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Lateran Treaty

The Lateran Treaty (Italian: Patti Lateranensi; Latin: Pacta Lateranensia) was one Lateran Treaty
of the Lateran Pacts of 1929 or Lateran Accords, agreements made in 1929 Type Bilateral treaty
between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See, settling the "Roman Question".
Drafted Establishment of papal
They are named after the Lateran Palace, where they were signed on 11 February
state on the Apennine
1929. The Italian parliament ratified them on 7 June 1929. It recognizedVatican City
peninsula
as an independent state, with the Italian government, at the time led by Prime
Minister Benito Mussolini, agreeing to give the Roman Catholic Church financial
Signed 11 February 1929
compensation for the loss of the Papal States.[1] In 1947, the Lateran Treaty was Location Rome, Italy
recognized in the Constitution of Italy[2] as regulating the relations between the State Original Italy
and the Catholic Church. signatories Vatican City
Ratifiers Italy
Vatican City
Contents
Content
History
Violations
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links

Content
The Lateran Pacts are often presented as three treaties: a 27-article treaty of conciliation, a 3-article financial convention, and a 45-
article concordat.[3][4][5][6][7][8] However, the website of the Holy See presents the pacts as two, making the financial convention an
[9]
annex of the treaty of conciliation. In this presentation, the pacts consisted of two documents, the first of which had four annexes:

A political treaty recognising the full sovereignty of the Holy See in the State of
Vatican City, which was thereby
established, a document accompanied by the annexes:

A plan of the territory of the Vatican City-State, with an area of 108.7 acres[10]
A list and plans of the buildings with extraterritorial privilegeand exemption from expropriation and taxes
A financial convention agreed on as a definitive settlement of the claims of the Holy See following the loss in
1870 of its territories and property. (The Italian state agreed to pay 750,000,000lire immediately plus
consolidated bearer bonds with a coupon rate of 5% and a nominal value of 1,000,000,000 lire. It thus paid less
than it would have paid {3.25 million liras annually} under the 1871Law of Guarantees, which the Holy See had
not accepted.)[11][12][13][14][15][16]
A concordat regulating relations between theCatholic Church and the Italian state

History
During the unification of Italy in the mid-19th century, the Papal States resisted incorporation into the new nation, even as all the
other Italian countries, except for San Marino, joined it; Camillo Cavour's dream of proclaiming the Kingdom of Italy from the steps
of St. Peter's Basilica did not come to pass. The nascent Kingdom of Italy invaded and occupied Romagna (the eastern portion of the
Papal States) in 1860, leaving only Latium in
the Pope's domains. Latium, including Rome
itself, was occupied and annexed in 1870.
For the following sixty years, relations
between the Papacy and the Italian
government were hostile, and the status of
the Pope became known as the "Roman
Question".

“ The Popes knew


that Rome was
irrevocably the
Territory of Vatican City State,
established by the Lateran Accords

Francesco Pacelli was the capital of Italy.


right-hand man to Pietro There was nothing
Gasparri during the Lateran they wanted less
Treaty negotiations than to govern it or
be burdened with a
papal kingdom.
What they wished
was independence,
a foothold on the
earth that belonged
to no other
sovereign.[17] ” 2013 map of Vatican City
Negotiations for the settlement of the Roman Question began in 1926 between the
government of Italy and the Holy See, and culminated in the agreements of the
Lateran Pacts, signed—the Treaty says—for King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy by Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister and Head of
Government, and for Pope Pius XI by Pietro Gasparri, Cardinal Secretary of State,[18] on 11 February 1929.[19] It was ratified on 7
June 1929.[20] The agreements were signed in theLateran Palace, hence the name by which they are known.

The agreements included a political treaty which created the state of the Vatican City and guaranteed full and independent
sovereignty to the Holy See. The Pope was pledged to perpetual neutrality in international relations and to abstention from mediation
in a controversy unless specifically requested by all parties. In the first article of the treaty, Italy reaffirmed the principle established
in the 4 March 1848 Statute of the Kingdom of Italy, that "the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Religion is the only religion of the
State".[21] The attached financial agreement was accepted as settlement of all the claims of the Holy See against Italy arising from the
loss of temporal power of the Papal States in 1870.

