1D. Calculus PDF

Lecture Notes Arun Jain 2015
Calculus
CALCULUS
Function
y and x are related in such a way that for every value of x there is only one value of
y.
A function can be expressed in three ways:
1. Equation :
2. Graph
3. Data Table
0 0
1 1
2 4
3 9
Differential calculus as rate measurer
When x=x, y=y

When x changes to , y becomes
1
Average rate of change of y with respective to x (from
= slope of line AB
Similarly,
Average rate of change of y w.r.t x from A to B1 = slope of line AB1,
Average rate of change of y w.r.t x from A to B2 = slope of line AB2
As we bring B closer to A, the secant AB approaches the tangent at A
becomes very small, .
Thus, the slope of the tangent at A gives us the instantaneous rate of change of y
w.r.t. x at A.
This instantaneous rate of change is written as
is so small that we cannot think of a smaller number.

For small we can approximately write
first derivative of y w.r.t. x
second derivative of y w.r.t. x
Let
2
Constant (k) 0
1
2x
Mathematical operations for derivatives:
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
3
(V)
(Here, K is a constant and u and v are functions of x).
Illustration 2: If then find .
Given: Given
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, using
Illustration 3: If then find .
Solution: Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
Illustration 4: If , then find
Solution: Using product rule,
Here, . Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Illustration 5: If , then find .
4
Solution: .
Using quotient rule,
Chain rule
Suppose we have a function by Then its derivative w.r.t. x is given

by
Illustrate 6: Find the derivative of
Solution: Here
Illustration 7: Find the derivative of
Solution:
Illustration 8: The rate of change of radius of a sphere with respect to time is

given as 4 cm/s. Find the rate of change of volume when the radius is 50 cm.
5
Solution: Given rate of change of radius w.r.t. time, and we

have to find
From chain rule,
Illustration 9: The radius of a cone is increasing at a rate of 2 cm/s. If the apex

angle does not change, find the rate of change in height when
.
Solution: If the apex does not change, for any R and H,
We have
Rate of change of height is .
Increasing and decreasing functions
6
Increasing function
Slope of tangent > 0
Rate of change of y w.r.t. x is positive, therefore the curve is increasing
Decreasing function
Slope of tangent < 0
Rate of change of y w.r.t. x is negative, therefore the curve is decreasing.
Note: A function may not be continuously increasing or continuously decreasing
We say function is increasing in the range where and decreasing where
7
Local maxima and local minima
 Function is increasing for

 Function is decreasing for
 Peaks (local maxima) at x = a, c
 Valleys (local minima) at x = b, d
For local maxima or minima, slope of the curve where it lies must be zero.
So, , at the points of local maxima or local minima
Criteria for local maxima and local minima
Condition for local maxima
 Slope change from positive to negative

 Rate of change of slope w.r.t. x is negative
 dy/dx is decreasing with x
Condition for local minima
8
 Slope changes from negative to positive

 Rate of change of slope w.r.t. x is positive
 dy/dx is increasing with x
Note 1: When we talk of local maxima/minima, we are talking of x; while we

say local maximum value or local minimum value, we are talking of value of y
corresponding to that particular local maxima or minima
Note 2: Local maxima/minima does not mean that the function has the
highest/lowest value at that point. It only means that the function was
increasing before and decreasing after that point in case of local maxima and
vice-versa in case of minima.
1. Find the points of local maxima or local minima for the following:
i)
ii)
iii) (for values of
2. Find the local maximum and local minimum value for the following:
i)
ii)
Answer key:
1. i) ii) iii)
2. i) Local minima at value = 8
Local maxima at value = 12
ii) Local minima at value =
9
INTEGRATION
Integration – opposite of differentiation
sign is used for integration. If I is integration of with respect to x then

and it is read as integration of w.r.t. x is I.
For example, let us proceed to obtain integral of w.r.t. x. We already know that
. Since the process of integration is the reverse process of
differentiation,
or
The above formula holds for all values of n, except .
It is because, for ,
Similarly, the formula for integration of some other functions can be obtained if we
know the differential coefficients of various functions.
Basic Integration Formulas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Illustrations 10: Find the following integrals:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Solution:
1.
2.
3.
4.
11
Find the following integrals:
1.
2.
Answer key:
i)
ii)
Integration by substitution:
Suppose we present an integral by is the integral

