.2)
TWO FREQUENCY EQUIVALENT LOADING METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF
TEMPERATURE-RISE OF INDUCTION MACHINES
B-1 INTRODUCTION over the next half cycle. Thus the power drawn for
load over a full cycle is zero. In other words, in very
B-1.1 Load tests are carried out primarily to obtain
second, the machine operates as a motor for 10 times
temperature-rise of the machine under test. Direct
then the complex supply frequency is more than the
coupled load test provides readings to determine
frequency corresponding to the running speed. It also
various performance parameters for example
runs as an induction generator for 10 times in a second
efficiency, power factor, etc, conveniently and also to
when the complex frequency is less than the frequency
affirm general soundness of the machine. However, the
corresponding to the running speed.
requires load facility of similar capacity and mounting
arrangement as of the motor under test for The amplitude of the current flow in the machine can
example 500 kW, 1 500 rpm, vertical, large machines be adjusted by changing the relative amplitudes of the
are also required to be aligned properly to keep two voltages and the frequency of the auxiliary source.
vibrations within safe required power from the supply, Under such condition, only the losses of the machine
if regenerative loading system is not employed. are drawn from the supply sources.
B-1.2 Investigations were carried out, therefore, on The same effect is also possible by superimposing the
methods to get the desired results without the need to auxiliary supply of different frequency on the rotor
couple the machine on test to any external load. The winding in case of wound rotor motors.
result was the development of equivalent loading
method by superimposition of two frequency supplies B-3 METHOD OF TESTING
on the same machine under test. With this method, it is One of the following two methods listed below shall
possible to load an induction machine to its rated load be selected by the manufacturer depending on load
by using the main rated voltage and frequency supply facilities:
along with an auxiliary generator delivering voltage at
different frequency and without drawing rated power a) Two frequency — Primary superposition
from the supply. With the consideration that large method; and
machines being produced in India in larger numbers, b) Two frequency — Secondary superposition
this test is being incorporated in this standard. method.
13
IS 4029 : 2010
generator of the auxiliary source is slowly increased value at full load (calculated by Type equivalent circuit
to increase superimposed voltage and adjusted to pass method). Heat run is continued, if the loss is found to
the required current through the primary winding. determine temperature-rise.
B-3.1.2 Generally, the auxiliary power source is If the loss is found higher, current is reduced to get the
adjusted so that the primary current is nearly equal to loss equal to the full load loss to IFLL and heat run is
the rated value (current based method) and the total carried out at mean of these two currents [that is Ieqv =
loss is measured and checked against expected nominal (IFL + IFLL)/2] to determine temperature-rise.
AS PER ANNEX C — R1 ALSO CONSIDERING 1.13 FACTOR FOR R AND ROTOR RESISTANCE R
BASED ON R THAT IS EXTRAPOLATED AT F/50 DEEP BAR SINGLE CAE ROTOR
RY YB BR at C R1 Convert RT R1/ph
Temperature (75.115C)
3.39000 3.39200 3.38800 32.9 3.39000 75 3.92273 1.96137
N.L. Characteristic
Hz Vo lo Wo 1 Wo 2 Wo Vo ph lo ph
1 1 1000
50.10 6366.67 6366.7 8.79000 8.79 8.78 0.0 8780.0 3675.8 8.79
14
IS 4029 : 2010
Sl No. Hz Vs ls Ws 1 Ws 2 Ws Vs ph ls ph
— 60 Volts 12 Amps Watts Watts 0.5 Volts Amps
1 50.0 27.0 1620. 2.346 28.16 82.0 44.0 13680. 935.3 28.16
0 0 0 7s 0 1
2 25.0 14.0 840.0 2.306 27.68 45.0 17.0 10080. 484.9 27.68
0 0 7 0 7
3 40.0 21.5 1290. 2.326 27.92 66.0 32.0 12240. 744.7 27.92
0 0 0 7 0 8
4 30.0 15.5 930.0 2.306 27.68 50.0 20.0 10800. 536.9 27.68
0 0 7 0 4
Hz Eq Resistive Reactive Zs Rs Xs
Impedance Component Component
Zs' Rs' Xs' Suffics 33.214 5.7504 32.7125
1 50.00 33.214 0 5.750 4 32.712 5 Suffics 17.5207 4.3854 16.963
2 25.00 17.520 7 4.385 4 16.96 3
3 40.00 26.675 6 5.2339 5 26.157 1 Rs Xs
4 30.00 19.39 8 4.698 6 18.820 3 3.07494 6.930854
FORECAST VALUES
10.00 3.5938 6.6195
1.00 3.1058 0.7759
Calculation Result
By IS 325 calculations 100% 26.93 0.87 93.78 0.86667 228.00 Test 1 @ 251 kW and 6540V 27.32
15
IS 4029 : 2010
NOTES
1 Operating frequency in rotor is the slip frequency which is nearest to f/50 for most motors of medium and large size. Therefore, actual current
displacement effect in rotor under operating conditions is simulated by taking values of resistance corresponding to f/50 Hz.
