c





4 categories: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds

 
 carbon atoms are bonded to each other with single bonds. Each C has 4
bonds (sp3 hybrid). Bonds are directed to corners of a tetrahedron (bond
angles of 109.5o). Chains are "zig-zag". The general rule for writing
formulas is 2n+2. Where n represents the number of carbons and 2n+2
equals the number of hydrogens.

methane (1C), ethane (2C's), propane (3C's), butane (4C's), pentane (5C's), hexane (6C's),
heptane (7C's), octane (8C's), nonane(9C's), decane(10C's)

Isomerization- same molecular formula, but different structure. Also creates different
properties for the molecule. The number of possible isomers increases
rapidly as the length of the chain increases.

n-butane 2-methyl propane (iso-butane)


 (unsaturated hydrocarbon, olefin) contains one double bond. Made by
 cracking an alkane (heating long-chain alkane in presence of catalyst).
This causes (among other things) a double bond to form, and the
elimination of two H's. General rule: 2n, creates at least one pi bond.
Has sp2 hybridization on the double bond.

No rotation about the double bond, this leads to the formation of Ô
 
 

cis-2-butene trans-2-butene

The presence of the double bond makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes. Also
can

  .
 ë 
 contain 1 triple bond. General rule, 2n-2, sp hybridization around the triple
bond.
acetylene 1-butyne
ethyne

cc
 



  contain the hydroxide group, OH, substituted for hydrogen. Suffix is -ol.
methyl alcohol ethyl alcohol propyl alcohol isopropyl alcohol
methanol ethanol propanol 2-propanol

General formula R-OH, where R is an alkyl group. Hydrogen bonding in the -OH
group causes alcohols to have a high boiling point.

a. Can be formed by oxidation (addition of oxygen, removal of H on both).

+O2

Oxidizing a hydrocarbon gives an alcohol.

b. Can be formed by reduction (addition of hydrogen, removal of oxygen, or both)

+H2

This process is used for about 80% of industrial ethanol production.

Methanol-present in liquid distillate from heating wood and oxygen, "wood alcohol",
deadly and causes blinding.
   -oxygen singly bonded to two carbon atoms.
dimethyl ether ethyl methyl ether diethyl ether (anesthetic)

General formula R-O-R'

Diethyl ether-anesthetic, good solvent. Vapors highly flammable.

ë  have carbonyl group ( ) bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.

Add the suffix -al.
formaldehyde acetaldehyde propionaldehyde
methanal ethanal propanal

General formula:

The boiling point for aldehydes is lower than the corresponding alcohol's, since there
is no hydrogen bonding. The boiling point is much higher than corresponding
saturated hydrocarbons, since bond is highly polar.

Produced by oxidizing an alcohol with a terminal -OH group. Reduction is the oppsite
process.

 
 have a carbonyl on the interior of the chain. Oxidation of an alcohol with
non-terminal -OH. Suffix is an -one ending.

+ O2 + H2O

2-propanone
2-propanol + oxygen acetone + water
dimethyl ketone
General formula:

ï 
contain a carboxyl group, ,general form, , suffix is an -
ioc ending.

+ O2 + H2O

acetic acid
ethanol + oxygen + water
(vinegar)

formic acid propionic acid butyric acid

from "formica" (ants) acetic acid (rancid butter)
methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanioc acid

Organic acids ionize by:

+ H+

-Most are weak acids.

-As the length of the chain increases, organic acids become less soluble in water and
more soluble in non-polar solvents (remember that the -OH creates high polarity).

  are produced by a reaction between an acid and an alcohol.

+ + H2O
 acetic acid + methanol methyl acetate** + water

**Note: the alcohol residue comes first, then the acid.

-Most esters have a very pleasant odor.

+ + H2O

methyl salicylate
salicylic acid + methyl alcohol + water
(wintergreen)