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1 1
(a) f ( x ) = ; x = , x = 3.
x 3
−1
m( x) = f ′( x) =
x2
1
Considerando x = ,
3
1 −1 −1
m = 2 = = −9 .
3 1 1
3 9
1
p/ x = ⇒ y = 3.
3
Assim,
1
y − 3 = −9 x −
3
y − 3 = −9 x + 3
9x + y − 6 = 0
Considerando x = 3 ,
−1 −1 1
m (3) = 2 = p/ x = 3⇒ y =
3 9 3
1 −1
y− = ( x − 3)
3 9
9 y − 3 = −x + 3
x + 9y − 6 = 0
Segue o gráfico:
242
f (x)
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
-4
1
(b) f ( x ) = , a ∈ R − {−2,4} ; x = −2, x = 4.
x−a
Temos que:
−1
m ( x) = f ′( x) = .
( x − a)2
Para x = −2 temos:
−1 −1
m ( − 2) = 2
= 2 .
( −2 − a ) (2 + a)
1 −1
p / x = −2 ⇒ y = =
−2−a 2+a
Assim,
1 −1
y+ = ( x + 2)
2 + a (2 + a ) 2
(2 + a) 2 y + 2 + a = − x − 2
x + ( 2 + a ) 2 y + 4 + a = 0.
Para x = 4 temos:
−1
m ( 4) =
(4 − a ) 2
1
p/ x = 4⇒ y =
4−a
243
Assim,
1 −1
y− = ( x − 4)
4 − a ( 4 − a) 2
(4 − a ) 2 y − ( 4 − a ) = − x + 4
x + ( 4 − a ) 2 y − 8 + a = 0.
Segue o gráfico:
f (x)
Usando a = 3 4
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
-4
(c) f ( x ) = 2 x ; x = 0, x = 3, x = a, a > 0.
Temos que:
1
m ( x) = f ′( x) = .
x
Para x = 0 , temos
f (0 + ∆x) − f (0) 2 ∆x − 0
lim = lim+ =∞
∆x →0 + ∆x ∆ x → 0 ∆x
Portanto, usando 4.1.2, segue que x = 0 é a equação da reta tangente.
Para x = 3 temos:
1
m (3) = e
3
p/x = 3⇒ y = 2 3 .
Assim,
244
1
y−2 3 = ( x − 3)
3
3y − 6 = x − 3
x − 3y + 3 = 0
Para x = a temos:
1
m (a ) = e
a
p / x = a ⇒ y = 2 a, a > 0.
Assim,
1
y−2 a = (x − a )
a
a y − 2a = x − a ou x − a y + a = 0.
Segue o gráfico.
f (x)
x
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
Usando a=1/2
-3
-4
m ( x) = 3x 2
245
3x 2 = 1
1
x2 =
3
1
x=±
3
3
1 1
p/ x = ⇒ y = −1
3 3
1 1
y− +1 =1 x −
3 3 3
3 3 y − 1 + 3 3 = x.3 3 − 3
3 3x − 3 3 y − 3 3 − 2 = 0
3
−1 −1
p/x = ⇒ y= −1
3 3
1 1
y+ +1 =1 x +
3 3 3
3 3y +1 + 3 3 = 3 3 x + 3
3 3 x − 3 3 y − 3 3 + 2 = 0.
3. A posição de uma partícula que se move no eixo dos x depende do tempo de acordo
com a equação x(t ) = 3t 2 − t 3 , em que x vem expresso em metros e t em segundos.
x(t ) = 3t 2 − t 3
x(4) = 3.4 2 − 43 = 3.16 − 64 = −16m.
v(t ) = x ' (t ) = 6t − 3t 2
246
v ( 0) = 0 m s
v(1) = 6 − 3 = 3 m s
v ( 2 ) = 6 .2 − 3 .4 = 0 m s
v(3) = 6.3 − 3.9 = −9 m s
v(4) = 6.4 − 3.16 = −24 m s .
a (t ) = v ' (t ) = 6 − 6t
a ( 0) = 6 m s 2
a (1) = 6 − 6 = 0 m s 2
a ( 2 ) = 6 − 6 .2 = − 6 m s 2
a (3) = 6 − 6.3 = −12 m s 2
a (4) = 6 − 6.4 = −18 m s 2 .
