Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COOLING TOWERS
Introduction
In the past most of the processes requiring cooling use piped town water
through the equipment, cooling the equipment, and then drained the water to
the gutter (100% waste).
Because Australia is such a dry continent the water supply authorities
introduced the Water Conservation Act, which forced all the industries to install
cooling towers to recycle the water.
Drift Eliminators, are to catch and condense the tower water as it is discharged as drift, causing it to fall
back into the tower basin as droplets.
Bleed Off, is the amount of tower water that is purposely drained away to waste in order to dilute the
circulating water with fresh town water.
This is needed as only the H2O evaporates leaving behind all the minerals that get into the tower water.
The H2O is constantly evaporating to reduce the temperature of the remaining water.
Fill, is the component of the tower that causes the circulating water to spread out over a large surface
area, which will increase the evaporation rate by offering the water to a greater volume of air.
Water Distribution System, is designed to evenly spray the circulating water over the Fill.
Make Up Water, is the fresh town water that is constantly being fed into the tower basin via a Ball Valve,
to replace the water that is lost to;
Drift (Evaporation)
Bleed Off
Louvers, are there to reduce sunlight on the water inside but allow air to be directed onto the fill. They
also retain the splash from the droplets falling from the fill.
Plume. Under certain atmospheric conditions the drift leaving the tower with condense as it hits the
surrounding air. It looks like fog but because it originates from a process it is referred to as Plume.
Dissolved Solids. The particles of dirt and minerals that circulate with the water rather than sink to the
bottom as mud.
Side Filtration. Some of the circulating water is pumped through a filter to remove the dissolved solids.
Inhibitor. Is a chemical added to the circulating water to prevent the dissolved solids in the water causing
rust and clogging the system’s tubing.
Microbial Growth. Or ‘bio-fouling’ is the Algae, Fungi and Bacteria that find the cooling tower environment
ideal for their growth.
Biocide. A chorine base chemical added to the circulating water to prevent microbial growth.
Ultra violet light. Is another method of killing bacteria where the circulating water is passed through clear
tubes that are exposed to ultra violet lights. The water must be kept very clean with filters for this method
to work (side filtration).
Monitoring. Of the circulating water is needed to ensure the chemical additives are at the required
concentration.
Legionnaire’s Disease. Is caused by the bacteria Legionella Pneumophilia Bacillus, which grows in
the cooling tower water and infects humans as they breathe in the aerosols from the tower discharge.
Construction
Operation
How it Works
The evaporation process only takes place on the surface of a liquid and needs
latent heat of vaporization to happen (2256 kJ/kg). Sensible heat (4.19 kJ/kgK),
is drawn from the body of the water to the surface to supply the energy needed
for the latent heat. It can be seen that for a little evaporation a lot of sensible
heat will be needed therefore the main body of the circulating water is cooled
for very little lost of water.
Warm to hot water from the cooling process is
A cooling tower takes
pumped to the top of the cooling tower and into the heat transfer law
the sprays where the water is broken up into ‘the greater the
exposed surface area,
droplets and distributed over the Fill. the greater will be the
The water droplet spreads out as it slides down rate of heat transfer
the Fill creating the surface area necessary for
evaporation.
The evaporation rate of the water is restricted by the amount of moisture
already in the air around it. To maintain evaporation the moistened air must be
replaced with dry air, usually by fans blowing air through the tower, (see types
of towers).
Types of Towers
Cooling towers are not part of the refrigeration system, as no refrigerant flows
through them.
Mechanical Draft, are fitted with fans to improve the airflow through the tower
which increases the evaporation rate of the water which increases the capacity
of the tower. Mechanical Draft Towers are used just about everywhere
including the HVAC industry.
Generally a centrifugal fan is used to force the air into a tower, and tube axial
(propeller) fans are used to induce the air out the tower.
Mechanical towers are classified by the way the air flows through the water.
(remember, the water always falls).
Induced draft cross flow
Induced draft counter flow
Forced draft cross flow
Forced draft counter flow
Evaporative Condensers.
Evaporative Condenser
and Chillers Circuit
.
Capacity control for evaporative
condensers is limited to varying the
volume of air flowing in to the fan.