Hence, values in last but one column provide more simulation to direct coupled load test values than f/5 tabulated in the last column.
2 Two frequency method imposes additional harmonic losses and hence temperature-rise at same current is higher than by direct coupled
sinusoidal supply test.
Testing by 2 frequency method at full loss does not simulate the thermal profile properly, if there is as large difference between currents by
direct testing and by loss based 2 frequency methods. Copper losses are lower in the latter resulting in lower temperature-rise of windings on
test.
Hence a mean of currents calculated from current based and loss based methods is recommended.
16
IS 4029 : 2010
B-3.2 Two Frequency Secondary Superposition and the machine is run at rated voltage on no load. The
Method generator of the auxiliary source is now run to the
The connection are made as per Fig. 3. The sequence desired frequency (normally below half the frequency
of phase rotation of the auxiliary supply fed to the of the main source) at as low a frequency as possible
secondary is required to be such that the machine and its output is fed to the secondary(wound rotor).
rotates in the same direction when, Excitation to the generator of the auxiliary source is
slowly increased to increase the superimposed voltage
a) it is fed from primary with main source and and adjusted to pass the required current through the
secondary is short circuited; and primary winding.
b) it is fed from secondary by the auxiliary
B-3.2.2 Generally, the auxiliary power source is
source and primary is short circuited.
adjusted so that the primary current is nearly equal the
This is ensured by energizing one source at a time and rated value (current based method).
running the machine as induction motor and checking
that direction of rotation is correct and same in both The testing is then conducted as per applicable this
the cases. Correct it, if necessary, by changing the phase standard.
sequence.
B-4 CONNECTION DIAGRAMS OF TWO
B-3.2.1 To start the test, main supply (for example FREQUENCY PRIMARY SUPERPOSED
50 Hz in India) is applied first to the primary (stator) EQUIVALENT LOADING METHOD (see Fig. 4)
17
IS 4029 : 2010
FIG. 4 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF TWO FREQUENCY SECONDARY SUPERPOSED E QUIVALENT LOADING METHOD
18
IS 4029 : 2010
ANNEX C
(Clauses 8.8.3.3, 8.8.3.4, 8.8.4.5, 8.8.5, 8.8.5.5 and B-3)
PERFORMANCE DETERMINATION OF INDUCTION MACHINES BY CIRCLE DIAGRAM
METHOD AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT METHOD
19
IS 4029 : 2010
clause is for information only, to understand the take ON′ = Iow and OS′ = Isw on that line.
principles, etc. The calculation method described
Draw two horizontal lines from N’ and S’ and take
in C-3 is the only recognized method).
N′ N = Ioi and S′ S = Isi respectively on these lines.
C-2.3.1 To draw the circle diagram, it is necessary to
From S, draw a vertical line SU, to the extension of
calculate the fundamental quantities which are
N’N, connect N and S and draw a perpendicular line to
specified in C-3.
NS at the point of bisection and let it intersect NU at C.
C-2.3.2 To construct the circle diagram as shown in Draw a semicircle with the centre at C and radius CN
Fig. 7, draw a vertical line from the origin ON, and the (this semicircle passes through S).
