MODULE 1

LESSON 1

TOPIC 1 – PARTS OF SPEECH

UNLOCKING OF SCHEMA

Fraction

Scale

Actual size

Drafting

Control keys

Horizontal

Vertical stripes

Parallel

triangle

1. My computer’s __________ are colored red, so they can be more distinguished from

other keys because they are so frequently used.

2. Because of my architectural course, I have to take a __________ course that will teach

me the basics of drawing and measuring buildings on scale.

3. I can’t imagine the drawing in ___________, because I think the dimensions are still

wrong.
 4. She knows the perfect __________ of her house, because she was the one who

designed it.

5. What she worked on was just a __________ of what was actually to be done this

semester.

6. My sister’s _____________ was displayed on their monthly art exhibit.

7. I usually lay down my guitar on a ___________ surface, to avoid it falling to its side.

8. The __________ stripes of her pants made her legs look longer than it was.

9. My teacher was irritated that we cannot keep two ___________ line earlier at the flag

ceremony

10. My 2-year old brother cannot distinguish a __________ that is a three-cornered shaped

figure from a square that is a four cornered shape yet.

Study the paragraph above and answer the following questions.

1. What are the control keys of a computer?

2. What is a drafting course?

3. What does the actual size mean in drafting terms?

4. What does scale means?

5. What does fraction means?

6. What is a drawing?

7. What are examples of horizontal lines?

 8. What are example of vertical lines?

9. What are examples of parallel lines?

10. How many corners are there in a triangle?

PARTS OF SPEECH

Parts of Speech Definition Examples

1. Noun A noun is a word used to John went shopping at the

refer to people, animals, mall.

objects, substances, states, Explanation: This proper

events, ideas and feelings. A noun functions as the subject

noun functions as a subject (John).

or object of a verb and can

be modified by an adjective. The lion slept peacefully in

the bright sunlight.

Explanation: This noun (an

animal) functions as the

subject (The lion).

She set the table with linens

and silverware.
 Explanation: This noun (an

object) functions as the

object of a verb (table).

2. Pronoun A pronoun is used in the Ex: I, you, he, she, it

place of a noun or phrase.

I went to the mall on Sunday.

Explanation: This pronoun

functions as the subject (I).

Juan brought the papers

with him.

Explanation: This pronoun

functions as the object of a

phrase (with him).

3. Adjective Adjectives are used to The beautiful lion slept

describe or specify a noun or peacefully in the shade of the

pronoun tree.

Explanation: This adjective

describes the noun (lion).

 My nice cousin likes to cook

stew on cold winter

evenings.

Explanation: This adjective

describes a noun (cousin).

4. Verb A verb is used to show an Val writes to share her ideas.

action or a state of being Explanation: This verb shows

an action (writes).

He will be late to the movie.

Explanation: This verb shows

a state of being (will be).

5. Adverb An adverb is used to modify a He completely forgot to take

verb, adjective, and other the trash outside to the bin.

adverbs. Explanation: This adverb

modifies the verb (forgot).

She worked really hard on

her project all night long.

Explanation: The adverb

modifies the adjective (hard).

6. Preposition A preposition is a word that She never remembers her car

relates a noun or pronoun to keys in the morning.

some other word in the Explanation: This preposition

sentence and often forms a tells when she remembers (in

phrase that shows where, the morning).

when, how, or why

The water runs under the

bridge.

Explanation: This preposition

tells where the water went

(under the bridge)

7. Conjunction Conjunctions connect words, Ex: for, and, nor, but, or, yet,

phrases, or clauses

Tiffany and Beverly talked all

night long.

Explanation: This conjunction

connects two nouns (Tiffany,

Beverly)

Students want to

learn, and teachers want to

teach.
 Explanation: This conjunction

connects two independent

clauses (Students what to

learn, teachers want to

teach).

8. Interjection Interjections are used to Ex: Oh!, Wow!, Ah-ha!

show surprise or emotion.

Wow, she aced the test!

Explanation: This interjection

shows surprise

He yelled in surprise,

“Oh, I get it!”

Explanation: This interjection

shows understanding.

Activity 1

Read the text below about drawing. After reading the text, list down all the different parts of

speech that can be found from it. Write down at least 5 each category.
 Drawing is my Passion

I cannot imagine my life without drawing. My greatest inspiration is my mother who always

encourages me to design her dresses. I believe that to display your art you do not have to be a

great artist. You just have to put you heart to everything you do and let your imagination flow!

You just have to make a unique piece. So get your paint brush and pencil and start drawing.

When my mom saw one of my drawings, I will never forget when she said that “oh! I love the

way the colors blend. Keep practicing!”.

When I am blue I cheer myself up by drawing. Drawing is a way for me to show my creativity.

However, drawing is not as easy as it seems to be. It needs a lot of devotion as well as practice.

I can never feel bored when I have my watercolors with me. My watercolors are my best friend.

Drawing is the perfect way to make things look alive. I imagine all kinds of strange things to

show it on a piece of paper such as hell & demons, a beautiful house in heaven etc.