4. Um corpo cai livremente partindo do repouso. Calcule sua posição e sua velocidade
1
depois de decorridos 1 e 2 segundos. (Da Física, use a equação y = v 0 t - gt 2 para
2
determinar a posição y do corpo, onde v 0 é a velocidade inicial e g ≅ 9,8 m/s 2 ).
1 2
y = vo t − gt
2
1
y (1) = 0 − .9.8.1 = −4,9m
2
dy
v= = vo − gt = 0 − 9,8t
dt
v(1) = 0 − 9,8.1 = −9,8 m s
1
y (2) = 0 − . 9,8 . 4
2
y (2) = −19,6m
v(2) = 0 − 9,8 . 2
= −19,6 m s
5. f ( x) = 10 (3 x 2 + 7 x − 3)10
f ′( x) = 100 (3 x 2 + 7 x − 3)9 (6 x + 7) .
1
6. f ( x) = (bx 2 + ax)3
a
1
f ′( x) = .3 (bx 2 + ax) 2 (2bx + a) .
a
7. f (t ) = (7t 2 + 6t )7 (3t − 1) 4
3
7t + 1
8. f (t ) = 2
2t + 3
22
7t + 1 (2t + 3) 7 − (7t + 1) (4t )
f ′(t ) = 3 2 .
2t + 3 (2t 2 + 3) 2
(7t + 1) 2 14t 2 + 21 − 28t 2 − 4t
=3 .
(2t 2 + 3) 2 (2t 2 + 3) 2
3(7t + 1) 2 − (14t 2 − 4t + 21)
=
(2t 2 + 3) 4
9. (
f ( x) = 3 3x 2 + 6 x − 2 ) 2
−1
2
f ′( x) = (3 x 2 + 6 x − 2) 3 (6 x + 6)
3
4 ( x + 1)
=
3
3x 2 + 6 x − 2
248
2x
10. f ( x) =
3x − 1
1
1 −
3x − 1 . 2 − 2 x . (3 x − 1) 2 . 3
f ′( x) = 2
3x − 1
1
−
2 3 x − 1 − 3 x (3 x − 1) 2
=
3x − 1
3x − 2
=
(3 x − 1) 3 x − 1
2t + 1
11. f (t ) =
t −1
−1
1 2t + 1 2 (t − 1) . 2 − (2t + 1) . 1
f ′( x) = .
2 t −1 (t − 1) 2
1
1 t − 1 2 2t − 2 − 2t − 1
= .
2 2t + 1 (t − 1) 2
1
1 t −1 2 −3
= .
2 2t + 1 (t − 1) 2
−3 1
= . 3 1
2
(t − 1) 2 (2t + 1) 2
1
12. f ( x) == e3− x
3
1 3− x
f ′( x) = e (−1)
3
2
13. f ( x) = 23 x +6
249
2
f ′( x) = 23 x +6x
. (6 x + 6) . ln 2
(
14. f ( s ) = 7 s 2 + 6 s − 1 + 2 e −3s )
3
(
15. f (t ) = et / 2 t 2 + 5t )
t t
1
f ′(t ) = e .(2t + 5) + e 2 (t 2 + 5t )
2
2
t
1 5
f ′(t ) = e 2 . 2t + 5 + t 2 + t
2 2
t
1 9
= e . t 2 + t + 5
2
2 2
16. f ( x) = log 2 (2 x + 4)
2
f ′( x ) = . log 2 e
2x + 4
17. f ( s ) = log3 s + 1
−1
1
( s + 1) 2
f ′( s ) = 2 . log3 e
s +1
1 log 3 e
= .
