Magmatic Arc Evolution in the Pongkor Epithermal Gold District

PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL KEBUMIAN KE-7
Jurusan Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 30 – 31 Oktober 2014
P3O-01
MAGMATIC ARC EVOLUTION IN THE PONGKOR EPITHERMAL

GOLD MINERALISATION DISTRICT
Anastasia Dewi Titisari1,2*, David Phillips2, Eko Purwanto Setyaraharja3
1
Department of Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, *Email: adtitisari@gmail.com
2
School of Earth Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Australia
3
PT. ANTAM (Persero) Tbk.
Abstract
The Pongkor epithermal gold mineralisation district is located approximately 80 km southwest of
Jakarta. This district hosts the largest gold vein deposits in Java, Indonesia. Although the Pongkor
district has been the subject of several geological studies, the arc evolution in relation to gold
mineralisation is less well understood. The timing and geochemical evolution of the Pongkor
volcanic rocks provide an important background to understanding the volcanic successions of this
magmatic arc in relation to epithermal gold mineralisation. This study presents 40Ar/39Ar age
results, and major and trace element data for the Pongkor volcanic rocks associated with epithermal
gold deposition in the region. A sequence of volcanic rocks of basaltic – dacitic composition,
consisting of volcanic breccias, lapilli tuffs and andesites, form the host volcanic rocks to the
Pongkor epithermal gold mineralisation. 40Ar/39Ar dating of the andesitic samples yielded an
average age of 2.74 ± 0.03 Ma. However, petrographic studies and the younger ages of 2.48 ± 0.01
Ma and 2.09 ± 0.04 Ma obtained from andesitic and basaltic andesite samples, respectively,imply
that these samples were affected by alteration; therefore the ages probably relate more to the time
of hydrothermal alteration than volcanic eruptions. Enriched LILE (Large Ion Lithopile Element)
and LREE (Light Rare Earth Element) compositions for basalt – andesite samples from the
Pongkor district are characteristic of calc-alkaline arcs. On the other hand, some andesite samples
are characterized by more enriched LILE and LREE compositions, which are indicative of high-K
calc-alkaline and shoshonite arcs. Trends in Nb/Y, Th/Nb, and Ce/Yb, ratios of the volcanic
samples reflect temporal evolution of the arcs, from a mature arc (intermediate Nb/Y, Th/Nb and
Ce/Yb ratios) representedby the calc-alkaline volcanic samples, to an evolved arc (high Nb/Y,
Th/Nb and Ce/Yb values) typified by the high-K calc-alkaline – shoshonite volcanic samples.
Keyword:40Ar/39Ar dating, Magmatic arc evolution, Pongkor District, Volcanism
Introduction
The genetic relationship between volcanic arc formation and ore mineralisation has been
the subject of several studies. These studies have included investigations into the
relationship between alkaline magmatism and high-grade epithermal deposits, porphyry
type Cu(Au) and Mo(Au) deposits (Jensen, E.P. and M.D. Barton, 2000) and adakitic
geochemical signatures in relation to metallogenesis (Richards, J.P. and R. Kerrich, 2007 ;
Imai, A., 2002). Tectonic – geodynamic studies (Blundell, D.J, 2002 ; Chiaradia, M., 2014
; Macpherson, C.G. and R. Hall,2002 ; Barley, M.E., et al, 2002 ; Hedenquist, J.W. and
J.B. Lowenstern, 1994 ; Setijadji, L.D., et al., 2006) have suggested geological factors
such as plate tectonic, volcanism and the timing of magmatism are key features related to
ore mineralisation. The Pongkor epithermal gold mineralisation district has been the
subject of several geological studies (Basuki, A., et al, 1994 ;Milesi, J.P., et al., 1999 ;
Warmada, I.W., 2003, 2007 ; Warmada, I.W., et al., 2003 ; Syafrizal, et al., 2003, 2007) ;
however there is limited knowledge of the pre-Pleistocene history of the associated arc. An
understanding of the evolution of volcanism in the magmatic arc linked to the Pongkor
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epithermal gold mineralisation district requires fundamental data on the timing and
geochemical evolution of the Pongkor volcanic rocks. 40Ar/39Ar age results and major and
trace element data for the Pongkor volcanic rocks are presented in this study. These data
provide constraints on the magmatic processes associated with the epithermal gold deposits
in the region.
Geological Setting
The Pongkor district which hosts the largest gold vein deposits in western Java, Indonesia
is located approximately 80 km southwest of Jakarta (Figure 1). This area is located on the
north eastern flank of the Bayah Dome. This dome exhibits a complicated geology that
includes a mélange complex (Sujatmiko and S. Santosa, 1992 ; Soeria-Atmadja, R. and D.
Noeradi, 2005 ; Sukamto, R., 2006), and it is also known as the Bayah-Pongkor Volcanic
Complex(Bronto, S., 2004). The flank of the Bayah Dome hostsseveral gold deposits
including the Cirotan, Cikotok, Ciawitali, and Cikidang deposits (Milesi, J.P., et al., 1999,
1994 ; Marcoux, E., et al., 1994 ; Rosana, M.F., et al., 2002). The Pongkor epithermal gold
deposits are associated with the Miocene to Quaternary volcanism that covers much of
western Java.
