European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)

Part-66
PREFACE

These notes have been written specifically to meet the EASA Part-66 syllabus and to answer the
questions being asked during the examinations.

The EASA Part-66 syllabus for each sub-module is printed at the beginning of each of the chapter
in these course notes and is used as the “learning objectives”.

We regularly have a review of our training notes in order to improve the quality of the notes and of
the service. So, if you discover within these course notes, any errors or typos, or any subject which
is not particularly well, or adequately explained, please tell us, via our instructors or our secretary.
We will be sure to review your feedback and incorporate any changes necessary.

AUTHORITY

It is IMPORTANT to note that the information in this book is for study/training purposes only.

When carrying out a procedure/work on aircraft/aircraft equipment you MUST always refer to the
relevant aircraft maintenance manual or equipment manufacturer’s handbook.

You should also follow the requirements of national/international regulatory authority and published
company policy as regards local procedures, recording, report writing, documentation etc.

For health and safety in the workplace you should follow the regulations/guidelines as specified by
the equipment manufacturer, your company, national safety authorities and national governments.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

© Copyright. All worldwide rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any other means whatsoever: i.e. photocopy,
electronic, mechanical recording or otherwise in whole or in part without the prior written
permission of Part-66 Free

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KNOWLEDGE LEVELS
Basic knowledge are indicated by the allocation of knowledge levels indicators (1, 2 or 3) against
each applicable subject.
The knowledge level indicators are defined as follows:

LEVEL 1
 A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject.
Objectives:
 The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the subject.
 The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole subject, using
common words and examples.
 The applicant should be able to use typical terms.

LEVEL 2
 A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
 An ability to apply that knowledge.
Objectives:
 The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject.
 The applicant should be able to give a general description of the subject using, as
appropriate, typical examples.
 The applicant should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical
laws describing the subject.
 The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics
describing the subject.
 The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using detailed
procedures.

LEVEL 3
 A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
 A capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical and
comprehensive manner.
Objectives:
 The applicant should know the theory of the subject and interrelationships with other
subjects.
 The applicant should be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical
fundamentals and specific examples.
 The applicant should understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the
subject.
 The applicant should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings
and schematics describing the subject.
 The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using
manufacturer's instructions.
 The applicant should be able to interpret results from various sources and measurements
and apply corrective action where appropriate.

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EASA PART-66 MODULE CONTENTS AND LEVELS

SubModule Subject Level

9.1 General 2
9.2 Human Performance and Limitations 2
9.3 Social Psychology 1
9.4 Factors Affecting Performance 2
9.5 Physical Environment 1
9.6 Tasks 1
9.7 Communication 2
9.8 Human Error 2
9.9 Hazards in the Workplace 2

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 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1

Module 9A
Human Factors

9.1
General

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 Table of Contents

Module 9.1 General ___________________________________________________ 5

The Need To Take Human Factors Into Account _______________________________________ 5

What is "Human Factors"? _________________________________________________________ 5

The SHEL Model __________________________________________________________________ 7

Incidents and Accidents Attributable To Human Factors / Human Error ____________________ 9

Examples of Incidents and Accidents _______________________________________________ 11
Incidents and Accidents - A Breakdown in Human Factors ______________________________ 13

Murphy's Law ___________________________________________________________________ 14

Dr James Reason ________________________________________________________________ 15

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 EASA PART-66 SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL

9.1 General 2
The need to take human factors into account;
Incidents attributable to human factors/human error;
‘Murphy's’ law.

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 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1

Module 9A
Human Factors

9.2
Human Performance and Limitations

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 Table of Contents

Module 9.2 Human Performance and Limitations __________________________ 5

Human Performance as Part of the Maintenance Engineering System _____________________ 5

Vision ___________________________________________________________________________ 7
The Basic Function of the Eye _____________________________________________________ 7
Components of the Eye ___________________________________________________________ 8
Factors Affecting Clarity of Sight ____________________________________________________ 9
Physical Factors _______________________________________________________________ 11
Environmental Factors __________________________________________________________ 12
The Nature of the Object Being Viewed _____________________________________________ 12
Colour Vision __________________________________________________________________ 13
Vision and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer ________________________________________ 14

Hearing ________________________________________________________________________ 15
The Basic Function of the Ear _____________________________________________________ 15
Components of the Ear __________________________________________________________ 16
Impact of Noise on Performance ___________________________________________________ 18
Hearing Impairment _____________________________________________________________ 18
High and Low Tone Deafness _____________________________________________________ 19
Hearing Protection______________________________________________________________ 19
Presbycusis ___________________________________________________________________ 19
Hearing and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer _______________________________________ 20

Information Processing ___________________________________________________________ 21

An Information Processing Model __________________________________________________ 21
Sensory Receptors and Sensory Stores _____________________________________________ 22
Attention and Perception _________________________________________________________ 22
Decision Making _______________________________________________________________ 23
Memory ______________________________________________________________________ 24
Motor Programmes _____________________________________________________________ 26
Situation Awareness ____________________________________________________________ 26
Information Processing Limitations _________________________________________________ 27
Attention and Perception _________________________________________________________ 27
Decision Making, Memory, and Motor Programmes ____________________________________ 29
Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 30

Claustrophobia, Physical Access and Fear of Heights _________________________________ 31

Physical Access and Claustrophobia _______________________________________________ 31
Fear of Heights ________________________________________________________________ 31
Other Phobias _________________________________________________________________ 32

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 EASA PART-66 SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL

9.2 Human Performance and Limitations 2
Vision;
Hearing;
Information processing;
Attention and perception;
Memory;
Claustrophobia and physical access.