2 s +1 . s +1
log 3 e
=
2 ( s + 1)
1 1
18. f ( x) = ln + 2
x x
250
−1 − 2 − x − 2
2
+ 3
f ′( x) = x x = x3
1 1 x +1
+ 2
x x x2
− x − 2 x2
= .
x3 x +1
−x−2
=
x ( x + 1)
a3x
19. f ( x) = 2
b3 x −6 x
2 2
b 3x −6 x
. a 3 x . 3 . ln a − a 3 x . b 3 x −6 x
. (6 x − 6) ln b
f ′( x) = 2
b 2 (3 x −6 x )
=
b 3x
2
−6 x
[3a 3x
ln a − a 3 x (6 x − 6) ln b ]
2 ( 3 x 2 −6 x )
b
3x
3 (ln a ) a − a 3 x (6 x − 6) ln b
= 2
b (3 x −6 x )
t 2 −1
20. f (t ) = (2t + 1)
2 2
−1 −2
f ′(t ) = (2t + 1) t . ln (2t + 1) . 2t + (2t + 1) t (t 2 − 1) . 2
1
21. f ( s ) = (a + bs )ln( a + bs )
2
1 b 1
f ′( s ) = (a + bs ) ln ( a +bs ) . ln (a + bs ). + ln (a + bs ) . (a + bs ) [ln ( a +bs ) ]−1 . b
2 a + bs 2
ln ( a + bs )
b (a + bs ) . ln (a + bs ) + ln (a + bs ) . (a + bs ) ln ( a + bs ) . b
=
2 (a + bs )
b (a + bs ) ln ( a + bs ) . ln (a + bs )
=
a + bs
22. f (u ) = cos (π 2 − u )
π
f ′(u ) = + sen − u
2
24. f ( x) = sen3 (3 x 2 + 6 x)
f ′( x) = 3 sen 2 (3 x 2 + 6 x) . cos (3 x 2 + 6 x) . (6 x + 6)
25. f ( x) = 3 tg (2 x + 1) + x
1 −1 / 2
f ′( x) = 3 sec 2 (2 x + 1) . 2 + x
2
1
= 6 sec 2 (2 x + 1) +
2 x
3 sec 2 x
26. f ( x) =
x
27. f ( x) = e 2 x cos 3 x
f ′( x) = −e 2 x sen 3 x . 3 + cos 3 x . e 2 x . 2
= −3 e 2 x sen 3 x + 2 e 2 x cos 3 x
= e 2 x [2 cos 3 x − 3 sen 3 x]
28. f (θ ) = − cos ec 2 θ 3
29. f ( x) = a cos bx
1
f ′( x) = a .(cos b x) −1 / 2 (− sen b x) . b
2
− ab sen b x
=
2 cos b x
252
30. f (u ) = (u tg u ) 2
f ′(u ) = 2 (u tg u ) . [u . sec 2 u + tg u ]
= 2 u 2 sec 2 u . tg u + 2 u tg 2 u
1
f ′( x) = 2 (arc sen x)
1 − x2
−3
f ′(t ) = t + arc cos 3t . 1
1 − 9t 2
− cos t
f ′(t ) =
1 − sen 2 t
− cos t
=
cos t
= −1
1 −1 / 2
x
f ′( x) = 2
x x −1
1 1
= .
2 x x x −1
1
=
2x x − 1
−2
f ′(t ) = t 2 . + arc cos sec (2t + 3) . 2t
2t + 3 (2t + 3) 2 − 1
ln ( sen hx)
37. f ( x) =
x
cosh x
x − ln ( senh x) . 1
senh x
f ′( x) =
x2
x cot gh − ln ( senh x)
=
x2
[
38. f (t ) = cot gh (t + 1) 2 ]
1/ 2
1
f ′(t ) =
2
[
cot gh (t + 1) 2
−1 / 2
]. − cos sec h 2 (t + 1) 2 . 2 (t + 1)
(t + 1) cos sec h 2 (t + 1) 2
=−
cot gh (t + 1) 2
3
(3 x + 1)
39. f ( x) = cos sec h
x
2
3 x + 1 3x + 1 3 x + 1 x . 3 − (3 x + 1)
f ′( x) = 3 cos sec h . − cos sec h cot gh .
x x x x2
3
1 3 x + 1 3x + 1
=3 2 cos sec h x . cot gh x
x
1 2x
f ′( x) = x + arg cosh x −
2
x −1 2 x2 − 1
2x
f ′( x) = x + arg cot gh x 2 . 1
1 − x4
2x2
= 4
+ arg cot gh x 2
1− x
254
1
42. f ( x) =
2
[
arg cos gh x 2 ] 2
1 2x
f ′( x) = . 2 arg cosh x 2 . ; x2 > 1
2 4
x −1
1
43. f ( x) = (2 x 5 + 6 x −3 ) 5
3
1
f ′( x) = .5 (2 x 5 + 6 x − 3 ) 4 . (10 x 4 − 18 x − 4 ) .