A number of authors have reported on the geology of the Pongkor area (Basuki, A., et
al, 1994 ; Milesi, J.P., et al., 1999). According to Basuki et al., 1994, a sequence of
Tertiary igneous rocks, consisting tuff breccia, lapilli tuffs and andesites, form the host
volcanic rocks of the Pongkor epithermal gold mineralisation. The Pongkor deposits
consist of four main mineralised quartz veins (Pasir Java, Ciguha, Kubang Cicau, and
Ciurug veins), which are located on a circular structure (Figure 2); this structure has been
interpreted as a caldera or volcano-tectonic depression (Milesi, J.P., et al., 1999). The
Pongkor host volcanic rocks are divided into three units which are termed the lower,
middle and upper volcanic units (Figure 2). According to Milesi et al., 1999: 1) the lower
unit is characterized by sub-aqueous calc-alkaline andesitic volcanic rocks and consists of
brecciated flows, monogenic breccia, sandstone and siltstone, intercalated locally between
andesite and breccia bodies; 2) the middle unit is characterised by sub-aerial dacitic rocks,
which include a basal lapilli tuff overlain by lapilli-and-block tuff pyroclastic fall tuff, with
most mineralised veins located within this unit; and 3) the upper unit consists of andesite
flows. The lower and the middle units are characterised by variable hydrothermal
alteration; however the upper unit shows no indication of hydrothermal alteration.
Sample Selection
A total of 11 samples were collected for this study, including 8 drill core samples from the
Ciguha drill hole, 1 surface outcrop sample and 2 underground samples. The eight drill
core samples include 5 samples of andesite (CGT3.5-244.50, CGT5A-70.15, CGB15-
392.80, PNG1 and QR1), two samples of basaltic andesite (CGT3.5-174.63 and CGB14-
300.75) and a sample of basalt (PNG8) representative of the lower unit. The middle unit is
represented by 3 drill core samples including 2 samples of lapilli tuff (CGT3.5-341.75 and
CGB15-474.40) and one sample of tuff breccia (CGB14-63.45).
The eleven samples were analysed for major element compositions using XRF
spectrometry. Seven of the 11 samples were also analysed for trace element concentrations
using ICPMS. Four of the 7 samples (CGT5A-70.15, CGB14-300.75, CGB15-392.80, and
QR1), were selected for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology analyses.
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Analytical Techniques
X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were performed in the School of Earth Sciences XRF
Laboratory, at the University of Melbourne using standard techniques described by Harvey
et al., 1996. Analysis of international reference materials indicates that accuracy and
precision were within 1-2%. ICP-MS sample preparation and analyses werealso conducted
in the School of Earth Sciences, at the University of Melbourne. The procedures used for
these analyses were similar to those described in a previous study (Titisari, A.D., 2014).
For most elements precision levels are better than 2%.
To define the timing of volcanic events, this study undertook 40Ar/39Ar experiments on
plagioclasephenocrysts and whole-rock aliquotsfrom four samples of the Pongkor volcanic
rocks. The plagioclase and whole-rock samples were sieved to extract the 180-250µm
grain-size aliquots using standard magnetic and handpicking methods. The plagioclase
aliquots of CGT5A-70.15 and CGB15-392.80 samples, and the whole-rocks aliquots of
CGB14-300.75 and QR1 sampleswere irradiated at the McMaster nuclear reactor,
Hamilton Canada. However, whole-rocks aliquots from samples ofCGT5A-70.15 and
CGB15-392.80 were irradiated at the Oregon State University (OSU) CLICIT reactor,
USA, as at that time the McMaster nuclear reactor was closed for maintenance.The
40
Ar/39Ar analysis was performed in the 40Ar/39Ar Laboratory, School of Earth Sciences at
the University of Melbourne. The procedures used for these analyses were similar to those
documented in previous publications (Phillips, G., et al., 2007 ; Matchan, E. and D.
Phillips, 2011). Whole-rock fractions, prepared from basaltic andesite sample CGB14-
300.75 and andesite sample QR1, were step-heated in a double-vacuum tantalum-
resistance-furnace linked to a VG3600 mass spectrometer.Aliquots of whole-rock andesite
samples (CGT5A-70.15 and CGB15-392.80) and plagioclase phenocryst separates from
these two samples were laser step-heated using the high-sensitivity ARGUSVI mass
spectrometer system.
Analytical Techniques
Major and trace element Geochemistry of Pongkor Volcanic Rocks
Major and trace element geochemical data for the Pongkor volcanic rocks are provided in
Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. To classify the Pongkorvolcanic rock samplesaffected
by hydrothermal alteration, this study adopted the classification scheme of Winchester and
Floyd (Winchester, J.A. and P.A. Floyd, 1997), which utilises the SiO2 versus Nb/Y plot.
According to Floyd and Winchester, 1975, Y and Nbare incompatible, immobile elements
that are only weakly affected by alteration. Therefore this classification is considered to be
more relevant to the altered rocks of the current study.Based on the classification scheme,
the Pongkorvolcanic rocks are classified asrhyolites, andesites and basalts (Figure 3a).
