MODULE#08 – STATISTICS

It is the branch of mathematics that deals with the
collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and
organization of data.
 De scrip tiv e Statistics
The area of statistics concerned with organizing
and summarizing the inevitable variability in
collections of actual observations or scores.
 I nfe re ntial Statistics
The area of statistics that provides tools for
generalizing beyond collections of actual
observations.
 P op ulation – any complete collection of
observations or potential observations
 Samp le – any smaller collection of actual
observations from a population
 Nominal Le v e l – words, letters, or numerical
codes of qualitative data that reflect differences
in kind based on classification.
 Ord inal Le v e l – relative standing of ranked data
that reflects differences in degree based on
order.
 I nterval Le v e l – amounts or counts of
quantitative data that reflect differences in
degree based on equal intervals.
 Ratio Le v e l – observations of quantitative data
that has differences in degree based on equal
intervals and a true zero.
 Me asure s of P osition (Quantiles)
o Quartile – each of the three values of the
random variable that divide a population
into four groups.
o De cile – each of the nine values of the
random variable that divide a population
into ten groups.
o P e rcentile – each of the ninety-nine values
of the random variable that divide a
population into a hundred groups.
 Me asure s of Shap e
o Ske wness – it is the measure of asymmetry
of a set of scores.
o Kurtosis – it is the measure of peakedness of
a set of scores.
 C orre lation C oe fficie nt
A number between -1 and 1 that describes the
relationship between pairs of variables.
 P e arson C orre lation C oe fficie nt
A number between -1.00 and +1.00 that
describes the linear relationship between pairs
of quantitative variables.
 Le ast Sq uare s Re g re ssion Eq uation
The equation that minimizes the total of all
squared prediction errors for known Y scores in
the original correlation analysis (of variable X
and Y).

 Rand om Samp ling – each member of the

population has an equal chance of being
selected.
 Stratified Samp ling – classify the population into
at least two strata, then draw a sample from
each.
 Sy stematic Samp ling – Select every kth
member.
 C luster Sampling – divide the population into
sections, and randomly selects a few of those
sections, and then choose all members in them.
 C onvenience Samp ling – use results that are
readily available.

 Me asure s of C e ntral Te nd e ncy

o Me an – it is the arithmetic average of all
scores.
o Me d ian – the middle value when
observations are ordered from least to most.
o Mod e – the value of the most frequent score .
o Root Me an Sq uare ( RMS) – also known as
quadratic mean is obtained by getting the
square root of the second moment of the
scores.

 Me asure s of Variab ility

o Rang e – the difference between the largest
and smallest scores.
o Variance – the mean of all squared deviation
scores.
o Stand ard De viation – a rough measure of
the average amount by which score s
deviate on either side of their mean.
o C oe fficient of Variation – it is the ratio of the
standard deviation to the mean.
o I nterquartile Rang e – the range for the
middle 50% of the scores.