3
1
44. f ( x) = (3 x 2 + 6 x)10 −
x2
2
f ′( x) = 10(3 x 2 + 6 x)9 (6 x + 6) + .
x3
f ′( x) = (5 x − 2) 6 3 (3 x − 1) 2 .3 + (3 x − 1) 3 .6 (5 x − 2) 5 .5
= 9 (5 x − 2) 6 (3 x − 1) 2 + 30 (3 x − 1) 3 .(5 x − 2) 5
= (5 x − 2) 5 (3 x − 1) 2 [9 (5 x − 2) + 30 (3 x − 1)]
= (5 x − 2) 5 (3 x − 1) 2 [45 x − 18 + 90 x − 30)]
= (5 x − 2) 5 (3 x − 1) 2 [135 x − 48)]
4 1
46. f ( x) = (2 x − 5) + − x
x +1
255
−1
1 −1
f ′( x) = 4 (2 x − 5) 3 .2 + 2
− x2
( x + 1) 2
1 1
= 8 (2 x − 5) 3 − 2
−
( x + 1) 2 x
(
47. f (t ) = 4t 2 − 5t + 2 )−1 / 3
4
1 −
f ′(t ) = − (4t 2 − 5t + 2) 3 (8t − 5)
3
7 x2
48. f ( x) = 5 + 3x + 1
2 3x + 1
−6 −1 −1
7 2 −1 7 1
f ′( x) = x . (3 x + 1) 5 . 3 + (3 x + 1) 5 . 2 x + (3 x + 1) 2 . 3
2 5 2 2
−6 −1 −1
21 2 3
=− x (3 x + 1) 5 + 7 x (3 x + 1) 5 + (3 x + 1) 2
10 2
2
49. f ( x) = 2e3 x + 6 x + 7
2
f ′( x) = 2 e3 x +6 x+7
. (6 x + 6)
50. f ( x) = e ( ) x
−1
1 2
f ′( x) = e x
. x
2
e x
=
2 x
− ln 2 x
1
51. f ( x) =
2
256
− ln 2 x
1 −2 1
f ′( x) = . . ln
2 2x 2
− ln 2 x
1 1
= − . . − ln 2
2 x
ln 2 x
2 . ln 2
=
x
2
e−t + 1
52. f (t ) =
t
f ′(t ) =
( 2
t e − t . (−2t ) − (e − t + 1) . 1 ) 2
t2
2 2
− 2t 2 e −t − e −t − 1
=
t2
et − 1
53. f (t ) =
et + 1
−1
1 e t − 1 2 (e t + 1) . e t − (e t − 1) . e t
f (t ) = t
′ .
2 e + 1 (e t + 1) 2
−1
1 e t − 1 2 e 2t + e t − e 2 t + e t
= t .
2 e + 1 (e t + 1) 2
1 et + 1 2 et
= .
2 e t − 1 (e t + 1) 2
1 2
54. f ( x) =
a
(
bx + c − ln x )
1 1
f ′( x) = (2bx) −
a x
1
55. f ( x) =
2
(
ln 7 x 2 − 4 )
257
1 14 x
f ′( x) =. 2
2 7x − 4
7x
= 2
7x − 4
1+ x
56. f ( x) = ln
1− x
(1 − x)1 − (1 + x) (−1) 1 − x
f ′( x) = .
(1 − x) 2 1+ x
1− x +1+ x 1− x
= .