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 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1

Module 9A
Human Factors

9.3
Social Psychology

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 Table of Contents

Module 9.3 Social Psychology __________________________________________ 5

The Social Environment ___________________________________________________________ 5
Responsibility: Individual and Group _________________________________________________ 6

Motivation and De-motivation _______________________________________________________ 9

Introduction ____________________________________________________________________ 9
External and Internal Motivation ____________________________________________________ 9
Reward and Punishment: Effects on Behaviour _______________________________________ 10
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs _____________________________________________________ 11
De-motivation _________________________________________________________________ 12

Peer Pressure ___________________________________________________________________ 15

Experiments in Conformity _______________________________________________________ 15
Countering Peer Pressure and Conformity ___________________________________________ 16

Culture Issues ___________________________________________________________________ 17

Safety Culture _________________________________________________________________ 18
Social Culture _________________________________________________________________ 19
Engineering a Just Culture (Dr.Reason) _____________________________________________ 20
The Blame Cycle _______________________________________________________________ 22
David Marx Scenarios ___________________________________________________________ 25
The Substitution Test ___________________________________________________________ 27
The Blame Scale _______________________________________________________________ 28
Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 28

Personality Types ________________________________________________________________ 29

Five Factor Model ______________________________________________________________ 29
"Accident Prone" _______________________________________________________________ 30

Team Working ___________________________________________________________________ 31

The Concept of a Team _________________________________________________________ 31
Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Working _______________________________ 31
Important Elements of Team Working_______________________________________________ 32

Management, Supervision and Leadership ___________________________________________ 35

The Management Role __________________________________________________________ 35
The Supervisory Role ___________________________________________________________ 36
Characteristics of a Leader _______________________________________________________ 37

Maintenance Resource Management (MRM) __________________________________________ 39

CRM and MRM ________________________________________________________________ 39
The Dirty Dozen _______________________________________________________________ 41

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 EASA PART-66 SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL

9.3 Social Psychology 1
Responsibility: individual and group;
Motivation and de-motivation;
Peer pressure;
‘Culture’ issues;
Team working;
Management, supervision and leadership.

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 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1

Module 9A
Human Factors

9.4
Factors Affecting Performance

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 Table of Contents

Module 9.4 Factors Affecting Performance _______________________________ 5

Fitness and Health ________________________________________________________________ 5
Pre-employment Disposition _______________________________________________________ 5
Day-to-Day Fitness and Health _____________________________________________________ 6
Positive Measures _______________________________________________________________ 7

Stress ___________________________________________________________________________ 9
Causes and Symptoms ___________________________________________________________ 9
Domestic Stress _______________________________________________________________ 10
Work Related Stress ____________________________________________________________ 10
Stress Management ____________________________________________________________ 11

Time Pressure and Deadlines ______________________________________________________ 13

The Effects of Time Pressure and Deadlines _________________________________________ 13
Managing Time Pressure and Deadlines ____________________________________________ 14

Workload - Overload and Underload ________________________________________________ 15

Arousal ______________________________________________________________________ 15
Factors Determining Workload ____________________________________________________ 17
Overload _____________________________________________________________________ 17
Underload ____________________________________________________________________ 18
Workload Management __________________________________________________________ 18

Sleep, Fatigue and Shift Work ______________________________________________________ 21

What Is Sleep? ________________________________________________________________ 21
Circadian Rhythms _____________________________________________________________ 23
Fatigue ______________________________________________________________________ 24
Shift Work ____________________________________________________________________ 27
Sleep, Fatigue, Shift Work and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer ________________________ 28

Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse________________________________________________ 33

Alcohol _______________________________________________________________________ 33
Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 ____________________________________________ 34
Alcohol and Sleep ______________________________________________________________ 40
Alcohol and Attention ___________________________________________________________ 41
Medication ____________________________________________________________________ 42
Drugs ________________________________________________________________________ 43
Non-Prescribed Drugs ___________________________________________________________ 43

Diet and Nutrition ________________________________________________________________ 45

Eating Habits/Patterns___________________________________________________________ 45
Culture _______________________________________________________________________ 45
Nutrition ______________________________________________________________________ 45
Glycaemic Index (GI)____________________________________________________________ 45
Drinking Habits ________________________________________________________________ 49
Dehydration ___________________________________________________________________ 49

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 EASA PART-66 SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL

9.4 Factors Affecting Performance 2
Fitness/health;
Stress: domestic and work related;
Time pressure and deadlines;
Workload: overload and underload;
Sleep and fatigue, shiftwork;
Alcohol, medication, drug abuse.