The Th-Co discrimination diagram, adapted from Hastie et al., 2007, shows the
Pongkor volcanic rocks plotting in two fields that define the calc-alkaline (CA) and high-K
calc-alkaline (HK) – shoshonite (SHO) magma suites (Figure3b). The Pongkorcalc-
alkaline suite is characterised by Co contents ranging from 13.89 to 30.17 ppm and Th
values of 1.51 to 4.69 ppm for basalt sample PNG8, basaltic andesite sample CGB14-
300.75, and andesite sample CGT5A-70.15. In contrast, the HK-SHO samples (andesites
CGB15-392.80, CGT3.5-244.50, QR1 and PNG1) contain higher Co (13.36 – 19.06 ppm)
and Th (6.79 – 10.69 ppm) contents.
Nb/Y versusTh/Nb plots and Ce/Ybratios of the current volcanic samples reveal two
categories:anintermediate Nb/Y (0.11 – 0.19), Th/Nb (0.71 – 0.94) and Ce/Yb (9.14 –
14.28)category for basalt sample PNG8, basaltic andesite sample CGB14-300.75, and
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andesite sample CGT5A-70.15, and a high Nb/Y (0.21 – 0.26), Th/Nb (1.43 – 1.48) and
Ce/Yb (14.47 – 15.67)category for the andesites(CGB15-392.80, CGT3.5-244.50, QR1
and PNG1).
The MORB normalised trace element spider diagram plots for the Pongkor host
volcanic rocks (lower unit) exhibitbroadly similar patterns for the various rock types:
basalt (PNG8), basaltic andesite (CGB14-300.75), and andesites (CGT5A-70.15, CGB15-
392.80, CGT3.5-244.50, QR1 and PNG1). The patterns are characterised by positive Pb
and negative Nb and Ti anomalies (Figure 4a). The MORB compositions used for trace
element normalisation are from Sun and McDonough, 1989. The low field strength (LFS)
elements, which are also known as large ion lithophile (LIL) elements, such as Rb, K, Ba,
and Cs, are selectively enriched; the magnitude of this enrichment increases from the
basaltic to andesitic compositions, which is similar to the Pb enrichment trend. The
incompatible high field strength (HFS) elements (e.g., P, Sm, Y and Yb) show variable
degrees of enrichment, with Ti being depleted. The patterns also show that the Ta, Nb, Zr,
andHf contents of the Pongkor basalt are low (<1 on the MORB-normalised plot);whereas
the basaltic andesites and andesites show elevated MORB-normalised values (>1; Figure
4a). The trace element patterns and the above mentioned anomalies are typical of calc-
alkaline arc basaltic suites (Murphy, J.B., 2007). More specifically, the patterns for the
Pongkor volcanic samples are typical of calc-alkaline arcs in active continental margin
settings (Pearce, J.A., 1983 ; Pearce, J.A. and I.J. Parkinson, 1993).
Rare earth element (REE) patterns (chondrite normalised) for the various Pongkor
volcanic rocks (basalt, basaltic andesite, and andesite) vary consistently. However, all of
the patterns show enrichment in light-REEs (LREE) with respect to heavy-REEs (HREE)
(Figure 4b). The REE chondrite normalising factors are from Sun and McDonough (Sun,
S.S. and W.F. McDonough, 1989). The Pongkor andesites exhibit negative europium (Eu)
anomalies, which are not apparent in the basaltic and basaltic andesite samples. The REE
concentrations are fairly variable, with higher concentrations relating to the succession
from basalt to andesite. The La/Lu ratios (chondrite normalised) are 0.30 for the Pongkor
basaltic rocks and 0.45 to 0.56 for the basaltic andesite and andesitic rocks. These ratios
are due to elevated LREE contents, with HREE values being relatively constant. These
characteristics (steepened LREE slope followed by flat HREE pattern) are again consistent
with calc-alkaline arc volcanic rocks (Sun, S.S. and W.F. McDonough, 1989 ; Murphy,
J.B., 2007 ; Pearce, J.A. and I.J. Parkinson, 1993 ; Rollinson, H.R., 1993).
40
Ar/39Ar analyses of Pongkor Volcanic Rocks
Calculated 40Ar/39Ar age results (weighted mean, plateau age and inverse isochron age) for
the Pongkor volcanic samples are summarisedin Table 3 and the uncertainties are reported
at the two sigma (2σ) level.
Sample CGB14-300.75 was collected from a basaltic andesite (least altered rock with a
very fine-grained,sericitised groundmass) contained in the Ciguha Barat drill core. A whole
rock aliquot (Pom2b) from this sample was step-heated in 11 increments (750 – 1400 °C;
VG3600 mass spectrometer; Table 3) and yielded a flat age spectrum with a plateau age of
2.09 ± 0.04 Ma (2σ; MSWD = 0.33; probability = 0.96) (Figure5a).The total-gas fusion age
of this sample is 2.11 ± 0.13 Ma (2σ; Table 3). The inverse isochron plot for all steps and
the plateau steps produced isochron ages of 2.46 ± 0.96 Ma and 1.92 ± 1.02 Ma,
respectively (2σ; Figure 5b), with corresponding initial 40Ar/36Ar ratios of 271 ± 62 and
307 ± 62 (2σ), respectively. These 40Ar/36Ar ratios are within error of the atmospheric
value 295.5 ± 0.5 (Steiger, R.H. and E. Jäger, 1977). These age results are likely to have
been affected by hydrothermal alterationaspetrographic observations reveal a very fine-
grained, altered (sericitised) groundmass. Therefore, the plateau age may only provide a
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minimum estimate for basaltic andesite formation and a maximum estimate for the time of
hydrothermal alteration.