Water Circuits
Open Water Circuit.
These systems have the water that is doing the condensing or cooling being
passed through the air to reject the heat, e.g. a cooling tower is an Open Water
Circuit system.
2. The next step is to have multi speed fan motors with cycling control combinations.
This method offers reduced operational costs and broader capacity control. Useful on
single fan towers. Both of the methods described above are used on tube axial fan
units.
3. Modulating dampers are placed in the inlet of the centrifugal fan housing.
As the water temperature reduces the dampers are moved towards a closed
position. If they close fully the modulating motor will trip a limit switch isolating
the fan motor. This method offers the best regulation if the fan type capacity control
is used.
4. If the ambient remains above freezing
a modulating valve can be used to re-
circulate the water back to the
condenser bypassing the cooling tower.
This method of capacity control is also
used when multiple condensers are
connected to the one cooling tower.
Where:
EXAMPLE 1
A Cooling Tower has 6.7 litres (6.7kg/sec), of water passing
through it per second. The water is entering the tower at 34o
C and leaving the tower at 28 o C. Calculate the capacity.
6.7kg/sx4.19kJ/kg Kx6K
6. 7x 4. 19x 6
168.438 kJ/s or (kW)
APPROACH
The APPROACH is the difference of the WATER LEAVING the tower and the WB
TEMPERATURE of the AIR ENTERING the tower.
RANGE
The RANGE is the difference between the temperature of the WATER ENTERING
the tower and the WATER LEAVING the tower.
Range = 34°C - 28°C = 6 K
Our example system has a capacity to remove 168.438 kJ/s of heat so if we divide the
capacity by the latent heat the answer will be the amount of water evaporated to carry
away the heat from the system.
The amount of water bled off to waste is proportional to the amount of water evaporated,
which is proportional to the Range of the tower and the flow rate.
Operation time (in seconds) x Evaporation Rate + Bleed off rate (kg/sec)
Water used =12 hours x 3600 secs x (0.075 kg/sec + 0.0275kg/sec = 4426.7 litres
The amount of surface area the water evaporates off and length of exposure
time;
The velocity of the air passing through the cooling tower (too fast results in
excessive 'drift');
The direction of airflow in relation to the water flow.
The lowest temperature to which the water can be cooled is the W.B.
temperature of the air entering, in which the water vapour in the leaving air will
be saturated, (any heat removed will cause the water to change back to a
liquid).
Review questions.
1. What type of heat is removed by the cooling tower water for the purpose of the
HVAC industry?
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8. Why is the greater surface area heat transfer law applied to cooling towers?
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9. What will restrict the amount of heat transfer within a cooling tower?
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19. List the types of capacity control devices used on cooling towers?
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Legionnaires’ Disease
It is possible for anyone to catch the disease, provided the bacteria can get to the
deep parts of the lungs where the disease can grow, but certain groups within the
community are more prone to the illness that are others.
The groups most at risk generally include people with one or more of the following
characteristics:
Age over 50 years of age;
Are male;
Have a history of smoking;
Have a history of heavy alcohol intake;
Have a medical condition or are undergoing a treatment that impairs the body’s
natural defence mechanisms.
Legionella is found in moist environments such as Lakes, Rivers, Creeks, Mud and
other water sources at temperatures ranging from approximately 5oC to 55oC.
However no cases of Legionnaires’ Disease has been proven to have been caused by
Legionella present in the natural environment.
All of the Legionnaires Disease outbreaks have been attributed to man made
environments.
The optimum conditions for the multiplication of Legionella Bacteria has been shown
to be between 35oC and 37oC with an acid balance between pH 6.5 and pH 6.9.
The primary concern with the cooling tower is its ability to spread the Legionella over a
vast area due to the Drift (aerosols) carrying the bacteria from the tower. The aerosols
are small enough to get into the lungs.
Before working on any cooling towers you must be aware and familiar with the
following
Legislation
The NSW Public Health Act 1991, Part 4, and the Regulation 2000 covers cooling
towers and lays out the laws controlling the maintenance and cleaning of cooling
towers, in the Public Health Act, a cooling tower is referred to as a Regulated
System.
Other states may have their own statuary requirements.
Standards
AS/NZS3666 parts 1,2,3.