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 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1

Module 9A
Human Factors

9.5
Physical Environment

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 Table of Contents

Module 9.5 Physical Environment _______________________________________ 5

Noise ___________________________________________________________________________ 6

Fumes __________________________________________________________________________ 7

Illumination ______________________________________________________________________ 9

Climate and Temperature _________________________________________________________ 11

Motion and Vibration _____________________________________________________________ 13

Confined Spaces ________________________________________________________________ 15

Working Environment ____________________________________________________________ 17

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 EASA PART-66 SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL

9.5 Physical Environment 1
Noise and fumes;
Illumination;
Climate and temperature;
Motion and vibration;
Working environment.

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 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1

Module 9A
Human Factors

9.6
Tasks

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 Table of Contents

Module 9.6 Tasks ____________________________________________________ 5

Physical Work ____________________________________________________________________ 7
Planning ______________________________________________________________________ 7
Physical Tasks _________________________________________________________________ 8

Repetitive Tasks __________________________________________________________________ 9

Visual Inspection ________________________________________________________________ 11

Complex Systems________________________________________________________________ 13

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 EASA PART-66 SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL

9.6 Tasks 1
Physical work;
Repetitive tasks;
Visual inspection;
Complex systems.

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 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1

Module 9A
Human Factors

9.7
Communication

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 Table of Contents

Module 9.7 Communication ____________________________________________ 5

Within and Between Teams _________________________________________________________ 5
Modes of Communication _________________________________________________________ 5
Transactional Analysis (TA) _______________________________________________________ 6
The Freudian Approach __________________________________________________________ 9
Verbal and Written Communication ________________________________________________ 11
Non-verbal Communication _______________________________________________________ 11
Communication Within Teams ____________________________________________________ 12
Communication Between Teams __________________________________________________ 12
Shift Handover _________________________________________________________________ 13
Communication Problems ________________________________________________________ 21

Work Logging and Recording ______________________________________________________ 23

Keeping Up-to-Date, Currency _____________________________________________________ 25

Dissemination of Information ______________________________________________________ 27

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 EASA PART-66 SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL

9.7 Communication 2
Within and between teams;
Work logging and recording;
Keeping up to date, currency;
Dissemination of information.

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 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1

Module 9A
Human Factors

9.8
Human Error

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 Table of Contents

Module 9.8 Human Error ______________________________________________ 5

Error Models and Theories _________________________________________________________ 6
Design Vs Operator - Induced Errors ________________________________________________ 6
Variable Vs Constant Errors _______________________________________________________ 6
Reversible Vs Irreversible Errors ___________________________________________________ 7
Slips, Lapses and Mistakes ________________________________________________________ 8
Skill-, Rule- and Knowledge-Based Behaviours and Associated Errors _____________________ 10
The 'Swiss Cheese Model' _______________________________________________________ 14
Failures ______________________________________________________________________ 15
Three Common Mistakes in Aircraft Maintenance _____________________________________ 21
Summarising Error Types ________________________________________________________ 24

Types of Error in Maintenance Tasks________________________________________________ 25

Violation in Aircraft Maintenance ___________________________________________________ 25

Errors Associated With Visual Inspection ____________________________________________ 33

Implications of Errors (ie Accidents) ________________________________________________ 34

Avoiding and Managing Errors _____________________________________________________ 37

Error Management _____________________________________________________________ 39
Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA) ____________________________________________ 45
Safety and Risk ________________________________________________________________ 49

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 EASA PART-66 SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL

9.8 Human Error 2
Error models and theories;
Types of error in maintenance tasks;
Implications of errors (i.e accidents)
Avoiding and managing errors.

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 European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
PART-66
Aircraft Maintenance Licence

Licence Category B1

Module 9A
Human Factors

9.9
Hazards in the Workplace

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 Table of Contents

Module 9.9 Hazards in the Workplace ___________________________________ 5

Recognising and Avoiding Hazards __________________________________________________ 5
Potential Hazards in Aircraft Maintenance Engineering __________________________________ 5
Relevant Legislation an d the Maintenance Organisation's Responsibilities __________________ 5
Engineer's Individual Responsibilities ________________________________________________ 7
Safety in the Working Environment __________________________________________________ 7
Safety when Working On Aircraft ___________________________________________________ 7

Dealing With Emergencies _________________________________________________________ 9

Risk Assessment ________________________________________________________________ 11

What is risk assessment? ________________________________________________________ 11
How to assess the risks in your workplace ___________________________________________ 11

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 EASA PART-66 SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS

SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS LEVEL

9.9 Hazards in the Workplace 2
Recognising and avoiding hazards;
Dealing with emergencies.

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