of w.r.t. u)
Now suppose u is a function of x given by then (where

is )
and the above integral can be written as
Thus if we have to find the integral given in the form of a function along with its
derivative, we can use the above formula to find the integral.
An important result: If then
Solution:
12
1.
2.
Answer key:
1.
2.
Definite integral
Consider the curve as shown. The area under the curve (the area bounded by the
curve and the x-axis) can be found by diving this area into infinitesimal area and
adding them up.
13
Consider this area to be divided into n parts, where each part can be assumed as a
rectangle if n is very large. The length of each such part at will be equal to
while the breadth will be equal to
where
Area of each rectangle =
The total area will be the sum of all these areas and will be given by
If , the same area is represented by or
This integral is known as define integral of the curve between x = a to x

= b, where a and b are known as the lower and upper limits of the integral
respectively.
Fundamental theorem of integral calculus:
If , then
Illustration: Integrate
Solution:
14
Illustrate: Integrate
Solution:
1.
2.
Answer key:
1. 36
2.
APPLICATION OF CALCULUS IN KINEMATICS
The problems in kinematics can be solved using the differential and integral
calculus, in addition to the already known equations which are given as under
15
(where ‘x’ is displacement, ‘v’ is velocity and ‘a’ is acceleration at time t)
Similarly, for circular motion
or
(where is angular displacement, ‘ ’ is angular velocity and ‘ ’ is angular

acceleration at time t)
Also by the definition of integral,
Note: is called as instantaneous velocity, it is the velocity in small time dt.

Average velocity over a period of time can be given as
Illustrate: The speed of a particle is given by . Find
a) distance covered by it in first two seconds,
(b) acceleration at time t = 1s
Solution: a) for calculating distance,
Also we have
16
Integrating both the sides, we have
Limits are puts s = 0 to s = s and t = 0 to t = 2
s = 14 m
Distance covered in first two seconds in 14 m.
b) For calculating acceleration,
Also we have
At t =1s, acceleration =
INCHAPTER EXCERSICE
1. If , find the values of ‘v’ and ‘a’ at t = 0s, 2s and 10s.
2. If , find the values of ‘s’ and ‘a’ at t = 0s, 2s, & 10s. (assume all the
quantities to be zero at the start).
3. If derive (where ‘a’ is constant)
4. Use , to prove (where ‘a’ is constant)
Answer key:
1. v = 2 m/s, 18 m/s, 82 m/s
17
2. s = 0 m, 8 m, 1000 m.
Exercises
Differentiate the given functions with respect to x (a, b, c are to be treated as

constants).
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
18
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Integration
1.
2.
19
3.
4.
5.
Multiple Option Correct with one answer correct
1.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7.
(a)
(b)
20
(c)
(d)
8.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
10.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) None of these
11.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12. If find
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13. then
21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
14. find
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15. then
(a) t (b) (c) 1 (d) None of these
16.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) None of these
17.
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
18.
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
19.
(a)
(b)
(c)
22
(d) None of these
20.
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
21.
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) None of these
22.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
23.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
24.
(a)
23
(b)
(c)
(d)
25.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
26.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
27.
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 3
(d) 4
28.
(a) 1
(b) 0
24
(c)
(d) None of these
Application of calculus
1. A circular disc of radius 3 cm is being heated. Due to expansion, its radius

increases at the rate of 0.05 cm/s. Find the rate at which its area is increasing when
radius is 3.2 cm.
2. An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of 3 cm/s. How fast is the
volume of the cube increasing when the edge is 10 cm long?
3. A balloon, which always remains spherical on inflation, is being inflated by

pumping in 00 cubic centimeters of gas per second. Find the rate at which the
radius of the balloon increases when the radius is 15 cm.
4. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled
along the ground, away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height
on the wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4 m away from the wall?
5. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/s. The falling sand forms a
cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of
the radius of the base. How fast is the height of the sand cone increasing when the
height is 4 cm?
6. A man of height 2 meters walks at a uniform speed of 5 km/hr away from a lamp
post which is 6 meters high. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow
increases.
7. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and the sum of whose squares is
minimum.
8. A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to be made into a box without top, by

cutting a square from each corner and folding up the flaps to form the box. Find the
size of the square that should be cut off so that the volume of the box is maximum
possible.
25
9. Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a circle of fixed radius, the square
has the maximum area.
10. body is thrown from earth’s surface vertically upwards with velocity v, which
varies with time as . Find the maximum height reached by
the body.
Application of calculus in kinematics:
1. A point moves in a straight line such that its distance s from the start in time t is
equal to
(a) At what times was the point at its starting position?
(b) At what times is its velocity equal to zero?
2. A body whose mass is 3 kg performs rectilinear motion according to the formula