The whole rock separate (Pom4) prepared from andesite sample CGB15-392.80
(slightly altered rock with fine-grained, sericitised groundmass) was laser step-heated in 11
increments (1.45-3.86 Watts; Table 3). These analyses yielded a broadly saddle-shaped age
spectrum, with a relatively flat segment at intermediate heating steps (Figure5c). This
section gives a plateau age of 2.00 ± 0.01 Ma (2σ; MSWD = 1.20; probability = 0.31). The
inverse isochron plots, including all steps and the plateau steps, respectively, giveages of
2.11 ± 0.09 Ma and 1.98 ± 0.13 Ma (2σ), with corresponding initial 40Ar/36Ar ratios of
289.6 ± 12.8 and 296.8 ± 7.8(2σ; Figure5d). Both 40Ar/36Ar ratios are within error of the
atmospheric value of 295.5 (Steiger, R.H. and E. Jäger, 1977).
A plagioclase separate obtained from the same andesite sample (CGB15-392.80) was
divided into two aliquots (Pog4c and Pog1fg) and laser step-heated in 6 and 8 increments,
respectively. The aliquots generated similar age spectra (Figure 6a) with plateau ages of
2.69 ± 0.05 Ma (Pog4c; 2σ; 77 % of the total 39Ar released, steps 3-6) and 2.76 ± 0.03 Ma
(Pog4fg; 2σ; 100 % of the total 39Ar released, steps 1-8). The total fusion ages of Pog4c
and Pog4fg are 2.73 ± 0.20 Ma (2σ) and 2.76 ± 0.03 (95% conf.), respectively. Both
aliquots produced a weighted mean plateau age of 2.74 ± 0.03 Ma (95% conf.; MSWD =
0.54; n = 12 of 14). The plateau segment steps of both aliquots give an isochron age of 2.76
± 0.17 Ma (2σ; Figure 6b) and an initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 295.0 ± 3.8, which is within
error of the atmospheric value.
A whole rock aliquot (Pom1) of andesite sample CGT5A-70.15, collected from the
CiguhaTimur drill core (altered rock), was laser step-heated in 12 increments (1.44-3.78
Watts; Table 3). This analysis generated an age spectrum with ages increasing with
increasing temperature, but with a relatively flat age segment for intermediate steps (Figure
7a) giving a plateau age of 2.00 ± 0.01 Ma (2σ; steps 4-9; MSWD = 0.36; probability =
0.88). The total fusion age of this aliquot is 2.00 ± 0.03 Ma (2σ; Table 3). The inverse
isochron plot for all age steps produced an isochron age of 1.95 ± 0.09 Ma (2σ) with an
initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio is 300 ± 7.6 (2σ) and the plateau steps give an isochron age of 2.01 ±
0.05 Ma (2σ) with an initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 294.7 ± 4.2 (2σ; Figure 7b). These initial
ratios are within error of the atmospheric value 295.5 ± 0.5 (Steiger, R.H. and E. Jäger,
1977). Although the plateau and total-gas ages of Pom1 are quite consistent, the presence
of sericite alteration in the groundmass minerals may indicate that the age results are
affected by argon loss and are intermediate between the times of eruption and
Plagioclase phenocrysts (partly altered), separated from andesite sample CGT5A-70.15
were divided into two aliquots (Pog1a and Pog1b). The aliquots generated relatively
similar age spectra with discordant age spectra for the low and high temperature steps, but
reasonably flat age spectra for the intermediate steps (Figure 7c). Aliquot Pog1a did not
generate a plateau age; however the more concordant intermediate temperature steps give a
weighted mean age of 2.48 ± 0.02 Ma (2σ; steps 4-10; 56.5 % of total 39Ar). In contrast,
aliquot Pog1b gives a plateau age of 2.48 ± 0.01 Ma (2σ; MSWD = 0.84; steps 4-8; 62.2 %
of total 39Ar). The weighted mean age for both aliquots (Pog1a and Pog1b) is 2.48 ± 0.01
Ma (2σ; MSWD = 5.5; n = 14 of 23). The more concordant data points give an isochron
age of 2.42 ± 0.32 Ma (2σ) with an initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 322 ± 166 (Figure 7d) which is
again within error of the atmospheric value.