(1 − x) 2 1+ x
2 2
= =
(1 − x) (1 + x) 1 − x 2
t
a
57. f (t ) =
b
t
a a 1
f ′(t ) = . ln .
b b 2 t
(
58. f ( x) = e x + 4
2
) x
2 2 1 2
x −1 2
f ′( x) = (e x + 4) x
. ln (e x + 4) . + x ( e x + 4) . ex . 2x
2 x
59. f ( x) = sen (2 x + 4)
f ′( x) = 2 cos (2 x + 4)
1 + cos 2α
61. f (α ) =
2
− 2 sen 2α
f ′(α ) = = − sen 2α
2
2
63. f ( s ) = cot g 4 (2 s − 3)
2
1
64. f ( x) =
sen x
1 − cos x
f ′( x) = 2 .
sen x sen 2 x
− 2 cos x
=
sen3 x
sen ( x + 1)
65. f ( x) =
ex
259
e x cos ( x + 1) − sen ( x + 1) e x
f ′( x) =
e2x
[cos ( x + 1) − sen ( x + 1)]
=
ex
1 x x 1 1 1 1
f ′( x) = sen 2 x .2. cos . − sen + cos 2 x . 2 sen x . cos x .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x x x x
= − sen 3 . cos + cos 3 . sen
2 2 2 2
67. f (t ) = ln cos 2 t
− 2 cos t . sen t
f ′(t ) =
cos 2 t
− 2 sen t
=
cos t
= −2 tg t
3 + ( sen 2 x) 2
f ′( x) = . log 2 e
3 x − cos 2 x
69. f (t ) = e 2 cos 2t
2x
70. f ( x) = arc cos
3
260
− 2/3 − 2/3
f ′( x) = =
4x2 9 − 4x2
1−
9 9
− 2/3 −2
= .3 =
9 − 4x2 9 − 4x2
arc sen s / 2
71. f ( s ) =
s +1
1/ 2 s
( s + 1) − arc sen
s2 2
1−
f ′( s) = 4
( s + 1) 2
1/ 2 s
( s + 1) . 2 − arc sen
4 − s2 2
= 2
( s + 1)
s +1 s 1
= − arc sen .
4−s
2 2 ( s + 1) 2
1
72. f ( x) = arc tg
1 − x2
− 1 . (−2 x)
(1 − x 2 ) 2 2x (1 − x 2 ) 2
f ′( x) = = .
1 (1 − x 2 ) 2 (1 − x 2 ) 2 + 1
1+
(1 − x 2 ) 2
2x 2x
= =
(1 − x ) + 1 1 − 2 x + x 4 + 1
2 2 2
2x
= 4
x − 2x 2 + 2
73. f ( x) = senh (2 x − 1)
f ′( x) = 2 cosh (2 x − 1)
261
[ (
74. f (t ) = ln cosh t 2 − 1 )]
senh (t 2 − 1) . 2t
f ′(t ) =
cosh (t 2 − 1)
= 2t tgh (t 2 − 1)
1
f ′( x) = − sec h [ln x] . tgh [ln x] .
x
1
f ′( x) = 2 arg senh x .
x2 + 1
1 2
78. f ( x) = arg tgh x
2
1
. 2x
f ′( x) = 2
x4
1−
4
x 4x
= 4
=
4−x 4 − x4
4
−2
f ′( x) = ( x + 1) + arg sec h 2 x ; 0 < 2x < 1
2 x 1 − 4 x2
1 − x, x ≤ 0
(a) f ( x) = − x
e , x > 0
− 1, x < 0
f ′( x) = − x
− e , x > 0
No ponto x = 0 , temos
(b) f ( x) = ln | 3 − 4 x)
3
ln (3 − 4 x); x ∈ − ∞, 4
f ( x) =
ln (4 x − 3); x ∈ 3 ,+∞
4
Temos:
−4 4 3
3 − 4 x = 4 x − 3 ; x<
4
y′ =
4 ; x>
3
4 x − 3 4
4 3
= se x ∈ R −
4x − 3 4
(c) f ( x) = e| 2 x −1|
263
2 x −1 1
e ; x ≥
2
f ( x) =
e1− 2 x ; x < 1
2
2 x −1 1
2 e ; x >
2
y′ =
− 2e1− 2 x ; x < 1
2
1 1 1
No ponto x = , y ' + = 2 e y ' − = −2 . Logo, f (x) não é derivável nesse ponto.