Part 1 covers installation of Air Handling and Water Systems.
Part 2, covers Operation and Maintenance.
Part 3, covers control of Legionella through constant monitoring of water quality.
In New South Wales the AS/NZS 3666 has been incorporated into the Public Health
Act, so anything in AS/NZS 3666 is enforceable by the act.
Hand Book 32 (HB32), explains the Australian Standard 3666 and helps to show
how some procedures are to be done. The New Zealand standard uses another
publication.
Class Exercise.
Aim. To be able to use AS/NZS 3666 parts 1, 2, 3, the Public Health Act and
Regulations.
Purpose. Because of the requirement of the Department of Fair Trading
licensing, and because the standards are incorporated into the NSW Public
Health Act you must be able to reference information from them.
Task. Use the Australian standards, Acts and Regulation to locate the answers
for the following questions. Record where you found the answers.
a. What is the purpose of the Public Health Act part 4 or any other state
equivalent Act.
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b. In order to comply with AS/NZS 3666.2 what manuals must be with the
regulated system?
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d. Can a cooling tower that does not have a working disinfection process
installed be turned on?
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e. From the NSW PH.act Regulation 2000, list the two maintenance
precautions?
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j. List the requirements for the location of air intakes according to AS/NZS
3666.1?
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Safety
Personal Safety.
Wear gloves, waterproof shoes and water resistance coveralls and a half face
respirator with P2 grade twin filter
Public safety.
Always restrict public access when cleaning, and ensure that the cleaning spray is
contained within the operational area.
Safety.
If the sample has to be taken from an operational tower, then all the
appropriate safety clothing should be worn. Make sure the gloves are long
enough so that none of the circulating water will come into contact with the
skin.
Equipment.
A sterile 250ml re-sealable container, containing Sodium Thiosulphate to
neutalize the chlorine. Usually supplied by the analysing company.
A means of keeping the sample between 2 and 6oC, while transporting it
for analysing.
A means of recording sample location and time of sample taking.
Procedure.
Only open the container once it is in the water to be sampled.
Do not open it and leave it sitting, as other contamination can enter giving
false readings.
Take the sample from circulating water, not some place where the water is
still.
Place the container in an insulated transport vessel.
Do not leave in direct sunlight.
Record the sample taken for Authorities records.
Water Analysis.
Only use a National Analytical Test Authority (NATA) accredited laboratory to
analyze a sample. The laboratory must notify you if they find a sample that
has a high legionella count.
The results of the test must be recorded and stored safely for seven years.
Task.
Review.
Decontamination
The most effective way of avoiding all the problems encountered with a
cooling tower is a regular and thorough manual washout every six months.
(see AS/NZS 3666 Part 2) The process is particularly important before a
tower is commissioned or restarted after a shutdown period of one week or
more. Wash out is compulsory under the Public Health Act, which carry heavy
fines if it is not done.
Before cleaning a tower the operator must check the service and
maintenance records to see if there has been any changes made to the
system or if anything needs to be done before shut down.
Also the tower should be inspected for any possible faults that may affect the
cleaning process.
During the cleaning process the public must be kept out of the operational
area, and the sprays must be confined to the operational area.
The tower must be fully dismantled and the interior and components scrubbed
with a high pressure water cleaner
Local councils have been given the job of monitoring the installation
maintenance and cleaning of cooling towers, as set out in the Public Health
Act 1991.
They are required by the Public Health Act 1991, to set up a register of all the
“regulated systems” (cooling towers),in their area and to routinely go and
check that the systems complies with the Act.
The council officer has the right under the Act to inspect any Regulated
System and view all associated maintenance records, when ever the council
thinks it is necessary.
The council will also require written notification of any changes that are made
to a Regulated System.
Local Councils have an
Any maintenance must be recorded (Public Health Act obligation to the public
1991), giving the details of the work and the record must to conduct inspections
and to police accurate
be signed by the person doing the work and the owner records of maintenance,
or owner appointed representative. cleaning and microbial
control.
Practical.
Equipment:
a. Safety clothing as required by AS/NZS3666.
b. Cooling tower.
c. Operation manual.
d. Cleaning equipment.
