FILM GENRES AND MOVEMENTS

Absolute Film: A nonrepresentational film that uses film's formal characteristics, design
elements and structural properties to produce a pure, visual effect. This type of
structural film parallels developments in nonrepresentational painting.

Abstract Film: A film which represents recognizable images in such a way that the
content and effect is more poetic than narrative.

Art Film: beginning in 1907 with the French producers' failed attempt to raise filmic
quality to that of theatre and art by creating the Compagnie de Film d'Art, certain films
gained art status through the significance of their experimental and aesthetic
explorations. Thus a distinction developed in the 1950's between commercial films
marketed for a mass audience, and those films whose aim was creative license and
artistic independence to be viewed by a more discriminating audience. See films of
Bruce Elder, Michael Snow, Stan Brakhage, Kenneth Anger, Stan VanderBeek, Ron
Rice, etc.

Avant garde: A Modernist term which reflects the notion that progress is inevitable, and
where the most effective work is being done by a small group of artists who are
challenging historic conventions. This cutting edge of artists is viewed as intellectually
and esthetically more advanced, hence, the term Avant garde: "front-line". Modernist
Avant garde films became increasingly nonnarrative in structure. See Absolute and
Abstract film.

Black Comedy: A type of comedy which deals in macabre subjects such as nuclear
war, murder, mutilation, war, obesity, family breakdown, etc., ie. Kubrick's, Dr.
Strangelove or Clockwork Orange. TVs "Mash" etc.

B picture: When double features became a popular marketing device in the late forties,
fifties and sixties, quick, cheap pictures were make to fill the bottom of the double bill.
See "Ed Wood" for a satirical look at one of Hollywood's most notoriously bad directors
of B pictures. Today's parallel would be the "made-for-TV movie".

Cinema Novo: The Brazilian movement for a new cinema in the 1960's. Related to New
Wave and Neue Kino. Cinema Novo directors include Glauber Rocha, Ruy Guerra,
Nelson Pereira dos Santas, Carlos Diegues.

Cinema Verité: A term which is loosely applied to documentary form but more
specifically means the use of light-weight equipment to film directly from the scene of
action and normally using interview techniques. Unlike Direct Cinema, Cinema Verité
admitted that the presence of the camera made a difference -- had an effect on the
reactions, documentation and experience captured in the final recording. This could
cover a range of techniques from "in the field" news interviews to Andy Warhol's single
point of view documentaries, such as "Chelsea Girls" and "Sleep," and Rouch and
Morin's classic, "Chronique d'un été."

Direct Cinema: Like Cinema Verité this movement was based on a documentary form.
Gone were the well phrased and opinion-oriented narrations of early documentaries.
Developed in America where hundreds of feet of film would be recorded and edited to
represent an authentic record of events. Directors such as Robert Drew, Richard
Leacock, Donn Pennebaker and Albert and David Maysies created examples such as
"Primary" (1960); "Don't Look Back" (on Bob Dylan) (1966); "Salesman" (1969); and
"Gimme Shelter" (1970).

Docudrama: Semifictional versions of actual events.

Documentary: A term with a wide latitude of meaning, basically used to refer to any
film or program not wholly fictional in character. First popularized by NFB Director, John
Grierson. See Cinema Verite, Direct Cinema and Docudrama.

Dramatization: A fictional representation of an actual event.

Epic Theatre: In Bertholdt Brecht's theory, theatre which appeals more to the
spectators' reason than their feelings.

Exploitation Film: A filrn designed to profit by serving a particular need or desire of the
audience. Examples: Sexploitation, Blaxploitation, Child exploitation, etc.

Expressionism: Generally, the kind of film style that allows liberal use of technical
devices and artistic distortion and in which the personality of the director is always
paramount. See German Expressionism

Film Noir: Originally a French term, now in common usage to indicate a film with a
gritty, urban setting that deals with mainly dark or violent passions in a downbeat way.
Use of exaggerated lighting contrasts with an emphasis on dark tonal qualities.

Formalism: 1) concern with form over content. 2) The theory that meaning exists
primarily in the form or language of a discourse rather than in the content or subject. 3)
the Russian movement of the twenties that developed these ideas.

Film Genre: The type of film: archetypal patterns like the Western, Gangster, Science
Fiction, Horror, Action, Drama, Fantasy, Adventure, etc.