A whole rock aliquot (Pom5) from andesite sample QR1 (least altered rock) was step-
heated in 11 increments (750 – 1400 °C; VG3600 mass spectrometer; Table 3). These
analyses generated a reasonably flat age spectrum for intermediate temperature steps, with
a plateau age of 2.67 ± 0.1 Ma (2σ; Figure 7e) and a total fusion age of 3.09 ± 1.24 Ma
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(2σ; Table 3). The plateau steps give an isochron age of 2.74 ± 1.60 Ma (2σ; Figure 7f)
with an initial 40Ar/36Ar ratio of 291 ± 84 (2σ), which is also within error of the
atmospheric value. As sample QR1 exhibits only minor alteration, the plateau age of 2.67
± 0.10 Ma is preferred as the time of eruption of the QR1 andesite.
Discussion
TheTh versus Co classification scheme of Hastie et al. (2007) assigns
mostPongkorandesite volcanic samples to the high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonite fields,
whereas the basaltic - andesitic samples plot in the calc-alkaline arc volcanic rock field
(Figure 3a). Trace element spider diagrams for the Pongkor samples show variable
enrichment of elements such as HFSEs (Ta, Nb, Zr, Hf, Y, Yb), LILE (Sr, K, Rb, Ba, Th),
LREE (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu) and HREEs (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) and are also
consistent with volcanic rocksassociated with magmatic arcs. Basaltic – andesitic samples
from the study area are typical of calc-alkaline arc environments, as signified by
enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs)with relatively flat HFSE (Ta, Nb, Zr,
Hf, Y and Yb) trends and depleted Ti values (Figures 4a). The high-K calc-alkaline and
shoshonite volcanic rocks represented by andesitic samples are typical of calc-alkaline arc
settings, although the magnitude of LILEs enrichment and Ti depletion are much greater
than typical calc-alkaline volcanic rocks (Figure 4a). These trends of the MORB-
normalised trace element spider diagramare consistent with the chondrite-normalised REE
patterns showing LREEs enriched values for basaltic – andesitic samples are characteristics
of the calc-alkaline volcanic rocks, and the more enriched LREEs contents but exhibit
negative europium (Eu) anomalies are characteristic of the high-K calc alkaline and
shoshonite volcanic rocks (Figure 4b).
As noted above, host volcanic rocks in the Pongkor mineralised zones have been
affected by hydrothermal alteration. The andesitic volcanic unit (lower unit) and the lapilli-
and-block tuffs sub-unit (middle unit) are characterised by variable hydrothermal
alteration. Because of the extensive nature of the hydrothermal alteration within the
Pongkor district, unaltered volcanic rocks could not be located. Therefore, the Pongkor
volcanic rock40Ar/39Ar age dating results probably relate more to the time of hydrothermal
alteration and consequently provide only minimum estimates for the age of volcanism in
the Pongkor district.
The whole-rock basaltic andesite (CGB14-300.75) gives a minimum estimate for the
period of volcanism of 2.09 ± 0.04 Ma.However, andesite whole-rock sample QR1
provides an apparently reliable age for the time of andesite eruption at2.67 ± 0.10 Ma. The
ages of 2.00 ± 0.01 Ma and 2.00 ± 0.01 Ma obtained from whole-rock andesitesamples
CGT5A-70.15 and CGB15-392.80 are suggested to date the time of hydrothermal
alteration. Weighted mean ages for separated plagioclase micro-phenocrysts from the
sameandesite samples (CGT5A-70.15 and CGB15-392.80) provide minimum estimates for
the time of plagioclase crystallisation at2.48 ± 0.01 Ma and 2.74 ± 0.03 Ma, respectively
(Figure 8).
As confirmed from petrographic observations, the plagioclase micro-phenocrysts are
less affected by hydrothermal alteration than the fine-grained groundmass for andesite
sample CGB15-392.80.Therefore, the plagioclase micro-phenocrysts may record
aminimum estimate for the time ofandesite eruption(2.74 ± 0.03 Ma). In contrast, andesite
sample CGT5A-70.15 is the most altered volcanic rock;consequentlythe age of plagioclase
micro-phenocrysts of 2.48 ± 0.01 Mamay be intermediate betweenthe times of eruption and
As the ages of andesite samples QR1 (2.67 ± 0.10 Ma) and CGB15-392.80 (2.74 ± 0.03
Ma) are within error of one another (Figure 8), this suggests that these two andesite
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samples may be derived from the same andesite volcano. This suggestion is supported by
the consistency of geochemical data for the two andesite samples (Figures 4a and 4b) and
their classification into the high-K calc-alkaline shoshonitic suite (Figure 3b) based on the
Th-Co discrimination diagram (adapted from Hastie et al., 2007). In this case, the
concordance of the two age results suggests that the average value of 2.74 ± 0.03 Ma
represents a reliable age for andesite eruption. The younger ages ofbasaltic andesitesample
CGB14-300.75 and andesite sample CGT5A-70.15,which are 2.09 ± 0.04 Ma and 2.48 ±
0.01 Ma, respectively,areassociated with the calc-alkaline magmatic suite, suggesting a
distinct volcanic event. Previous studies agree that the major and trace element abundances
in volcanic rocks of island arcsreveal the progressive evolutionof magmas from early
tholeiite rocks, to calc-alkaline volcanics, and finally shoshonite or alkaline rocks
(Janousek, V., et al., 2000 ; Jakes, P. and A.J.R. White, 1972). Consequently, the calc-
alkaline suite andesite sample CGT5A-70.15 and basaltic andesite sample CGB14-300.75
might be expected to give older ages than the high-K calc-alkaline – shoshoniteandesites.