TOPIC 2 – SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION

- What is a sentence?

A sentence is a group of words which starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (.),

question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!). A sentence contains or implies a predicate and a

subject.
 - What makes a complete sentence?

Think about a sentence as if it were a skeleton, the skeleton contains various bones and these

bones are put together to form different parts of the body. So are sentences formed by words,

the words are the bones and they are put together in different ways to form sentences.

But just because you put words together in the right order, it doesn't mean you will have a

sentence that makes sense.

What are the five main parts of a sentence?

1. Subject

- In general, the subject refers to the part of the sentence that tells whom or what the

sentence is addressing. The subject is a noun, pronoun or noun phrase.

ex: Kate is a thin girl.

2. Predicate

- a verb that expresses the subject's action or state of being.

Ex: Harry ate his apple.

3. Clause

- Provides additional information to the sentence.

There are two different types of clauses:

 Dependent clauses - "On hot days" is an example of a dependent clause because it could

not stand by itself as a sentence.

 Independent clauses - "Paul washed the dishes, but he didn't want to." "He didn't want to"

could be a sentence by itself; however, here it is connected to the larger sentence.

4. Phrase

- A group of related words that does not express a complete thought and does not have a

subject and predicate pair

There are two different types of phrases:

- Prepostitional phrase

Ex: at the beach, near the store, by this time

- Verbal phrase

Ex: to fly in a plane, building a large dam, signed the legal documents

5. Modifier

- changes, clarifies, qualifies, or limits a particular word in a sentence in order to add

emphasis, explanation, or detail. Modifiers tend to be descriptive words, such as

adjectives and adverbs.

To illustrate the use of modifiers, consider the following simple sentence:

Sarah was a sure fit for junior prom queen.

Now consider the same sentence with multiple modifiers added:

The blonde girl named Sarah, who was a foreign exchange student from England, quickly

climbed the ladder of popularity during her junior year, smiling her way through cheerleading

and an ASB presidency term she inched near the top and was a sure fit as junior prom queen.

The additional details in the sentence, by way of modifiers, engage the reader and hold their

attention.

Tips in Constructing Sentences English Sentences

1. Get the words in the right order. The most common order for parts of a sentence is:

subject, verb, object (if present).

Steve kicked the ball.

In this sentence, the subject is ‘Steve’, the verb is ‘kicked’ and the object is ‘the ball’. To

help you remember this structure, try making an example with someone you know well

as the subject and something they do often for the verb and object.
2. Compound sentences follow the same structure but do it twice. A compound sentence

is one made of two clauses (sections). In this case, the sentence uses a conjunction to

join two halves of the sentence, each of which has the same structure.

I cooked dinner and my father bought some drinks.

subject verb object + subject verb object

3. Make your subject and verb agree

This is a basic rule in sentence construction. Singular nouns should use verbs in singular

form and plural nouns should use verbs in plural form. Look at these examples.

She likes to drink coffee.

They like to go out and have fun

4. Know the proper use of prepositions

Prepositions are important in sentence construction. There are different kinds of

prepositions: for direction (to, on, in, onto, into), for location (at, in, on), and for time and

place. You should be able to distinguish the use of each preposition. You can learn more

about prepositions by using software for ESL learners.

Activity 1

Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject.

1. Annie and her brothers (is, are) at school.

2. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.

3. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.

4. Either my charger or your adapter (is, are) always on the floor.

5. George and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.

6. Benito (doesn't, don't) know the answer on the questionnaire.

7. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.

8. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.

9. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.

10. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.

Activity 2

In a piece of paper, write a short paragraph containing a variety of subject -verb errors.

this is to exercise your knowledge about the rules by trying to go against it. After

writing, students exchange paragraphs and do a peer correction of the mistakes in a

classmate's work.

TOPIC 3 – Effective Communication

UNLOCKING OF SCHEMA

Guess the Emotion

Group yourselves into 2 groups, with each group having one representative. The

representative will be given a stack of cards with different kinds of emotions written

on it. The rest of the group will try to portray the word through their actions without

saying anything. The first group to go through their cards will be the winner.

Words:

1. Happy

2. Sad

3. Exited

4. Angry
 5. Scared

What is communication?

Communication, as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is a “process by which

information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or

behavior”. This is a process we have been undergoing since our childhood. There are three

basic components in the communication system, mainly the sender, a channel, and a receiver.

The sender transmits the message through a channel, and then the channel makes its way to

the receiver, and vice versa.

A. Nature of Communication

1. Communication is a process.

2. Communication occurs between two or more people.

3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words.

Modes of Communication

1. Interpersonal Communication (two-way)

- The process is spontaneous

 - It involves exchange of information

- Meaningful in it messages

Ex:

- Speaking and listening (conversation)

- Reading and writing (text messages, letters, written text)

2. Interpretive Communication (one-way)

- Reader, listener, or viewer interprets what the author what the receiver wants them

to understand.