German Expressionism. Style of film common in Germany in the twenties,

characterized by dramatic lighting, distorted sets, and symbolic action and characters.
The movement also involved painting and the theatre.
Materialist Cinema: 1) a contemporary movement, mainly in avant garde cinema,
which celebrates the physical fact of film, camera, light, projector, and in which the
materials of the art are, in fact, its main subject matter. Michael Snow, Tony Conrad,
Paul Sharits, and Hollis Frampton are important figures in this movement. 2) the
cinema of filmmakers such as Jean-Luc Godard and Roberto Rossellini, which
combines some of the qualities of the definition (1) with a strong conception of political
change rooted in the basic conflicts of concrete economic realities.

Minimal Cinema: A kind of extreme, simplified Realism: Car, Dreyer, Robert Bresson,
early Warhol. Minimal dependence on the technical power of the medium.

Naturalism: A theory of literature and film which supposes a scientific determinism

such that the actions of a character are determined by biological, sociological,
economic, or psychological laws. Often confused with Realism, it does not simply mean
"natural" in style.

Neorealism: Characterized by political aims, the use of non-professional actors,

location shooting, and some handheld work. "Neorealism has as its goal: to give all
people courage, to give them consciousness as human beings. In the broadest sense, a
rejection of the technical-professional work staff, the script writer, included. Handbooks,
programs, grammars no longer have any meaning. Even designations such as close-
ups, reverse shot etc. no longer have any meaning. Each person has his own personal
film script… For there are endless possibilities of encountering reality in the cinema.
There can be no a priori." - Cesare Zavattini, "Some Ideas on the Cinema," 1953. A
style of filmmaking identified with Vitorio De Sica, Roberto Rossellini, and Luchino
Visconti (among others) in Italy. See Realism.

Neue Kino: German Cinema since 1968.

New American Cinema: The personal cinema of independent filmmakers in the U.S.
since World War 11. Characterized by a lyric, poetic, experimental approach.

New Wave, or Nouvelle Vague: 1) Godard, Truffault, Chabrol, Rohmer, Rivette, et al.
Strictly, filmmakers who began as critics on Cahiers du Cinema in the 1950's and who
were influenced by Andre Bazin. 2) The term also used more loosely to describe all the
young French filmmakers of the 1960's.

Realism: In film, the attitude which emphasizes the subject as opposed to the director's
point of view. Hence, Realism is in opposition to Expressionism, where the director's
viewpoint forms the central subject.

Screwball comedy: A type of comedy prevalent in the 1930's and typified by frenetic
action, wisecracks, and sexual relationships as an important plot element. Usually about
upper-class characters therefore often involved opulent sets and costumes as visual
elements. "It Happened One Night" (1934); "Easy Living" (1937); and "Bringing up
Baby" (1938); are prime examples. Highly verbal as opposed to the dynamic visuals of
Slapstick comedy. See also Black comedy.

Slapstick comedy: A type of comedy, widely prevalent during the silent film era,
which depends on broad physical action and pantomime for its effects rather than
verbal wit or character development.

Spaghetti Western: A European Western, usually filmed in Spain or Italy and

popularized in the 1960's by the films of Sergio Leone - "A Fistful of Dollars", "The
Good, The Bad and The Ugly."

Structuralist Film: A film in which the codes and structures of social arrangements are
evident. See Cine-structuralism, Materialist cinema.

Surrealism: An attempt to connect reality with the world of the subconscious mind to
create an extreme reality where other levels of the consciousness and meaning are
revealed. Seemingly paradoxical and bizarre, surrealist cinema approximated an
incoherent dream experience. The film works of Dali and Bunuel offer some excellent
examples of this movement.

Theatre of Cruelty: Antonin Artaud's thoery of theatre that emphasizes the stage as a
concrete physical space requiring its own physical language. By "cruelty" Artaud meant
a theatre that was "difficult", that insisted on the involvement of the spectator in the
theatrical process, that was not subjugated to the text, and that returned to basic,
mystical, cathartic qualities.

Third Cinema: Fernando Solana's and Octavio Getino's theory of cinema as neither
consumer goods nor avant garde experiments, but rather as an instrument of
revolutionary consciousness whose products "the system cannot assimilate."