The fact that the 40Ar/39Ar ages of andesite sample CGT5A-70.15 and basaltic andesite
sample CGB14-300.75 are younger implies that these samples wereadversely affected by
alteration.
The new 40Ar/39Ar ages for the Pongkor volcanic rocks (basaltic andesite of 2.09 ± 0.04
Ma and andesite of 2.48 ± 0.01 Ma) from the lower unit, provide only estimates for the
time of hydrothermal alteration, with the exception of samples QR1 and CGB15-392.80,
which yielded an apparently reliable age for andesite eruption (2.74 ± 0.03 Ma).Despite the
limited data-set, the age results are useful for defining the evolution of the magmatic arc in
the Pongkor districtwhenintegrated with geochemical data (e.g.Nb/Y, Th/Nband Ce/Yb
ratios).
Previous studies of arc magmas have suggested that low Ce/Yb ratios indicate a
primitive arc system (Hawkesworth, C.J., et al., 1993 ; Stern, R.A., et al., 1995 ;
Zulkarnain, I., 2008). In contrast, high Ce/Yb suites, which have higher incompatible
element concentrations, reflect contributions fromsubducted components and enrichment
of trace element in the mantle wedge (Hawkesworth, C.J., et al., 1991 ; Miller, D.M., et al.,
1994). Additionally, the progressively higher Th/Yb, Th/Nb and Nb/Y ratios in the
magmatic suitesare important factors for providing evidence of enrichment in these
incompatible elements during arc evolution (Murphy, J.B., 2007 ; Pearce, J.A., 1983 ;
Stern, R.A., et al., 1995). The Nb/Y versusTh/Nb plots and Ce/Yb values for the
Pongkorvolcanic samples can be classified into 2 categories: anintermediateNb/Y (0.11 –
0.19), Th/Nb (0.71 – 0.94) and Ce/Yb (9.14 – 14.28) group, characteristic of calc-alkaline
sampleswith older agesexpected; and a high Nb/Y (0.21 – 0.26), Th/Nb (1.43 – 1.48) and
Ce/Yb (14.47 – 15.67)category, signified by high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonite
samplesdated at2.74 ± 0.03 Ma. Consequently, integration ofthe trace element data (Nb/Y
vs. Th/Nb plots and Ce/Yb ratios) and the agessuggests a progressive evolution of the
Pongkor magmatic arc. The older calc-alkaline suite of magmas (typified by basaltic -
andesitic samples)represent the mature arc, which was followed by the shoshonite
magmatic suite (youngerPongkor high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonite volcanic rocks),
corresponding to evolved arc magmatism (Figure 9).
Conclusion
The older ages obtained fromthe basaltic - andesitic samplesin the Pongkor epithermal gold
mineralisation district are characterised byenriched LILE and LREE, signatures typical of
calc-alkaline arcs. On the other hand, the more enriched LILE and LREE signatures ofmost
andesitic samples are indicative of a high-K,calc-alkaline and shoshonitearc,dated2.74 ±
0.03 Ma.The Nb/Y versusTh/Nb plots, and Ce/Yb ratios, suggest progressive development
494
of the arc, from a mature arc (with intermediate Nb/Y, Th/Nb, and Ce/Yb values) signified
by thecalc-alkaline volcanic samples, to an evolved arc (high Nb/Y, Th/Nb, and Ce/Yb
ratios) characterised by the high K – shoshonite volcanic samples.
Acknowledgments:
The authors wish to acknowledge the management of PT. ANTAM (Persero) Tbk. for
permission to publish this paper. We are grateful to Prof. Jon Woodhead and Dr. Allan
Greig for their contributions to the geochemical (major and trace element) analyses.
Special thanks to Stan Szczepanski for his guidance and assistance with the 40Ar/39Ar
dating experiments. We also thank Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) of
the Indonesia Government and the University of Melbourne, Australia for financial
support.
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Table 1. Whole rock analyses for Pongkor volcanic rocks (total iron as Fe2O3, volatile free,
normalised to 100%; major elements in weight %; trace and rare earth elements in ppm;
major elements determined by XRF; trace elements by ICPMS).
