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Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 154. fig. 6-1 .
Buffer: Illustrasi
Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 60. fig. 6-3 .
OVERLAY
(TUMPANG SUSUN)
2. Fungsi Overlay (Tumpang Susun)
Aritmatika
◦ penambahan, pengurangan, pembagian, perkalian
Logika
◦ menemukan di mana kondisi tertentu terjadi (and,
or, >, <, etc.)
Perbedaan metode Raster & Vector
◦ Vektor baik untuk data yang tidak terlalu
komplek/jarang
◦ Raste mudah dalam kalkulasinya
Overlay (demo – addition)
Overlay untuk Vector
3 tipe utama vector overlay
◦ point-in-polygon
◦ line-in-polygon
◦ polygon-on-polygon
Vector based overlay
Contoh point-on-polygon
Vector based overlay
Contoh line-on-polygon
Vector based overlay
Contoh polygon-in-polygon
Overlay Dasar Raster:
Penjumlahan sederhana (Simple Addition)
Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 144. fig. 5-12 .
Raster Overlay:
Kombinasi Boolean
Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 125. fig. 5-3 .
Fungsi Neighborhood membentuk keluaran nilai dari setiap
sel lokasi sesuai dengan kedekatan dengan yang lainnya.
NEIGHBORHOOD
(LINGK-SEKITAR)
3. Fungsi Neighborhood
Fungsi Dasar
◦ Rata-rata, perbedaan, mayoritas,
minimum/maksimum, dan total
Parameter yang dicari:
◦ Lokasi Target
◦ Spesifikasi dari lingkungan sekitar
◦ Fungsi untuk melaksanakan dalm neighborhood
element
3. Neighborhood Function (cont)
Operasi pencarian
◦ most common neighborhood operation
Contoh
◦ Menghitung jumlah dari pelanggan yang
berjarak 2 km dari sebuah toko.
3. Neighborhood Functions (cont)
Point atau Line dalam Operasi Poligon
◦ Fungsi pencarian spesifik
Buffers (demo - point, line, polygon)
Thiessen Polygons Operation
◦ defines the individual area of influence around
a point
◦ used to predict values at surrounding points
from a single point observation
Example: Neighborhood Function
Thiessen Polygons
Fungsi Neighborhood:
Contoh
Output:
Rata-rata elevasi dari tiap
watershed
Fungsi Neighborhood:
10x10 filter rata-rata dalam DEM
CONNECTIVITY
4. Fungsi Connectivity
Digunakan untuk akumulasi nilai di atas
sebuah area yang di analisis
Parameter yang dicari:
◦ Spesifikasi bagaimana cara element2 spasial
terkoneksi
◦ Aturan yang secara spesifik membolehkan
pergerakan antar koneksi
◦ Unit ukuran
4. Fungsi Connectivity (cont).
Operasi Proximity
◦ Pengukuran jarak antara dua obyek
◦ Tidak terbatas pada jarak saja; bisa noise, time,
pollution, etc.
Parameter yang dicari:
◦ Lokasi target
◦ Unit dari pengukuran
◦ Fungsi untuk menghitung proximity
(distance/time/noise)
◦ Area yang akan di analisis
Example: Connectivity (Vector)
Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 154. fig. 6-1.
4. Fungsi Connectivity (cont).
Operasi Contiguity
◦ spatial units are connected - defines
“unbroken area”
Contiguity measures:
◦ size of neighboring area(s)
◦ shortest/longest straight line distance across
adjacent area(s)
◦ specific shape of neighboring area(s)
Contiguity Functions
Image Source: Chrisman, Nicholas.(2002). 2nd Ed. Exploring Geographic Information Systems. p 198. fig. 8-14 .
Viewshed aka Intervisibility
Environmental Impact Analysis
Contours
Hill shading
Spot height symbols
Cliff & slope symbols
Viewpoint symbols
Analysis: Summation
GIS does not always provide exact
answers to problems, but by identifying
trends based on geography, GIS can reveal
patterns that can help us make informed
decisions.
A GIS can improve decision-making; it
cannot make decisions for us.
Flood Risk