- Interpretation differs rom comprehension

Ex:

- Reading (novels, websites, articles, signs)

- Listening (songs, speeches, radio ads)

- Viewing (videos, play, movies)

3. Presentational Communication (one-way)

- Intended for an audience of readers, listeners or viewers

- Information is presented

- No direct opportunity for the active negotiation of meaning exists

 - To ensure the intended audience is successful in its interpretation, the “presenter”

needs knowledge of the audience’s language and culture

Ex:

- Writing (advertisements, flyers, brochures, Power Point presentations)

- Speaking (telling a story, giving a speech, TV or radio news, presentation to jury)

Activity 1

Write T if the Statement is true and F if the statement is false

1. Interpersonal communication has a spontaneous process.

2. Exchange of information is a feature of a two-way kind of communication.

3. Reading is a one-way type of communication.

4. Speaking is a one-way type of communication.

5. Presentational Presentation is a two-way communication.

6. Writing can be considered an interpretive communication.

7. In the presentational communication, there is no direct opportunity for active

negotiation of meaning.

8. Movies can be considered a presentational communication.

What is effective communication?

Effective communication is about more than just exchanging information. It's about

understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. As well as being able to

clearly convey a message, you need to also listen in a way that gains the full meaning of what’s

being said and makes the other person feel heard and understood.

More than just the words you use, effective communication combines a set of 4 skills:

1. Engaged listening

2. Nonverbal communication

3. Managing stress in the moment

4. Asserting yourself in a respectful way

While these are learned skills, communication is more effective when it becomes spontaneous

rather than formulaic. A speech that is read, for example, rarely has the same impact as a

speech that’s delivered (or appears to be delivered) spontaneously. Of course, it takes time and

effort to develop these skills. The more effort and practice you put in, the more instinctive and

effective your communication skills will become.

What could prevent a person from communicating effectively?

Common barriers to effective communication include:

Stress and out-of-control emotion. When you’re stressed or emotionally overwhelmed, you’re

more likely to misread other people, send confusing or off-putting nonverbal signals, and lapse

into unhealthy knee-jerk patterns of behavior. To avoid conflict and misunderstandings, you

can learn how to quickly calm down before continuing a conversation.

Lack of focus. You can’t communicate effectively when you’re multitasking. If you’re checking

your phone, planning what you’re going to say next, or daydreaming you’re almost certain to

miss nonverbal cues in the conversation. To communicate effectively, you need to avoid

distractions and stay focused.

Inconsistent body language. Nonverbal communication should reinforce what is being said, not

contradict it. If you say one thing, but your body language says something else, your listener will

likely feel you’re being dishonest. For example, you can’t say “yes” while shaking your head no.

Negative body language. If you disagree with or dislike what’s being said, you may use negative

body language to rebuff the other person’s message, such as crossing your arms, avoiding eye

contact, or tapping your feet. You don’t have to agree, or even like what’s being said, but to

communicate effectively and not make the other person defensive, it’s important to avoid

sending negative signals.

Activity 2 – Recall the Details

Pair up with a classmate. Person A will read paragraph number 1 to person B, and person has to

pay attention to all the details person A is reading. After listening, person A will ask question

about details about the paragraph and person B will answer. After finishing the activity, reverse

roles, so that person B will be reading another paragraph and person A will listen.

Paragraph 1

The Blond Guitar

My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped blond guitar--the first instrument I

taught myself how to play. It's nothing fancy, just a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and

scratched and finger-printed. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one

hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings are stretched down a long, slim neck,

its frets tarnished, the wood worn by years of fingers pressing chords and picking notes. The

body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that was slightly damaged in

shipping. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick

guard fell off years ago. No, it's not a beautiful instrument, but it still lets me make music, and

for that I will always treasure it.

Questions:
 1. What was the speaker’s most valuable possession?

2. What was the condition of the guitar? Was it new or old?

3. What kind of guitar was it?

4. What was the color of the guitar’s tuning keys?

5. What kind of fruit has the same shape as to the guitar?

Paragraph 2

A Friendly Clown

On one corner of my dresser sits a smiling toy clown on a tiny unicycle--a gift I received last

Christmas from a close friend. The clown's short yellow hair, made of yarn, covers its ears but is

parted above the eyes. The blue eyes are outlined in black with thin, dark lashes flowing from

the brows. It has cherry-red cheeks, nose, and lips, and its broad grin disappears into the wide,

white ruffle around its neck. The clown wears a fluffy, two-tone nylon costume. The left side of

the outfit is light blue, and the right side is red. The two colors merge in a dark line that runs

down the center of the small outfit. Surrounding its ankles and disguising its long black shoes

are big pink bows. The white spokes on the wheels of the unicycle gather in the center and

expand to the black tire so that the wheel somewhat resembles the inner half of a grapefruit.

The clown and unicycle together stand about a foot high. As a cherished gift from my good

friend Tran, this colorful figure greets me with a smile every time I enter my room.
Questions:

1. What was sitting on one corner of the speaker’s dresser?

2. What was the color of the clown’s hair?

3. When did the speaker receive it as a gift?

4. How many colors were there in the clown’s costume?

5. Who gave the toy to the speaker?