Sample Code CGB14-300.75 CGB15-392.80 CGT3.5-244.5 CGT5A-70.15 PNG 1 PNG 8 QR 1

Sample Type Drill Core Drill Core Drill Core Drill Core Tunnel Tunnel Outcrop
Rock Type Basaltic Andesite Andesite Andesite Andesite Basalt Andesite
andesite
Major elements (wt %)
SiO2 52.97 57.82 58.04 57.04 56.05 50.27 60.42
TiO2 0.87 0.99 0.99 0.85 0.89 1.16 0.73
Al2O3 18.60 17.10 17.81 19.94 17.59 19.14 17.81
Fe2O3 8.82 8.56 7.36 6.53 7.44 10.52 6.15
MnO 0.23 0.16 0.69 0.16 0.13 0.29 0.13
MgO 3.38 3.72 1.91 2.22 1.93 4.38 2.37
CaO 4.28 6.19 7.34 0.84 3.84 10.29 6.54
Na2O 2.41 2.72 2.62 2.05 1.30 2.21 3.30
K2O 7.56 2.30 2.21 9.77 9.99 1.33 2.14
P2O5 0.24 0.23 0.20 0.24 0.21 0.17 0.19
SO3 0.40 0.04 0.66 0.15 0.41 0.08 0.03
Total 99.76 99.83 99.83 99.79 99.78 99.84 99.81
Trace elements (ppm)
Ti 5,109 5,371 5,436 4,900 5,040 6,317 4,187
Co 18.52 19.06 17.38 13.89 13.36 30.17 14.23
Rb 289.7 107.4 80.5 434.7 456.5 58.9 194.64
Sr 250 301 274 515 162 299 303.82
Y 21.3 25.2 29.4 26.8 33.2 18.5 24.41
Zr 129 148 190 153 213 64 190.59
Nb 3.98 5.88 6.05 4.99 7.28 2.12 5.71
Mo 0.09 0.35 0.66 0.18 0.25 0.24 1.29
Cs 4.34 72.31 11.46 9.47 13.15 32.62 11.31
Ba 671 236 307 325 443 248 294.79
Hf 3.21 3.90 5.08 3.87 5.54 1.79 4.96
Ta 0.24 0.38 0.42 0.33 0.50 0.13 0.39
Pb 3.94 9.35 7.18 6.82 8.72 3.97 11.19
Th 3.14 6.79 8.92 4.69 10.69 1.51 8.18
U 0.78 1.51 2.00 1.16 2.31 0.38 1.90
Rare earth elements (ppm)
La 14.03 18.40 19.90 17.10 24.00 7.34 20.24
Ce 32.32 41.17 45.24 39.11 51.36 17.39 44.73
Pr 4.14 5.15 5.68 4.90 6.41 2.57 5.52
Nd 17.32 21.20 23.15 20.18 25.76 11.92 21.97
Sm 4.01 4.89 5.33 4.65 5.79 3.17 4.83
Eu 1.25 1.24 1.37 1.35 1.22 1.10 1.21
Gd 4.00 4.84 5.32 4.74 5.73 3.50 4.74
Tb 0.63 0.77 0.86 0.75 0.92 0.56 0.75
Dy 3.88 4.68 5.27 4.64 5.62 3.44 4.59
Ho 0.83 0.98 1.12 0.99 1.19 0.73 0.99
Er 2.37 2.79 3.20 2.79 3.38 2.05 2.85
Tm 0.359 0.418 0.478 0.418 0.506 0.297 0.437
Yb 2.35 2.73 3.13 2.74 3.29 1.90 2.93
Lu 0.355 0.403 0.460 0.405 0.489 0.281 0.442
498
Table 2. Whole rock analyses for Pongkor volcanic rocks (total iron as Fe2O3, volatile free,
normalised to 100%; major elements in weight %; trace and rare earth elements in ppm;
major and trace elements determined by XRF).
Sample Code CGT3.5-174.63 CGT3.5-341.75 CGB14-63.45 CGB15-474.40

Sample Type Drill Core Drill Core Drill Core Drill Core
Rock Type Basaltic andesite Rhyolite Tuff breccia Lapilli tuff
Major elements (wt.%)
SiO2 52.96 74.87 57.64 72.56
TiO2 1.16 0.24 0.95 0.30
Al2O3 20.96 12.84 16.98 14.71
Fe2O3 8.96 2.40 7.52 2.78
MnO 0.28 0.04 0.17 0.08
MgO 3.34 0.63 2.61 0.85
CaO 6.96 0.23 8.56 0.46
Na2O 2.39 1.03 1.91 2.44
K2O 2.45 3.55 2.70 5.36
P2O5 0.31 0.10 0.25 0.09
SO3 0.06 3.96 0.90 0.21
Total 99.83 99.89 100.19 99.84
Trace elements (ppm)

Cr 10.3 30.6 12.8 26.7
As 26.17 38.20 27.42 27.47
Rb 105.4 158.1 99.5 218.0
Sr 308 25 218 170
Y 27.6 9.1 30.9 12.7
Zr 97 94 187 112
Nb 10.14 8.51 12.28 9.29
Ba 146 400 272 599
Table 3. Summary of 40Ar/39Ar furnace and laser step-heating age results for Pongkor
whole-rock and plagioclase
Aliquot Original Increments Plateau age Inverse isochron analysis Total
Code Sample used (0C) fusion
or laser age
39 40
power Ar % Age (Ma) ± MSWD p Steps Ar/36Ar MSWD p Age(Ma) Age (Ma)
(Watts) 2σ used i ± 2σ ± 2σ ± 2σ
Pom2b CGB14- 750 – 1400 97.1 2.09 ± 0.04 0.33 0.96 3 - 11 307.0 ± 0.29 0.96 1.92 ± 2.11 ±
300.75 62 1.02 0.13
Pom4 CGB15- 1.45 – 3.86 49.8 2.00 ± 0.01 1.20 0.31 5-9 296.8 ± 1.50 0.22 1.98 ± 2.03 ±
392.80 7.8 0.13 0.05
Pog4c CGB15- 0.78 – 2.04 77.0 2.69 ± 0.05 0.14 0.94 3-6 294.1 ± 0.03 0.97 2.75 ± 2.73 ±
392.80 9.0 0.42 0.20
Pog4fg CGB15- 1.33 – 2.19 100.0 2.76 ± 0.03 0.02 1.00 1-8 295.6 ± 0.02 1.00 2.76 ± 2.76 ±
392.80 4.4 0.19 0.03
(95%
conf.)
