COMSATS Institute of Information Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

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Course: EEE455 Wireless Communication Systems Fall Semester 2007

Class: BTE-B2 Home Assignment # 4
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Part A: Assigned Reading: Rappaport Chapter 5 and Photocopy Notes

1. What is meant by small scale fading?

2. How are the small scale fading and multi-path related?
3. Does small scale fading occur in a time invariant system?
4. What are the causes of time variation in a communication system?
5. What is meant by and what is the cause of Doppler shift?
6. What is meant by and what is the cause of Doppler spread?
7. What are the effects of Doppler spread?
8. Example 5.1
9. What are the main effects of small scale fading (time varying multi-path) channels?
10. Channel Time Dispersion
a. What are the effects?
b. How is this represented?
c. How is it measured?
11. Channel Frequency Dispersion
a. What are the effects?
b. How is this represented?
c. How is it measured?
12. Example 5.4
13. What is meant by channel coherence bandwidth?
14. Example 5.5
15. What is meant by channel coherence time?
16. Example 5.6
17. The effects (time dispersion, frequency dispersion) of the channel on the transmitted signal
depend on the bandwidth of the signal.
a. How?
b. What rules of thumb exist to describe this dependence?
 c. How are such effects treated in practice?
18. What is meant by a flat fading channel? What is the associated rule of thumb?
19. What is meant by a frequency selective fading channel? What is the associated rule of
thumb?
20. What is meant by a slow fading channel? What is the associated rule of thumb?
21. What is meant by a fast fading channel? What is the associated rule of thumb?
22. Rayleigh fading distribution model
a. To which channel types is this model applicable?
b. What characteristics of the received signal does this model describe?
c. Does this model describe time variations in the wireless channel characteristics?
d. What is the expression for the Rayleigh fading Distribution? …….what is the
meaning of each term within the expression?
e. What is the expression for the corresponding commutative distribution function?
23. Rayleigh fading distribution model
a. To which channel types is this model applicable?
b. What characteristics of the received signal does this distribution describe?
c. Does this model describe time variations in the wireless channel characteristics?
d. What is the expression for this distribution? …….what is the meaning of each term
within the expression?
e. Under what circumstances does the Rayleigh distribution approximate the Rician
distribution?
24. Level Crossing Rate (LCR)
a. What is the meaning?
b. In practice, how is it related to bit errors?
c. What is the LCR for Rayleigh fading distribution modeled signals (that is signals
with zero Doppler shift)?
25. Average Fade Duration (AFD)
a. What is the meaning?
b. In practice, how is it related to bit errors?
c. What is the AFD expression for Rayleigh fading distribution modeled signals (that
is signals with zero Doppler shift)?
26. Example 5.7
27. Example 5.8
28. Example 5.9
Part B: Practice Problems

29. Consider a mobile receiver operating at a frequency of 860 MHz and moving at 100 km/hr
in a Rayleigh fading environment with angles of arrival uniformly distributed over 0-2π in
a horizontal plane. Sketch the Doppler spectrum if a CW signal is transmitted and indicate
the maximum frequencies in cycles/second, cycles/meter, and cycles/wavelength.
30. Consider a signal with three signal paths, so that the received signal r for a transmitted signal s is

r(t) = a0s(t) + a1s(t – τ1) + a2s(t – τ2) + noise

where | a0 / a1| = | a2 / a1| = - 5 dB, τ1 = 1 µs and τ2 = 8 µs. Thus, the second of the three components
received is the strongest, and the other two are each 10 dB (in power) smaller.

a. What is the difference in length between the longest and shortest paths?
b. Compute the excess mean delay and root mean square (rms) delay spread for the channel.
c. Estimate the coherence bandwidth.
d. Using the estimate in (c), predict whether the channel is frequency selective for an IS-54
channel, a GSM channel and a DECT channel (see Tables 11.2, 11.3 and 11.8 in Rappaport
for the air interface specifications for these systems).
31. Problem 5.6
32. Problem 5.7
33. Problem 5.8
34. Problem 5.9
35. Problem 5.13
36. Problem 5.15
37. Problem 5.27
38. Problem 5.28
39. Problem 5.30
40. Channel Characterization

a. Determine the rms delay and mean excess time for the channel
b. Determine the maximum excess delay –10 dB.
c. Estimate the coherence bandwidth of the channel.
d. Do we need an equalizer if we want to use this channel for GSM signals?
e. (Coherence time). Assume that mobile using UMTS system traveling with 50 km/hr
receives the signal through this channel determine the time over which the channel
appears stationary (or at least highly correlated).