2 2 2
f ′(0) = 0 − 1 = −1 .
1
1 2
f ′( x) = +
1+ x x2
1−
4
1
1 2
f ′(1) = +
1+1 1
1−
4
3+ 2 3
=
6
f ′( x) = −e − x ⇒ f ′(0) = −1
264
84. Dada a f ( x) = 1 + cos x, mostrar que f (x) é par e f ′(x) é Ímpar. Usando uma
ferramenta gráfica, esboçar o gráfico de f (x) e f ′(x) observando as simetrias.
f ( x) = 1 + cos x
f ′( x) = − sen x
x
-3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2
-1
f ' (x)
x
-3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2
-1
85. Dada a f ( x) = sen 2 x cos 3 x, mostrar que f (x) é ímpar e f ′(x) é par.
1
86. Dada a f ( x) = sen 2 x, calcular f ′( x ) e verificar que f e f ′ são periódicas de
2
mesmo período. Usando uma ferramenta gráfica, esboçar os gráficos de f (x) e f ′(x)
comprovando os resultados.
1
f ( x) = sen 2 x
2
1
f ′( x) = (cos 2 x) 2 = cos 2 x
2
1
f (x + π ) = sen (2 x + 2π )
2
1
= sen 2 x = f ( x).
2
f ′( x) = cos 2 x = cos 2 ( x + π ) = f ′( x + π ) .
x
-3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2
267
f ' (x)
x
-3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2
-1
87. Seja f (x) derivável e período de período T . Mostrar que f ′ também é periódica de
período T .
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
Se f (x) é derivável ==> f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
f ′( x + T ) = f ′( x)
De fato
f ( x + T + ∆x ) − f ( x + T )
f ′( x + T ) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
= f ′( x )
y = x e− x
y′ = x e − x (−1) + e − x
Substituindo na equação:
x (− x e − x + e − x ) = (1 − x) ( x e − x )
− x 2 e−x + x e−x = x e−x − x 2 e −x
2
/2
89. Mostrar que a função y = x e − x satisfaz a equação xy′ = (1 − x 2 ) y.
−x2
2
y = xe
− x2 − x2
− 2x
y′ = x e . 2
+e 2
2
2 −x −x2
2
−x2
2
x − x e + xe 2 2
= (1 − x ) . x e 2
− x2 −x2 −x2 − x2
3 2 2 2 3 2
−x e + xe = xe −x e
1
90. Mostrar que a função y = satisfaz a equação xy′ = y (ln x − 1).
1 + x + ln x
1
y=
1 + x + ln x
1
− 1 +
y′ = x
(1 + x + ln x)2
xy′ = y ( y ln x − 1)
1
− 1 +
x ln x 1 ln x − 1 − x − ln x − x −1
x. 2
= 2
− = 2
= .
(1 + x + ln x) (1 + x + ln x) 1 + x + ln x (1 + x + ln x) (1 + x + ln x) 2
269
1
f ′( g ( x) ) = , sempre que g ′( x) ≠ 0.
g ′( x)
Temos:
( f o g )' ( x) = (x )' = 1 .
Pela regra da cadeia,
Logo,
1
f ' ( g ( x)).g ' ( x) = 1 ou f ′( g ( x) ) = , g ' ( x) ≠ 0 .
g ′( x)
lg( fg ) = lg f + lg g
( fg )′ = f ′ + g ′
fg f g
.
( fg )′ = f ′g + fg ′
fg fg
( fg )′ = f ′g + fg ′
cos x
y = cot g x =
sen x
270
1
y = sec x =
cos x
− (− sen x)
y′ =
cos 2 x
1 sen x
= . = sec x . tg x
cos x cos x
−1
(c) Se y = arc cot g x, então y , = .