FIG. 5 FREQUENCY
20
IS 4029 : 2010
21
IS 4029 : 2010
R1 ( 235 + T ) Ws′
R1 = × Ω for star connected = for delta connected
2 ( 235 + t )
2
machines I s′
(235 + T ) Reactance component of Zs′:
= 1.5 × R1 × Ω for delta connected
( 235 + t ) machines. 2 2
Xs′ = Z s′ − Rs′
where
R1 = mean value of resistance (ohm) of primary C-3.1.4 Procedure to Obtain Locked Rotor
indings measured between terminals; Parameters
t = temperature of windings when resistance is The procedure for determining locked rotor parameters
measured, in °C; and varies depending upon the construction of the rotor
T = reference winding temperature, in °C. and the following criteria and corresponding methods
are used:
NOTE — T = 75°C for Class A and Class E temperature-rise
limits, For Class B rise; T = 75°C at present (to be revised a) For shallow slot squirrel cage induction
soon to 95°C with revision of this standard)
machines, small capacity wound rotor
T = 115°C for Class F and Class H temperature limits.
induction machines, intermediate capacity
C-3.1.2 Real Part and Imaginary Part of no Load multipolar wound rotor induction machines
Current and also medium capacity two pole wound-
rotor type induction machines made with
From rated voltage V1, no load current Io and no load
shallow strips. As the rotor is almost free from
input Wo in the no load test at the rated voltage and
deep bar effect, there is practically no
rated frequency, the following quantities are calculated:
difference in rotor resistance at different
Real part of lo: frequencies. For these cases, locked rotor
impedance Z at reference winding
Wo
low = temperature is calculated as follows:
3 × V1
R = Rs′ (Classes A, E temperature-rise)
Imaginary part of Io:
R = 1.13 × Rs′ (Classes A, F and H
temperature-rise)
I o2 − I ow
2
Ioi =
X = Xs′
C-3.1.3 Real part and imaginary part of locked rotor
current at reference winding temperature: Z= (R 2
+ X2 )
22
IS 4029 : 2010
Current per phase Is at locked rotor at rated Rsî = 1.6 × Rsí – 0.6 × Rs′, where Rsî is the rotor
voltage corresponding to this impedance is: resistance extrapolated at f/5 Hz.
Xsî = 1.6 × Xsí – 0.6 × Xs′, where Xsî is the rotor
Vt resistance extrapolated at f/5 Hz.
Is = for star connected
3× Z
However, when deep bar effect is high (for example as
R in the case of double cage, T bar, wedge bar, deep bar
Real part of Is : Isw = Is ×
Z construction, etc), the rotor resistance shall be
calculated at f/50 Hz which corresponds to 2 percent
X slip which is close to the normal operating slip for such
Imaginary part of Is : Isi = Is × machines to provide better accuracy on slip and
Z
efficiency calculations.
Remark: Since Z = Z′s for Class A and Class
E insulation, the following calculation may Rsî = 1.96 × Rsí – 0.96 × Rs′ where Rsî is the
be carried out for these classes: rotor resistance extrapolated at f/50 Hz.
The locked rotor impedance Z at reference winding
I′ ×V
Is = s 1 temperature shall be calculated as follows:
Vs′
R = Rsî (or Rsíí as applicable): for Class A and
Ws′(V1 )
2
Class E rise machines.
Ws =
(Vs′)2 = 1.13 × R s î (or R s î as applicable): for
Classes B, F and H rise machines.
Ws W ′ × V1 X = 5 × Xsî = 3.2 × Xsí – 0.6 × Xsî
Isw = = s
3 × V1 3 × VS′ 2
Z = (R 2
+ X2 )
Isi = (I 2
s − I sw
2
) Current Is at locked rotor at rated voltage corresponding
to this impedance is:
b) For special squirrel cage induction machines
that is with deep bar effect (Generally, all V1
Is = for star connected
medium and large motors are of this type), 3x
intermediate capacity two pole induction
R
machines with deep bar effect or large Real part of Is : IsW = I s ×
capacity wound rotor induction machines: Z
1 ⎛ K2 ⎞
2 2
Xsí = Z s′′ − Rs′′ p = NC (radius) = × ⎜h +
2 ⎝ h ⎟⎠
Rsî and Xsî are obtained from Fig. 5 by using Rs′,
Rsí and, or from the following formulae: I2s = NS = h2 + k 2
23
IS 4029 : 2010
k1 = TU =
(
3 × r1 × h 2 + k 2 ) for star connected
b) Maximum output:
V1
⎛α⎞
PMax = 3 × V 1 × ρ × tan ⎜ ⎟ W
⎝ 2⎠
3 × I 2 s × r1
2
4
V1 c) Breakdown torque:
k2 = ST = k – k1
3 × V 1 × ρ × tan ⎛ β ⎞
β and tan (β/2) are determined from tan β = h/k1 τMax = ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ kg.m
1.027 × N s 2
a) For and output P (W):
C-3.3 Circle Diagram Method and Circle Diagram
P Calculation Method for Three-Phase Induction
I=
3 × V1 Generators
The whole procedure under this clause is for
I s information only, to understand the principles, etc. The
a = ρ sin α − I cos α ≡ 2 − I cos α
2 calculation method described in C-3.3.2 is the only
recognized method.