, where s is measured in centimeters & t in seconds. Determine the
kinetic energy of the body 5 seconds after its start.
3. A body moves in a straight line according to the equation .

Find its acceleration when its velocity is zero.
4. The displacement x of a particle moving in one dimension, under the acti9on of

a constant force is related to the time t by the equation , where x is in
meters and t is in seconds. Find the displacement of the particle when its velocity is
zero.
5. The velocity of a moving point changes according to the equation

. Find the distance covered by the point in 10 seconds from the
start.
6. A point moves with velocity . Find the distance covered by

the point during the fourth second from the start.
7. A point moves with velocity . Find the distance covered by

the point during 5 seconds from the beginning of motion.
26
8. Given where and g are constants. Find
9. The motion of a particle in a straight line is defined by the relation

where x is in meters and t is in sec. Determine the position x, velocity v
and acceleration a of the particle at
ANSWER KEY
Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
27
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. +
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
28
Integration
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Multiple Option Correct with one correct answer
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. D 7. B
8. A 9. D 10. A 11. A 12. D 13. D 14. B
15. B 16. A 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. C 21. A
22. D 23. B 24. A 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. A
Application of Calculus
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
10.
Application of Calculus in Kinematics
1. (b) 2.
3. 4. 0 m
5. 1110 m 6. 83 m
7. 270 m 8.
9.
29

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Lecture Notes Arun Jain 2015

Differential calculus as rate measurer

When x=x, y=y

Average rate of change of y with respective to x (from

is so small that we cannot think of a smaller number.

first derivative of y w.r.t. x

second derivative of y w.r.t. x

Mathematical operations for derivatives:

(Here, K is a constant and u and v are functions of x).

Illustration 2: If then find .

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, using

Illustration 3: If then find .

Solution: Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,

Illustration 4: If , then find

Solution: Using product rule,

Here, . Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

Illustration 5: If , then find .

Using quotient rule,

Suppose we have a function by Then its derivative w.r.t. x is given

Illustrate 6: Find the derivative of

Illustration 7: Find the derivative of

Illustration 8: The rate of change of radius of a sphere with respect to time is

Solution: Given rate of change of radius w.r.t. time, and we

From chain rule,

Illustration 9: The radius of a cone is increasing at a rate of 2 cm/s. If the apex

Solution: If the apex does not change, for any R and H,

Rate of change of height is .

Increasing and decreasing functions

Slope of tangent > 0

Rate of change of y w.r.t. x is positive, therefore the curve is increasing

Slope of tangent < 0

Rate of change of y w.r.t. x is negative, therefore the curve is decreasing.

Note: A function may not be continuously increasing or continuously decreasing

We say function is increasing in the range where and decreasing where

Local maxima and local minima

 Function is increasing for

So, , at the points of local maxima or local minima

Criteria for local maxima and local minima

Condition for local maxima

 Slope change from positive to negative

Condition for local minima

 Slope changes from negative to positive

Note 1: When we talk of local maxima/minima, we are talking of x; while we

iii) (for values of

2. i) Local minima at value = 8

Local maxima at value = 12

ii) Local minima at value =

sign is used for integration. If I is integration of with respect to x then

The above formula holds for all values of n, except .

Basic Integration Formulas

Illustrations 10: Find the following integrals:

Find the following integrals:

Suppose we present an integral by is the integral

Now suppose u is a function of x given by then (where

and the above integral can be written as

An important result: If then

Find the following integrals:

Area of each rectangle =

If , the same area is represented by or

This integral is known as define integral of the curve between x = a to x

Fundamental theorem of integral calculus:

Find the following integrals:

APPLICATION OF CALCULUS IN KINEMATICS