1+ x2
Como para y ∈ (0, π ) , (cot g y )' = − cos sec 2 y ≠ 0 ,usando o teorema da função inversa,
temos:
1 1
y′ = =
(cot g y )′ − cos sec 2 y
−1 −1
= =
1 + cot g y 1 + x 2
2
−1
(d) Se y = arc cos ec x, | x |≥ 1, então y , = , | x | > 1.
| x | x2 −1
1 1
y′ = =
(cos sec y )′ − cos sec y . cot g y
1 −1
= = , x ≥1
2
− cos sec y . cos sec y − 1 x x2 −1
e x + e−x
y = cosh x =
2
e x − e− x
y′ = = senh x .
2
e x − e− x
y = tgh x =
e x + e− x
y′ =
(e x
)( ) (
+ e− x e x + e− x − e x − e− x e x − e− x )( )
(e x
+e −x 2
)
2x −2x
e +2+e − e + 2 − e−2 x
2x
=
(e x
+ e− x )2
2
4 2
= = x −x
= sec h 2 x
(e x
+ e− x )
2
e +(e )
2
y = sec h x =
e + e− x
x
− 2 (e x − e − x ) −2 (e x − e − x )
y′ = = x .
(e x + e − x ) 2 ( e + e − x ) (e x + e − x )
= − sec h x . tgh x
272
−1
(h) Se y = arc sec h x, então y , = , 0 < x < 1.
x 1 − x2
1 + 1 − x2
y = arc sec h x = ln .
x
−1
1 2
x (1 − x 2 (−2 x) − 1 + 1 − x 2 . 1
2
( )
y′ = x
2
.
x 1 + 1 − x2
− x2
2
(
− 1 + 1 − x2 )
= 1− x
(
x 1 + 1 − x2 )
− x2 − 1 − x2 − 1 + x2 1
= .
1− x 2
(
x 1 + 1 − x2 )
=
(
− 1 + 1 − x2 ) =.
−1
(
x 1 − x2 1 + 1 − x2 ) x 1 − x2
−1
(i) Se y = arc cos ech x, então y , = , x ≠ 0.
| x | 1+ x2
1 1 + x2
y = arc cos ech x = ln + .
x x
1 −1 1
y' = . 2 −
2
1 1+ x x x 1+ x2
2
+
x x
−x 1+ x2 +1
= .
1+ 1+ x2 x2 1+ x2
−1
=
x 1+ x2
273
94. Encontrar todos os pontos onde o gráfico de f (x) tem a mesma tangente horizontal.
Usando uma ferramenta gráfica esboçar o gráfico de f (x) e f ′(x) e comparar os
resultados.
(a) f ( x) = sen 2 x;
f ′( x) = 2 cos 2 x = 0
cos 2 x = 0
π
2x = + kπ , k ∈ Z
2
π kπ
x= +, k ∈Z
4 2
π + 2kπ π (2k + 1)
x= =
4 4
y
x
-3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2
-1
− 2 sen x = 0
sen x = 0
x = kπ , k ∈ Z
274
x
-3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2
-1
-2
f (x)
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
-4
275
Respostas:
(a) Duas
(b) Sejam P1 e P2 os pontos de tangência da reta que tem inclinação positiva.
x 2 = − x1
P1 = ( x1 , y1 ) P2 = ( x 2 , y 2 )
y 2 = − y1
Temos,
y ′ = 2 x tangente em P1 : m = 2 x1
Equação da reta tangente no ponto P1 :
y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
y − y1 = 2 x1 ( x − x1 )
y − y1 = 2 x1 ( x − x1 )
− y1 − y1 = 2 x1 (− x1 − x1 )
− 2 y1 = −4 x1
y1 = 2 x1
y = 1+ x2 2 x1 = 1 + x12
x12 − 2 x1 + 1 = 0
x1 = 1
y1 = 2
P1 = (1, 2) , P2 = (− 1, − 2)
( x − 3) 2 = y+4
x−3= y+4
x = 3+ y + 4
Portanto, a inversa é dada por y = 3 + x + 4 , x ≥ −4 .
f ′( x ) = 2 x − 6 m = f ′( x0 ) = 2 .5 − 6 = 4
x0 = 0 ⇒ y0 = 5
1
y −5 = x
4
1
y= x+5
4
(d) Fazer uma representação gráfica dos resultados obtidos e identificar a relação
estabelecida no Teorema 4.14.
277
f (x)
7
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
-3
-4