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Note that it is also possible, at least in theory, to procedure necessary to go from data to model.

However,
arrive at such data via calculations based upon the for the purposes of this treatment, models are design-
known construction of the generator. ed based upon measurements of at most two network par-
a m e t e r s . T h i s i s d o n e m a i n l y f o r t h e p u r p o s e og r e -
E a c h of t h e d - a n d q - a x i s m o d e l s w h i c h a r e p r e - ducing the complexity of both measurement and analysis
sented in these papers is based upon a physical con- t o a r e a s o n a b l e l e v e l . The parameters used are d e t e r -
cept in which the rotor is considered to be composed m i n e d f r o m m e a s u r e m e n t s i n which o n l y t h e s t a t o r w i n d -
of a set of coupled windings, such as in a multi-cir- ings are excited (with the field winding short circuit -
cuited transformer_ Each of these windings is describ- e d ) a n d f o r w h i c h c u r r e n t s i n b o t h t h e stator and
ed by its series resistance, its self inductance, and
finally, the mutual inductances between it and each of field windings are measured.
the other windings_ On the d-axis, one of these wind- Mea su rem en t o f t he cur re nt in duc ed in the f i e l d
ings is identified as the field winding and, as pre- winding by currents applied to the stator provides in-
viously discussed, the object of our efforts is to in- formation which helps to separate the properties of
sure that this winding does, in fact, rep resent the the Field winding from those of the solid rotor. It
generator field winding_ is expecte d that models using this data will be suffi-
cient to accurately represent the generator d-axis for
As in any transformer with a non-unity turns ratio, studies of electromechanical transients involving all
it is n e c e s s a r y e i t h e r t o m o d e l t h e
t u r n s v a r i o u s s y s t e m d y n a m i c s . I f t h e s e m o d e l s a r e i n a d e q u a t e ,
ratios by means of ideal transformers or to represent techniques similar to those presented can be used to
all the windings as being referred to one of the wind- develop models based upon a full, three parameter set
ings_ In this treatment the models are considered to of frequency response measurements.
have all quantities referred to the stator terminals.
Naturally, as soon as the model element values are per E q u a t i o n s 4 a n d 5 c a n b e r e a r r a n g e d t o y i e l d
unitized (the form in which they are most often used),
the distinction between quantities being referred to rd(s)1 Ld(s) G(s)
the rotor or stator windings is eliminated_ s 1-i d
=
The models which appear here are not the simplest
nor the most complex which one could create to repre -
sent a turbogenerator. However, they are, for the most where Z ii( s ) Z 22( s ) - Z 12
part, somewhat more complicated than the models which
2( s )
(7 )
are used in most transient stability programs at the L d( s ) = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s Z 22 ( s )
present time. These models, which represent the rotor
bo d y b y t w o o r t h r e e w i n d i n g s o n e a c h a x i s o f t h e i -G(s)
rotor, have been chosen both to illustrate the tech- 22
niques which have been developed as well as to address
questions relating to the basic question of what sort f z 22 (s) Z _ 1( s ) ! 1 Vri (6)
of model is required to adequately represent a solid and
rotor turbogenerator under transient conditions.
Z 12( s )
Since the q-axis is modeled by a one port network, G(s)
the only measure which can be used to compare the var-
ious networks is the input impedance (or the operation- The two parameters used in deriving the d-axi s
al inductance) as defined in equation 2 (equation 3). networks presented here are Ld(s) and G(s). Note fro m
When frequency response data is used, the only crite- equation 6 that G(s)isthe ratio of induced field cur -
rion necessary for the evaluation of the required net- rent to d-axis current (field winding short circuited )
work complexity is the ability of the various networks a n d t h a t L d( s ) i s t h e d - a x i s o p e r a t i o n a l i n d u c t a n c e _
to reproduce the measured input impedance. Q-axis net-
works which yield identical values of Zq(s) or Lq(s) The various issues involved in modeling using the
will give identical results when used in simulations_ techniques being presented can be illustrated by means
of two rotor winding models of the rotor d -axis. The
issues discussed apply directly to more complex d-axis
A s h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d , m o d e l i n g of t h e d - a x i s i s a
much more complex problem than the modeling of the q- m o d e l s as w e l l as t o q - a x is m o d e l s _ A p p e n d i x B in
axis. Each d-axis network has three parameters to be P a r t I I Is d e s c r i b e s v a r i o u s t w o a n d t h r e e w i n d i n g
considered in evaluating its performance. For networks m o d e l s f o r t h e d - a n d q - a x e s _ P r o c e d u r e s for d e r i v i n g
these models from the a p p r o p r i a t e standard or frequency
c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m s t a n d a r d d a t a , i t -i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o response data are given.
take the existence of these three separate parameters
into account. This is due to the fact that this data
comes solely from measurements made at the generator Figure 2 shows two models for the rotor d-axis,
terminals and is interpreted as being only a measure of l a b e l e d N O 2 a n d N D 2 A . T h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
the d-axis operational inductance. t h e s e m o d e l s i s t h e p r e s e n c e o f an a d d i t i o n a l " l e a k a g e "
inductance, aki, in model ND2A. Model ND2 can be con-
The situation is radically different for the case sidered to be a special case of ND2A with tzl = 0_
of models constructed from frequency response data. There is a very simple physical interpretation for kin.
Frequency response techniques can be used to provide Its presence provides for the possibility that the
direct measurement of the three parameters necessary to three windings in the d-axis network are not all per-
s p e c i f y t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the d -ax is network fectly coupled_ In fact, one would not in general ex-
CZ-1 1 ( s ) . Z 1 2 ( s ) , a n d Z 2 2 ( s ) i n e q u a t i o n 4 ) . B a s e d o n pect that the windings would be perfectly coupled_
such measurements, it is (theoretically) possible to T h u s , t h e p r e s e n c e o f J e _ s_l s h o u l d b e r a t h e r i n t u i t i v e l y
exactly reproduce in the model network the character- satisfying.
istics of the real machine d-axis.
At this point, it is worth commenting on the fact
Measuring all three of these parameters and using that most two winding models are of the form of model
the data to construct d-axis models is certainly within NO2. As is discussed by Rankin in reference 16. it is
the range of possibility, although it will tend to re- possible to per-unitize model ND2A using the so-called
s u l t i n c o n s i d e r a b l e c o m p l e x i t y i n t e r m s o f t h e "X d base" into the form of model NO2. The new model
wil l h a v e d i f f e r e n t e l e m e n t v a l u e s ( i n c l u d i n g M d ) f r o m
271.
the original and will , of course,have 9_1_1=0. However,
note that one cannot,in general , begin derivation of a
m o d e l u n d e r t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t etl a 0 . R a t h e r , o n e

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