I2
b= a −α2 − I2 ≡ C-3.3.1 Procedure to Draw Circle Diagram (for
⎡a +
⎣⎢
(a 2
−I 2
) ⎤
⎦⎥
Information Only, to Understand Basis and Need not
be Drawn to Calculate Performance)
b1 = b cos α To construct the circle diagram as shown in Fig. 7,
draw a vertical line from the origin O, and take ON’ =
b2 = b sin α
Iow and OS’ = Isw on that line. Draw two horizontal lines
from N’ and S’ and take N’N = Ioi and S’S = Isi on these
k2
c2 = b1 × lines, respectively.
k
From S, draw a vertical line SU, to the extension of N’N,
t = c2 + I connect N and S and draw a perpendicular line to NS at
I1w = Iow + b1 + I the point of bisection and let it intersect NU at C’.
I1i = Ioi + b2 Measure NS = I2s and take point T on SU so that,
Primary current:
3 × I 2 s 2 × r1
I1 = (I 1w
2
+ I1i
2
)A TU =
V1
Power factor:
and connect T and N.
I1w × 100
pf = Percent Extend SN downwards to the left and make it intersect
I1 at D, the horizontal line drawn from the origin O. Draw
Efficiency : two vertical lines DF’ and NG’ downwards from the
points D and N respectively. Draw a vertical line
I × 100 − 0.5
η= Percent downwards from the centre C of the circle, and let the
I1w point of intersection of the vertical line and extension
Slip: of OD be Qm, and that of the vertical line and the circle
be Pm.
c2 × 100
s= Percent Through the centre C of the circle, draw a line
T
Torque: perpendicular to NT, and let the point of intersection
of the line and the lower semicircle be Pt.
3 × V1 × t
τ= kg.m From P t, draw a vertical line and let the point of
1.027 × N s intersection of the vertical line and NT be QT.
24
IS 4029 : 2010
25
IS 4029 : 2010
c) Maximum torque τMax The characteristics are calculated after the circuit in
Fig. 9 is transformed to the circuit in Fig. 9. The
3 × V1 × ρ × ( cosec β + cot β )
relationship between the constants of the circuit in Fig. 9
= kg.m and those in Fig. 9 are as follows:
1.027 × N s -1 -2
r1t + jx1t = M (r1 + jx1) + M jx2
9.55 × 3 × V1 × ρ × ( cosec β + cot β )
-2
r2t + jx2t = M r2
= N.m
Ns where
NOTE — The corresponding scalars on circle diagram are
shown in Fig. 8 and the procedure adopted for drawing circle (rM + jxM )
diagram is described in C-2.3.1. M =
⎡⎣r1 + rM + j ( x1 + x M ) ⎤⎦
26
IS 4029 : 2010
27
IS 4029 : 2010
3 × I nw R21′
gn = g3 ′ =
V1 ⎛ ′ 2
′ ⎞
2
⎜⎝ R2L + X 2L ⎟⎠
3 × I nw
bn =
V1 X 21′
b3 ′ =
⎛ ′ 2
′ ⎞
2
gn ⎜⎝ R2L + X 2L ⎟⎠
rn =
gn + bn
2 2
rM
bσ gM′ =
⎛ 2 ′ ⎞
2
xn =
go + bo
2 2
⎜⎝ rM + x M ⎟⎠
rM = rn – r1
c) Calculation is carried out in the same manner as x M′
bM′ =
(b), from primary current Io′ (A) and input ⎛ 2 ′ ⎞
2
28
IS 4029 : 2010
primary current Isí (A) and input power Wsí C-4.3 Determination of Constants at Operation
