Electrical Engineering

Principles and Applications

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Electrical Engineering
Principles and Applications
SIXTH EDITION

Allan R. Hambley
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Michigan Technological University
arhamble@mtu.edu

Upper Saddle River Boston Columbus San Francisco New York

Indianapolis London Toronto Sydney Singapore Tokyo Montreal
Dubai Madrid Hong Kong Mexico City Munich Paris Amsterdam Cape Town

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Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton
Senior Editor: Andrew Gilfillan
Associate Editor: Alice Dworkin
Editorial Assistant: William Opaluch
Vice President, Production: Vince O’Brien
Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno
Production Editor: Pavithra Jayapaul, Jouve India
Senior Operations Supervisor: Alan Fischer
Senior Marketing Manager: Tim Galligan
Marketing Assistant: Mack Patterson
Art Director: Kenny Beck
Cover Art Director: Kristine Carney
Cover Designer: Black Horse Designs
Cover Image: Tom Mareschal/Stone/Getty Images, Inc.
Art Editor: Greg Dulles
Media Editor: Daniel Sandin
Media Project Manager: Danielle Leone
Composition/Full-Service Project Management: Jouve India

LabVIEW and NI Multisim are trademarks of National Instruments. MATLAB is a registered trademark
of The MathWorks. Mylar is a registered trademark of DuPont Teijin Films. OrCAD and PSpice are
registered trademarks of Cadence Design Systems.

Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005, 2002, 1997 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by
Copyright and permissions should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction,
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The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts
include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effective-
ness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these
programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable in
any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing,
performance, or use of these programs.

CIP data is on file and available upon request.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-311664-9
ISBN-10: 0-13-311664-6

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To Judy, Tony, Pam, and Mason

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 Practical Applications
of Electrical Engineering Principles

1.1
Using Resistance to Measure Strain 29
2.1
An Important Engineering Problem: Energy-Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles 100
3.1
Electronic Photo Flash 145
4.1
Electronics and the Art of Automotive Maintenance 190
6.1
Active Noise Cancellation 287
7.1
Biomedical Engineering Application of Electronics: Cardiac Pacemaker 385
8.1
Fresh Bread Anyone? 408
9.1
The Virtual First-Down Line 444
11.1
Electronic Stud Finder 549
12.1
Where Did Those Trout Go? 593
13.1
Soup Up Your Automobile by Changing Its Software? 618
14.1
Mechanical Application of Negative Feedback: Power Steering 666
16.1
Magnetic Flowmeters, Faraday, and The Hunt for Red October 768

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Contents

Practical Applications of 3.3 Physical Characteristics of

Electrical Engineering Principles vi Capacitors 134
3.4 Inductance 138
Preface xi
3.5 Inductances in Series
and Parallel 143
3.6 Practical Inductors 144
1 3.7 Mutual Inductance 147
Introduction 1 3.8 Symbolic Integration and
1.1 Overview of Electrical Engineering 2 Differentiation Using MATLAB 148
1.2 Circuits, Currents, and Voltages 6 Summary 152
1.3 Power and Energy 13 Problems 153
1.4 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 16
1.5 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 19
1.6
1.7
Introduction to Circuit Elements 22
Introduction to Circuits 30
4
Transients 162
Summary 34
Problems 35 4.1 First-Order RC Circuits 163
4.2 DC Steady State 167
4.3 RL Circuits 169
2 4.4 RC and RL Circuits with General
Resistive Circuits 46 Sources 173
2.1 Resistances in Series and Parallel 47 4.5 Second-Order Circuits 179
2.2 Network Analysis by Using Series 4.6 Transient Analysis Using the MATLAB
and Parallel Equivalents 51 Symbolic Toolbox 192
2.3 Voltage-Divider and Current-Divider Summary 197
Circuits 55 Problems 198
2.4 Node-Voltage Analysis 60
2.5 Mesh-Current Analysis 79
2.6 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent
Circuits 88 5
2.7 Superposition Principle 101 Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis 209
2.8 Wheatstone Bridge 104 5.1 Sinusoidal Currents and Voltages 210
Summary 107 5.2 Phasors 216
Problems 109 5.3 Complex Impedances 222
5.4 Circuit Analysis with Phasors and
3 Complex Impedances 225
5.5 Power in AC Circuits 231
Inductance and Capacitance 124 5.6 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent
3.1 Capacitance 125 Circuits 244
3.2 Capacitances in Series and Parallel 132 5.7 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 249
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viii Contents