Weighted 2.74 ± 0.03 0.54 0.88 Composite 295.0 ± 0.57 0.84 2.76 ±
mean (95% conf.) isochron 3.8 0.17
(n=12 of
14 )
Pom1 CGT5A- 1.44 – 3.78 56.5 2.00 ± 0.01 0.36 0.88 4-9 294.7 ± 0.29 0.88 2.01 ± 2.00 ±
70.15 4.2 0.05 0.03
Pog1a CGT5A- 0.55 – 2.63 56.5 2.48 ± 0.02 (Weighted mean age) 4 - 10 327 ± 182 9.30 0.00 2.44 ± 2.49 ±
70.15 0.26 0.20
Pog1b CGT5A- 0.55 – 2.63 62.2 2.48 ± 0.01 0.84 0.50 4-8 309 ± 32 0.19 0.91 2.45 ± 2.67 ±
70.15 0.07 0.36
Weighted 2.48 ± 0.01 5.50 0.00 Composite 322 ± 166 16.0 0.00 2.42 ±
mean isochron 0.32
(n=14 of
23 )
Pom5 QR1 750 – 1400 67.7 2.67 ± 0.10 0.80 0.55 3-8 291.0 ± 0.98 0.41 2.74 ± 3.09 ±
84.0 1.60 1.24
499
Figure 1. Simplified regional geology map of western Java showing the locations of the study area
[Modified after 11, 17, 22, 44, 45-48]
Figure 2.Pongkor geological map illustrating mapped faults, lithological units, boundaries of the
caldera, A-B cross section through the caldera and lithostratigraphy[after 11].
500
a) b)
Figure 3. a) Composition of Pongkor volcanic rocks plotted on the Winchester and Floyd (1977) classification scheme,
showing compositions from basalts to rhyolites. b) Th-Co diagram showing the Hastie et al. (2007) discrimination
scheme, with Pongkor basaltic, basaltic andesite and andesitic rocks plotting in the calc-alkaline and most andesitic
samples in the high-Kcalc-alkaline –shoshonite arc fields.
Figure 4. a) MORB normalised trace element spider diagram for various Pongkor volcanic samples (the lower unit),
showing patterns typical of calc-alkaline arcs in active continental margins; b) Chondrite-normalized rare-earth-element
(REE) plots for Pongkor volcanic rocks. The light-REE enriched profile is typical of calc-alkaline arc volcanic rocks.
a) b)
c) d)
Figure 5. 40Ar/39Ar age spectra and inverse isochron diagrams for Pongkor whole rock aliquots of basaltic andesite
sample CGB14-300.75 (aliquot Pom2b) and andesite sample CGB15-392.80 (aliquot Pom4).Note that plateau segment
data points in the inverse isochron plots are shown as bold symbols.
501
a) b)
Figure 6.40Ar/39Ar age spectra and inverse isochron diagrams for Pongkor plagioclase phenocrysts from
sample CGB15-392.80 (aliquots Pog4c and Pog4fg). Note that plateau segment data points in the inverse
isochron plots are shown as bold symbols.
a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
Figure 7. a) to d) 40Ar/39Ar age spectra and inverse isochron diagrams for Pongkor whole-rock aliquot Pom1 and
plagioclase aliquots Pog1a and Pog1b, from andesite sample CGT5A-70.15; e) and f) 40Ar/39Ar plateau age spectra and
inverse isochron diagrams for Pongkor whole rock aliquot (Pom5) from andesite sample QR1. Note that the plateau age
data-points in the inverse isochron plots are shown as bold symbols; the age spectra diagrams for all samples were
indicated by different vertical age scales.
502
Figure 8.40Ar/39Ar ages obtained for the Pongkor host volcanic rocks in the Pongkor
district.
Figure 9. Arc evolution diagram for volcanic rocks of the Pongkor district, showing fields
for mature and evolved arcs, identified by the calc-alkaline and the high – K calc – alkaline
– shoshonite suites, respectively
503

Magmatic Arc Evolution in the Pongkor Epithermal Gold District

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Magmatic Arc Evolution in the Pongkor Epithermal Gold District

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PROSIDING SEMINAR NASIONAL KEBUMIAN KE-7

MAGMATIC ARC EVOLUTION IN THE PONGKOR EPITHERMAL

Warmada, I.W., B. Lehmann, and M. Simandjuntak, Polymetallic sulfides and sulfosalts of

Sample Code CGB14-300.75 CGB15-392.80 CGT3.5-244.5 CGT5A-70.15 PNG 1 PNG 8 QR 1

Sample Code CGT3.5-174.63 CGT3.5-341.75 CGB14-63.45 CGB15-474.40

Trace elements (ppm)

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