(W) shall be measured. The following
Secondary resistance r 2 and secondary leakage
calculation is carried out from this result:
reactance x2 at operation (slip ≈ 0) are obtained by the
following calculation:
Ws ′′ − ϒ1L
R 2Lí =
3 × I s ′′
2
( x ′′ − x ′ )
2 2
h =
(r ′ − r ′′ )
( )
2 2 2
⎛ ′′ ′′ ⎞ ′′ ′′
2
( )
leakage reactance, x2í when the slip is equal
= ⎡⎢r 2′′ − m × r2′ − r2′′ ⎤⎥ × 1
r
to k are obtained by the following calculation: r2
⎣ ⎦ r1L
X2Lí = XLí – k × x1
x2 = x2í – m × (x2í – x2′)
R2L ′′ In the case of h < 1.0
g3 í =
⎛ ′′
2
′′ ⎞
2
⎜⎝ R2L + X 2L ⎟⎠
r2
⎡
⎢ ′ 4
= ⎢ r2 − ×
(
r2′ − r2′′ ) ⎤
⎥ r1
⎥×
X 2L ′′ ⎢ 5 (1 − k ) ⎥ r1L
b3 í = ⎣ ⎦
⎛ ′′
2
′′ ⎞
2
⎜⎝ R2L + X 2L ⎟⎠
x2
⎡
⎢ 4
= ⎢ x2′ − ×
(
x2′′ − x2′ ) ⎤
⎥
⎥
bMí =
1
⎢ 5 (1 − k ) ⎥
k × xM ′ ⎣ ⎦
b2í = b3í – bMí Further calculation is carried out in the same manner
as above using the values r2î, x2î, r2íí and x2íí at a
g3′′ current equal to nearly twice the rated current instead
r2í = ⎛ g ′′ + X ′′ ⎞
2 2 of r2′, x2′, r2″ and x2″ in order to obtain the values r2m
⎜⎝ 3 2 ⎟⎠ and x2m corresponding to r2 and x2.
C-4.4 Determination of Constants for the
1 b ′′ Determination of Characteristics
g2 í = × 2
29
IS 4029 : 2010
R1t = d1 × r1 + d2 × x1 + 2d1 × d2 × x2
R ×V
Itw =
x1t = –d2 × r1 + d1 × x1 + (d12 – d22) × x2
r2t = (d12 – d22) × r2
( R2 + X 2 )
x2t = –2d1 × d2 × r2 R ×V
Moreover, constants for current equal to nearly twice
Iti =
( R2 + X 2 )
the rated current shall be calculated similarly and values Primary current:
r1tm, x1tm, r2tm and x2tm corresponding to r1t, x1t, r2t, x2t
are obtained.
I1 = ( I nw + I tw )2 + ( I ni + I ti )2
C-4.5 Determination of Characteristics
Power factor:
C-4.5.1 Additional Load Losses — Stray Load Losses
The value of additional load loses G at an output P ( I nw + I tw )
pf = × 100 Percent
(W) is obtained by the following formula: I1
P2 Efficiency:
G = 0.005 × W
PR P
η= × 100 Percent
where 3 × V1 × ( I nw + I tw )
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ where
V12 × C –2 (r × r + x x ) r2tm
b= 1t 2t 1t 2t Rp = r1tm +
Sp
(P + Wm + G )
b) Slip sp at which maximum output occurs: x2tm
Xp = x1tm +
Sp
(r )
1
2tm2
+ x 2tm2 2
sp = −1 Rp
×V
(
⎡ r 2 +x 2 ) + (r + r2tm ) + ( x1tm + x2tm ) ⎤
(R )
2 2
2 2 Itpw =
⎢⎣ 2tm 2tm 1tm ⎥⎦
2
p + X p2
(r )
2 ½ Itp2 = Itpw2 + Itpi2
+ x1tm
2
1tm
⎛ 1 − sp ⎞
C-4.5.3 Characteristics for the Output P (W): P Max= 3 × ⎜
⎝ p ⎠
s ⎟ × I tp ×
2
(r
2tm
2
+ x 2tm
2
)W
V1 C-4.5.5 Breakdown Torque, τ Max
V=
3
R = r1t + (r2t/s) r2tm
Rτ = x1tm +
X = x1t + (x2t/s) st
30
IS 4029 : 2010
31
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No. : ETD 15 (5306).