5.8 AC Analysis Using MATLAB 261

Summary 265
9
Computer-Based Instrumentation Systems 433
Problems 266
9.1 Measurement Concepts
and Sensors 434
6 9.2 Signal Conditioning 439
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, 9.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 446
and Resonance 278 9.4 LabVIEW 449
Summary 462
6.1 Fourier Analysis, Filters, and Transfer
Problems 463
Functions 279
6.2 First-Order Lowpass Filters 287
6.3 Decibels, the Cascade Connection,
and Logarithmic Frequency Scales 292 10
6.4 Bode Plots 296 Diodes 467
6.5 First-Order Highpass Filters 299 10.1 Basic Diode Concepts 468
6.6 Series Resonance 303 10.2 Load-Line Analysis of Diode
6.7 Parallel Resonance 308 Circuits 471
6.8 Ideal and Second-Order Filters 311 10.3 Zener-Diode Voltage-Regulator
6.9 Transfer Functions and Bode Plots Circuits 474
with MATLAB 317 10.4 Ideal-Diode Model 478
6.10 Digital Signal Processing 322 10.5 Piecewise-Linear Diode Models 480
Summary 331 10.6 Rectifier Circuits 483
Problems 333 10.7 Wave-Shaping Circuits 488
10.8 Linear Small-Signal Equivalent
Circuits 493
7 Summary 499
Logic Circuits 347 Problems 499
7.1 Basic Logic Circuit Concepts 348
7.2 Representation of Numerical Data
in Binary Form 351 11
7.3 Combinatorial Logic Circuits 359 Amplifiers: Specifications and External
7.4 Synthesis of Logic Circuits 366 Characteristics 511
7.5 Minimization of Logic Circuits 373 11.1 Basic Amplifier Concepts 512
7.6 Sequential Logic Circuits 377 11.2 Cascaded Amplifiers 517
Summary 388 11.3 Power Supplies and Efficiency 520
Problems 389 11.4 Additional Amplifier Models 523
11.5 Importance of Amplifier Impedances
8 11.6
in Various Applications 526
Ideal Amplifiers 529
Computers and Microcontrollers 400
11.7 Frequency Response 530
8.1 Computer Organization 401 11.8 Linear Waveform Distortion 535
8.2 Memory Types 404 11.9 Pulse Response 539
8.3 Digital Process Control 406 11.10 Transfer Characteristic and Nonlinear
8.4 Programming Model for the HCS12/9S12 Distortion 542
Family 409 11.11 Differential Amplifiers 544
8.5 The Instruction Set and Addressing 11.12 Offset Voltage, Bias Current,
Modes for the CPU12 413 and Offset Current 548
8.6 Assembly-Language Programming 422 Summary 553
Summary 427 Problems 554
Problems 428
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 Contents ix

12
Field-Effect Transistors 566 15
12.1 NMOS and PMOS Transistors 567 Magnetic Circuits and
12.2 Load-Line Analysis of a Simple NMOS Transformers 708
Amplifier 574 15.1 Magnetic Fields 709
12.3 Bias Circuits 577 15.2 Magnetic Circuits 718
12.4 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits 580 15.3 Inductance and Mutual Inductance 723
12.5 Common-Source Amplifiers 585 15.4 Magnetic Materials 727
12.6 Source Followers 588 15.5 Ideal Transformers 731
12.7 CMOS Logic Gates 593 15.6 Real Transformers 738
Summary 598 Summary 743
Problems 599 Problems 743

16
13 DC Machines 754
Bipolar Junction Transistors 607 16.1 Overview of Motors 755
13.1 Current and Voltage Relationships 608 16.2 Principles of DC Machines 764
13.2 Common-Emitter Characteristics 611 16.3 Rotating DC Machines 769
13.3 Load-Line Analysis of a 16.4 Shunt-Connected and Separately Excited
Common-Emitter Amplifier 612 DC Motors 775
13.4 pnp Bipolar Junction Transistors 618 16.5 Series-Connected DC Motors 780
13.5 Large-Signal DC Circuit Models 620 16.6 Speed Control of DC Motors 784
13.6 Large-Signal DC Analysis of BJT 16.7 DC Generators 788
Circuits 623 Summary 793
13.7 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits 630 Problems 794
13.8 Common-Emitter Amplifiers 633
13.9 Emitter Followers 638
Summary 644 17
Problems 645 AC Machines 803
17.1 Three-Phase Induction Motors 804
17.2 Equivalent-Circuit and Performance
Calculations for Induction
14 Motors 812
Operational Amplifiers 655 17.3 Synchronous Machines 821
14.1 Ideal Operational Amplifiers 656 17.4 Single-Phase Motors 833
14.2 Inverting Amplifiers 657 17.5 Stepper Motors and Brushless
14.3 Noninverting Amplifiers 664 DC Motors 836
14.4 Design of Simple Amplifiers 667 Summary 838
14.5 Op-Amp Imperfections in the Linear Problems 839
Range of Operation 672
14.6 Nonlinear Limitations 676
14.7 DC Imperfections 681 APPENDICES
14.8 Differential and Instrumentation