Procedure:
a. Complete a Risk Assessment for the task.
b. Wear all required PPE.
c. Follow operation manual and shut down the tower.
d. Dismantle tower.
e. High pressure clean all internal components as instructed.
f. Reassemble tower.
g. Fill the tower with water to the required depth.
h. Follow the operations manual and start the tower.
i. Check operation.
Maintenance
Expensive breakdowns, Legionella, inefficiencies and increased running costs
can mostly be attributed to poor maintenance.
Preventative maintenance should provide the owner/user with the following;
Early detection of problems that may lead to a breakdown.
Maintain the systems efficiency.
Determine that the system is complete and operating correctly.
Remove the need to do corrective repairs.
Maintain Bacteria to safe levels.
The maintenance management should contain the following;
Inspection reports, each individual system, regardless if they are side by
side and the same brand, need to have an inspection report developed for it.
Maintenance and Operating Manuals, need to be clear and comprehensive,
there should be no doubt as what needs to be done.
The object of the manuals is to apply AS 3666, to the system and to ensure
that the maximum performance and operating life are gained with effective
use of labour.
All manuals should have the following generic information;
1. Define the system that the manual applies to.
2. List the function and performance of the system.
3. Provide normal operating instructions.
4. Detail shut down and corrective procedures.
5. Provide details of any repairs, modifications or breakdowns.
Records and log book, of any work on the system must be kept on-site, and
copies should be given to the owner/user.
Water treatment information should include a Material Safety Data Sheet for
all chemicals stored on-site. There also should be an authorisation to use the
chemicals for the type of system on-site.
All maintenance and maintenance records are to be completed to the AS
3666 minimum standard. Failure to comply with these Standards can result in
Supreme Court action under the Public Health Act 1991.
It is imperative that service personnel, owners and users of cooling towers are
committed to ongoing preventative maintenance
Fan.
• noise, vibration and free running.
• where fitted, the fan drive for adjustment and alignment.
• guards and screens for rust and fixing.
• motor full load amps.
• condition of impeller, housing scroll, shaft, bearings and
supports.
Water Sample;
Total Plate Count....................................................................................
Legionella report required yes. no.
Report forwarded to Local Authority yes no
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Shut Down.
This process should be followed if the tower is to be off line for a while.
Review Questions
1. List four groupings of components that need to be checked during a
service?
5. What must be done to the sump water from a cooling tower during
cleaning?
8. List the two pre-cautions that must be followed during a tower clean?
11. Beside Legionnaire disease what other things are harmful in cooling
towers?
12. What are the optimum conditions for the growth of Legionella?
14. Why are new cooling tower installations washed out before use?
15. What must be added to the circulating water after the clean?
Assignment.
Aim.
To gain an understanding of the pipe work and components of an
operational cooling tower.
Task.
Draw a schematic diagram of the twin cooling towers installation at
TAFE NSW Sydney Institute.
Procedure.
Locate and record all the components attached to the systems pipe
work.
Draw a sketch of the pipe work and component placement.
Convert your sketch to a schematic using the correct symbols or
labelling the component on the drawing.
Hand in the drawing for marking.
Revised
Risk Implementation
Activity Potential Hazards Control Measures Responsibility Risk
Rating Date
Rating
12.
a. Induced draft counter flow.
b. Induced draft cross flow.
c. Forced draft counter flow.
d. Forced draft cross flow.
14. Yes.
15. No.
17. Closed, the circulating water doesn’t come into contact with the
atmosphere, an open does.
20. Individual condenser’s regulating valves will reduce the amount of water
flowing in them therefore the cooling tower will need to regulate the volume of
water flowing from it to them.
d. AS/NZS 3666.1 4.1.4 also in the Regulation 2000 part 3 clause 9 (2)
Section 2.
21.
1. Cooling tower casing.
2. Internal components.
3. Fan.
4. Pump and pipe work.
5. Dosing system.
22.
1. pump
2. chemical levels
3. bleed off rate.
23.
1. Notify the owner.
2. Stop any equipment connected to the cooling tower.
3. Stop the fan.
4. Stop the pump.
28. Kept the public away and contain the spray from cleaning.
31. Chemicals.
32. 35 to 37oC.