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Intramolecular forces
(Definition: Force between atoms to make up a molecule)
- Electronegativity
- Valence electrons
- Chemical bond
Increasing electronegativity
e.g.
electronegativity
of C = 2.55 and
O = 3.44
H = 2.20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 VEs
Increasing number of VEs
Cl
Chemical bonds
H H
H C H H C O H
H H
Electrons from H contributing to covalent bond
Electrons from C contributing to covalent bond Electrons from H contributing to covalent bond
Electrons from C contributing to covalent bond
Electrons from O contributing to covalent bond
Non-bonding pair of electrons
.. ..
δ+ δ+
.. C O
δ−
H
Similar electronegativity
for C and H
Even electron distribution
non-polar covalent bond Unequal electron distribution due to
higher electronegativity of O
O attracts electrons from covalent bond
partial charge at O, C and H (δ− and δ+)
polar covalent bond
PD Dr. J. Graßmann; PD Dr. T. Letzel
Lehrstuhl für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft
Ingenieurfakultät Bau Geo Umwelt
Technische Universität München
H H
C C O C O
H H
Electrons from H contributing to covalent bond Electrons from C contributing to covalent bond
Electrons from C contributing to covalent bond Electrons from O contributing to covalent bond
Non-bonding pair of electrons
2.20 2.20
H H 3.44 O C O 3.44
C C
H H
2.20 2.20
δ− δ+ δ−
Similar electronegativity O C O
for C and H
Even electron distribution
Unequal electron distribution due to
non-polar covalent bond
higher electronegativity of O
O attracts electrons from covalent bond
partial charge at O, C and H (δ− and δ+)
polar covalent bond
PD Dr. J. Graßmann; PD Dr. T. Letzel
Lehrstuhl für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft
Ingenieurfakultät Bau Geo Umwelt
Technische Universität München
Na Cl Cl Mg Cl
Na with 1 valence electron (alkalin metals) Mg with 2 valence electron (alkali metals)
Cl with 7 valence electrons (halogens) Cl with 7 valence electrons (halogens)
Na Cl Cl Mg Cl
3.16 3.16
1.31
0.93 3.16 - ++ -
- Cl Mg Cl
Na+ Cl
Distinctly different electronegativity
Electron(s) is/are removed from Na/Mg and added to Cl
Formation of a positively and a negatively charged ion
Intermolecular forces
(Definition: Forces between molecules)
- dipole-dipole interactions
- ion-dipole interaction
- dipole-induced dipole interaction
Dipole-dipole force
δ+ δ− δ+ δ−
H Cl H Cl
Ion-dipole interaction
Polarity and Solubility
Definition: Electrostatic force between an ion (here: Na+ or Cl-) and a dipole (here: water)
e.g. Sodium chloride NaCl solution in water (Dissociation of NaCl)
H H
O
O
δ+ H H
δ+
H
H
δ−
O
O
Na+ Cl-
O
O
δ−
H
H
δ+ δ+
O H H
H H O
δ− δ+
Ar
Cl H
8 valence electrons of Ar
Closing the distance between dipole HCl
and Argon induction of a dipole
δ− δ+ δ− δ+
Cl H Ar
δ− H δ+ H δ+
δ+ N
δ−
H
δ+ δ+
O
H
δ+
H
δ+
δ−
or
H
δ+ δ− δ−
H H
H
O
Hydrogen bond δ+ N
donor Hydrogen bond H H
δ+
acceptor δ+ H
PD Dr. J. Graßmann; PD Dr. T. Letzel
Lehrstuhl für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft
Ingenieurfakultät Bau Geo Umwelt
Technische Universität München