14.9
Amplifiers 685
Integrators and Differentiators 687
A
Complex Numbers 845
14.10 Active Filters 690
Summary 694 Summary 852
Problems 695 Problems 852

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x Contents

B D
Nominal Values and the Color Code for Answers for the Practice Tests 860
Resistors 854

E
On-Line Student Resources 868
C
The Fundamentals of Engineering
Examination 856 Index 000

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Preface

As in the previous editions, my guiding philosophy in writing this book has three
elements. The first element is my belief that in the long run students are best served
by learning basic concepts in a general setting. Second, I believe that students need to
be motivated by seeing how the principles apply to specific and interesting problems
in their own fields. The third element of my philosophy is to take every opportunity
to make learning free of frustration for the student.
This book covers circuit analysis, digital systems, electronics, and electromechan-
ics at a level appropriate for either electrical-engineering students in an introductory
course or nonmajors in a survey course. The only essential prerequisites are basic
physics and single-variable calculus. Teaching a course using this book offers opportu-
nities to develop theoretical and experimental skills and experiences in the following
areas:
Basic circuit analysis and measurement
First- and second-order transients
Steady-state ac circuits
Resonance and frequency response
Digital logic circuits
Microcontrollers
Computer-based instrumentation, including LabVIEW
Diode circuits
Electronic amplifiers
Field-effect and bipolar junction transistors
Operational amplifiers
Transformers
Ac and dc machines
Computer-aided circuit analysis using MATLAB
While the emphasis of this book is on basic concepts, a key feature is the inclusion
of short articles scattered throughout showing how electrical-engineering concepts
are applied in other fields. The subjects of these articles include anti-knock signal
processing for internal combustion engines, a cardiac pacemaker, active noise control,
and the use of RFID tags in fisheries research, among others.
I welcome comments from users of this book. Information on how the book could
be improved is especially valuable and will be taken to heart in future revisions. My
e-mail address is arhamble@mtu.edu

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xii Preface

ON-LINE STUDENT RESOURCES

The Companion Website contains an abundance of additional resources for students.
The site is located at
www.pearsonhighered.com/hambley
An access code is included with the purchase of every new book or can be purchased
separately at the website. These resources include:
Pearson eText, which is a complete on-line version of the book that includes
highlighting, note-taking, and search capabilities.
Video Solutions that provide complete, step-by-step solution walkthroughs of
representative homework problems from each chapter.
A Student Solutions Manual. A PDF file for each chapter includes full solutions
for the in-chapter exercises, answers for the end-of-chapter problems that are
marked with asterisks, and full solutions for the Practice Tests.
A MATLAB folder that contains the m-files discussed in the book.
A Multisim folder that contains tutorials on the basic features of Multisim and
circuit simulations for a wide variety of circuits from the book.
A Virtual Instruments folder, which contains the LabVIEW programs discussed
in Section 9.4.

INSTRUCTOR RESOURCES
Resources for instructors include:
A complete Instructor’s Solutions Manual
PowerPoint Lecture slides with all the figures from the book
Instructor Resources are available for download by adopters of this book at the
Pearson Higher Education website: www.pearsonhighered.com. If you are in need
of a login and password, please contact your local Pearson representative.

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS EDITION

We have continued the popular Practice Tests that students can use in preparing
for course exams at the end of each chapter. Answers for the Practice Tests
appear in Appendix D and complete solutions are included in the on-line Student
Solutions Manual files.
We have updated the coverage of MATLAB and the Symbolic Toolbox for
network analysis in Chapters 2 through 6.
Approximately 200 problems are new to this edition, replacing some of the
problems from the previous edition, and many other problems have been
modified.
In Chapter 2, we have added an explanation of how the Wheatstone bridge is
used in strain measurements.
Sections 3.8 and 4.6 have been updated, deleting the coverage of piecewise linear
functions which are problematic with recent versions of the Symbolic Toolbox.
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 Preface xiii

Practical Application 5.1 on the LORAN system has been deleted.

