a of eERSS R gpabses for 713. ANALYSIS BY PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUALWORK 311. ‘some situations. In general, the virtual work method is easier in principle but ‘more difficult to manipulate algebraically. 7.3. ANALYSIS BY PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK 7.3.1 Virtual Work Equation ‘Suppose that a rigid body is in equilibrium under the action of a system of forces. If the body is given a small arbitrary displacement, the sum of the work done by the forces (force times its corresponding displacement) will be may be stated as: Ifa rgi : of forces is given a virtual displacement, the sum of the virtual work done. “by the forces is zero. ‘The virtual displacement is a small arbitrary displacement and the virtual ‘work is the work resulting from the displacement. ‘To analyze a slab by the virtual work method, a yield line pattern is pos- ‘ulated for the slab at the ultimate load. The segments of the yield line pattern may be regarded as rigid bodies because the slab deformation with further deflection occurs only at the yield lines. The segments of the slab are in equilibrium under external loading and the bending and torsional moments and shears along the yield lines. A convenient point within the slab is chosen ‘and given a small displacement 8 in the direction of the load. Then the re- sulting displacements at all points of the slab, 8(2.)), and the rotations of the slab segments about the yield lines, may be found in terms of 8 and the dimensions of the slab segments. Work will be done by the external loads and by the intemal actions along the yield lines. The work done by @ uni- formly distributed ultimate load per unit area w, is Jf mse) day = 2 wa 4) ‘where W, is the total load on a segment of the yield line pattern and A is the downward movement of its centroid, Work for all segments is summed. The reactions at the supports will not contribute to the work, as they do not un- ergo displacement. The work done by the internal actions at the yield lines will be due only to the bending moments, because the work done by the torsional moments and the shear forces is zero when summed over the whole slab. This follows because the actions on each side of the yield line are equal ‘and opposite, as shown in Fig. 7.7, and for any displacement of the yield line pattern there is no relative movement between the sides of the yield line corresponding to the torsional moments and shear forces. However, there is relative movement corresponding to the bending moments, since there is relative rotation between the two sides of the yield line. Thus, the work done312 BASIS OF YIELD LINE THEORY Figure 7.7 Actions at a yield line, at the yield lines is due only to the ultimate (bending) moments. The work: done by the ultimate moment of resistance per unit width m,, at a yield line of length /g, where the relative rotation about the yield line of the two seg ments is 8, 18 ~7,Q4lo. The work done here is negative because the bending: moments will be acting in the direction opposite to the rotation if the slab is given a displacement in the direction ofthe loading. The total work done by the ultimate moments of resistance, as given by summing the work done along: all the yield lines, is = m,,0,l, Therefore, the virtual work equation may be written as O= EWA ~ Emadulo EWA = 2 mOulo () When applied to a particular slab, the displacement term cancels from the ‘equation and the ultimate load is given in terms of the slab dimensions and the ultimate moments of resistance per unit width. The term 2 W, will be referred to as the extemal work done, and the term © m0, will be referred to as the intemal work done. Example 7.1. Determine the ultimate uniformly distributed load per unit area w, of a square simply supported slab. The slab is isotropically reinforced with ultimate positive moments of resistance per unit width m, in the directions of both spans. and whic282 wa eR RFR yo ges 73 ANALYSIS BY PRINCIPLE OF VIRTUAL WORK 313 SOLUTION. The ultimate moment of resistance per unit width has @ constant ‘value m, in all directions. A postulated yield line patter for the slab is shown in Fig. 7.8. Because of symmetry, the junction point of the yield lines must be at the slab center. Hence, the yield line pattern has no unknown dimen- sions. Let the center of the slab be given a small downward displacement 8. The length of each diagonal yield line is V2, where | is the span of the slab. The total rotation of the segments about each yield line is 2 x {B/(tV2)] = 2V2 8/1. Hence, for each of the two diagonal yield lines, th: terms in the intemal work done equation are my, = my, 8, = 2V2 8/1, and Ig = V2. Therefore, internal work done is E madal =2 (nx 228 x va) an and extemal work done is Figure 7.8 Uniformly loaded square slab of Example 7.1.