Chapter 8 has been extensively updated and now uses the Freescale Semi-
conductor HCS12/9S12 family as an example of microcontrollers.
Section 9.4 has been updated to the most recent version of LabVIEW
Relatively minor corrections and improvements appear throughout the book.

PREREQUISITES
The essential prerequisites for a course from this book are basic physics and single-
variable calculus. A prior differential equations course would be helpful but is not
essential. Differential equations are encountered in Chapter 4 on transient analysis,
but the skills needed are developed from basic calculus.

PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES
The book includes various pedagogical features designed with the goal of stimulat-
ing student interest, eliminating frustration, and engendering an awareness of the
relevance of the material to their chosen profession. These features are:

Statements of learning objectives open each chapter.

Comments in the margins emphasize and summarize important points or indicate
common pitfalls that students need to avoid.
Short boxed articles demonstrate how electrical-engineering principles are
applied in other fields of engineering. For example, see the articles on active
noise cancellation (page 287) and electronic pacemakers (starting on page 385).
Step-by-step problem solving procedures. For example, see the step-by-step sum-
mary of node-voltage analysis (on pages 76–77) or the summary of Thévenin
equivalents (on page 95).
A Practice Test at the end of each chapter gives students a chance to test their
knowledge. Answers appear in Appendix D.
Complete solutions to the in-chapter exercises and Practice Tests, included as
PDF files on-line, build student confidence and indicate where additional study
is needed.
Summaries of important points at the end of each chapter provide references for
students.
Key equations are highlighted in the book to draw attention to important results.

MEETING ABET-DIRECTED OUTCOMES

Courses based on this book provide excellent opportunities to meet many of the
directed outcomes for accreditation. The Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Pro-
grams require that graduates of accredited programs have “an ability to apply
knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering” and “an ability to identify,
formulate, and solve engineering problems.” This book, in its entirety, is aimed at
developing these abilities.
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xiv Preface

Also, graduates must have “an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well
as analyze and interpret data.” Chapter 9, Computer-Based Instrumentation Systems,
helps to develop this ability. If the course includes a laboratory, this ability can be
developed even further.
Furthermore, the criteria require “an ability to function on multi-disciplinary
teams” and “an ability to communicate effectively.” Courses based on this book
contribute to these abilities by giving nonmajors the knowledge and vocabu-
lary to communicate effectively with electrical engineers. The book also helps to
inform electrical engineers about applications in other fields of engineering. To
aid in communication skills, end-of-chapter problems that ask students to explain
electrical-engineering concepts in their own words are included.

CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION

Basic Circuit Analysis
Chapter 1 defines current, voltage, power, and energy. Kirchhoff’s laws are
introduced. Voltage sources, current sources, and resistance are defined.
Chapter 2 treats resistive circuits. Analysis by network reduction, node volt-
ages, and mesh currents is covered. Thévenin equivalents, superposition, and the
Wheatstone bridge are treated.
Capacitance, inductance, and mutual inductance are treated in Chapter 3.
Transients in electrical circuits are discussed in Chapter 4. First-order RL and
RC circuits and time constants are covered, followed by a discussion of second-order
circuits.
Chapter 5 considers sinusoidal steady-state circuit behavior. (A review of com-
plex arithmetic is included in Appendix A.) Power calculations, ac Thévenin and
Norton equivalents, and balanced three-phase circuits are treated.
Chapter 6 covers frequency response, Bode plots, resonance, filters, and digital
signal processing. The basic concept of Fourier theory (that signals are composed
of sinusoidal components having various amplitudes, phases, and frequencies) is
qualitatively discussed.

Digital Systems
Chapter 7 introduces logic gates and the representation of numerical data in binary
form. It then proceeds to discuss combinatorial and sequential logic. Boolean algebra,
De Morgan’s laws, truth tables, Karnaugh maps, coders, decoders, flip-flops, and
registers are discussed.
Chapter 8 treats microcomputers with emphasis on embedded systems using the
Freescale Semiconductor HCS12/9S12 as the primary example. Computer organiza-
tion and memory types are discussed. Digital process control using microcontrollers
is described in general terms. Finally, selected instructions and addressing modes for
the CPU12 are described. Assembly language programming is treated very briefly.
Chapter 9 discusses computer-based instrumentation systems including mea-
surement concepts, sensors, signal conditioning, and analog-to-digital conversion.
The chapter ends with a discussion of LabVIEW, including an example virtual
instrument that students can duplicate using an evaluation version on their own
computers.

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 Preface xv

Electronic Devices and Circuits

Chapter 10 presents the diode, its various models, load-line analysis, and diode
circuits, such as rectifiers, Zener-diode regulators, and wave shapers.
In Chapter 11, the specifications and imperfections of amplifiers that need to
be considered in applications are discussed from a users perspective. These include
gain, input impedance, output impedance, loading effects, frequency response, pulse
response, nonlinear distortion, common-mode rejection, and dc offsets.
Chapter 12 covers the MOS field-effect transistor, its characteristic curves, load-
line analysis, large-signal and small-signal models, bias circuits, the common-source
amplifier, and the source follower.
Chapter 13 gives a similar treatment for bipolar transistors. If desired, the order
of Chapters 12 and 13 can be reversed. Another possibility is to skip most of both
chapters so more time can be devoted to other topics.
Chapter 14 treats the operational amplifier and many of its applications. Non-
majors can learn enough from this chapter to design and use op-amp circuits for
instrumentation applications in their own fields.

Electromechanics
Chapter 15 reviews basic magnetic field theory, analyzes magnetic circuits, and
presents transformers.
DC machines and ac machines are treated in Chapters 16 and 17, respectively.
The emphasis is on motors rather than generators because the nonelectrical engineer
applies motors much more often than generators. In Chapter 16, an overall view of
motors in general is presented before considering DC machines, their equivalent
circuits, and performance calculations. The universal motor and its applications are
discussed.
Chapter 17 deals with AC motors, starting with the three-phase induction motor.
Synchronous motors and their advantages with respect to power-factor correction are
analyzed. Small motors including single-phase induction motors are also discussed.
A section on stepper motors and brushless dc motors ends the chapter.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank my colleagues, past and present, in the Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department at Michigan Technological University, all of whom have
given me help and encouragement at one time or another in writing this book and in
my other projects.
I have received much excellent advice from professors at other institutions
who reviewed the manuscript in various stages. This advice has improved the final
result a great deal, and I am grateful for their help.
The reviewers for this edition are:

William Best, Lehigh University

Steven Bibyk, Ohio State University
Karen Butler-Purry, Texas A&M University
Walter Green, University of Tennessee
Jasmine Henry, University of Western Australia
Ian Hutchinson, MIT
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xvi Preface

David Klemer, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Selahattin Sayil, Lamar University
John Tyler, Texas A&M University
Subbaraya Yuvarajan, North Dakota State University

The reviewers for earlier editions were:

Ibrahim Abdel-Motaled, Northwestern University

D. B. Brumm, Michigan Technological University
Robert Collin, Case Western University
Joseph A. Coppola, Syracuse University
Norman R. Cox, University of Missouri at Rolla
W.T. Easter, North Carolina State University
Zoran Gajic, Rutgers University
Edwin L. Gerber, Drexel University
Victor Gerez, Montana State University
Elmer Grubbs, New Mexico Highlands University
Richard S. Marleau, University of Wisconsin
Sunanda Mitra, Texas Tech University
Phil Noe, Texas A&M University
Edgar A. O’Hair, Texas Tech University
John Pavlat, Iowa State University
Clifford Pollock, Cornell University
Michael Reed, Carnegie Mellon University
Gerald F. Reid, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
William Sayle II, Georgia Institute of Technology
Len Trombetta, University of Houston
Belinda B. Wang, University of Toronto
Carl Wells, Washington State University
Edward Yang, Columbia University
Rodger E. Ziemer, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs

I also thank Professor Al Wicks of Virginia Tech who reviewed the manuscript
for the second edition and supplied excellent suggestions for improvement.
Over the years, many students and faculty using my books at MichiganTechnolog-
ical University and elsewhere have made many excellent suggestions for improving
the books and correcting errors. I thank them very much.
I am indebted to Andrew Gilfillan and Tom Robbins, my present and past editors
at Pearson, for keeping me pointed in the right direction and for many excellent
suggestions that have improved my books a great deal. A very special thank you,
also, to Scott Disanno for a great job of managing the production of this and past
editions of this book.
Thanks are extended to National Instruments which provided many excellent
suggestions. Thanks are also extended to Pavithra Jayapaul of Jouve India for her
excellent work on this edition.
Also, I want to thank Tony and Pam for their continuing encouragement and
valuable insights. I thank Judy for many good things much too extensive to list.
ALLAN R. HAMBLEY

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