The sum thereby given to the Holy See was actually less than Italy declared it would pay under the terms of the Law of Guarantees of
1871, by which the Italian government guaranteed toPope Pius IX and his successors the use of, but not sovereignty over
, the Vatican
and Lateran Palaces and a yearly income of 3,250,000lire as indemnity for the loss of sovereignty and territory. The Holy See, on the
grounds of the need for clearly manifested independence from any political power in its exercise of spiritual jurisdiction, had refused
to accept the settlement offered in 1871, and the Popes thereafter until the signing of the Lateran Treaty considered themselves
prisoners in the Vatican, a small, limited area inside Rome.

To commemorate the successful conclusion of the negotiations, Mussolini commissioned the Via della Conciliazione (Road of the
Conciliation), which would symbolically link the V
atican City to the heart of Rome.

The Constitution of the Italian Republic, adopted in 1947, states that relations between the State and the Catholic Church "are
regulated by the Lateran Treaties".[22]

In 1984, an agreement was signed, revising the concordat. Among other things, both sides declared: "The principle of the Catholic
religion as the sole religion of the Italian State, originally referred to by the Lateran Pacts, shall be considered to be no longer in
force".[23] The Church's position as the sole state-supported religion of Italy was also ended, replacing the state financing with a
personal income tax called the otto per mille, to which other religious groups, Christian and non-Christian, also have access. As of
2013, there are ten other religious groups with access. The revised concordat regulated the conditions under which civil effects are
accorded by Italy to church marriages and to ecclesiastical declarations of nullity of marriages.[24] Abolished articles included those
concerning state recognition of knighthoods and titles of nobility conferred by the Holy See,[25] the undertaking by the Holy See to
confer ecclesiastical honours on those authorized to perform religious functions at the request of the State or the Royal
Household,[26] and the obligation of the Holy See to enable the Italian government to present political objections to the proposed
appointment of diocesan bishops.[27]

In 2008, it was announced that the Vatican would no longer immediately adopt all Italian laws, citing conflict over right-to-life issues
following the trial and ruling of the Eluana Englaro case.[28]

Violations
Italy's anti-Jewish laws of 1938 prohibited marriages between Jews and non-Jews, including Catholics. The Vatican viewed this as a
violation of the Concordat, which gave the church the sole right to regulate marriages involving Catholics.[29] Article 34 of the
Concordat had also specified that marriages performed by the Catholic Church would always be considered valid by civil
authorities.[30] The Holy See understood this to apply to all Catholic Church marriages in Italy regardless of the faith of those being
married.[30]

See also
Properties of the Holy See
List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State
Reichskonkordat, treaty between the Holy See and Nazi Germany
Index of Vatican City-related articles

References

Notes
1. A History of Western Society (Tenth ed.). Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 900.
2. Constitution of Italy, article 7.
3. "Text of the Lateran Treaty of 1929" (http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/treaty.htm). www.aloha.net.
4. James Brown Scott, "The Treaty between Italy and the Vatican" in Proceedings of the American Society of
International Law at Its Annual Meeting (1921–1969), volume 23, (24-27 April
1929), p. 13 (https://www.jstor.org/disc
over/10.2307/25656757?uid=3738232&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21102833893803) .
5. "Holy See (Vatican City) Government Profile2017" (http://www.indexmundi.com/holy_see_(vatican_city)/government
_profile.html). www.indexmundi.com.
6. "CIA Factbook, "Holy See (Vatican City)" " (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print/cou
ntry/countrypdf_vt.pdf)(PDF).
7. "La Chiesa cattolica e il fascismo"(http://seieditrice.com/chiaroscuro/files/2010/03/V3_U4-ipertestoB.pdf)
(PDF).
8. "Scopri StoriaLive" (http://www.pbmstoria.it/dizionari/storia_mod/p/p088.htm). www.pbmstoria.it.
9. Pacts between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy
, 11 February 1929 (http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secreta
riat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html)
.
10. Rhodes, The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, p. 45
11. "index.html" (http://lactualite.tripod.com/). lactualite.tripod.com.
12. John F. Pollard, The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–32: AStudy in Conflict (Cambridge University Press 2005(ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=Iyv_hg8DTkYC&pg=P A43) ISBN 978-0-52102366-5), p. 43.
13. John Whittam, Fascist Italy (Manchester University Press 1995(https://books.google.com/books?id=hHgMm6APG_
0C&pg=PA77) ISBN 978-0-71904004-7), p. 77.
14. Gerhard Robbers, Encyclopedia of World Constitutions(Infobase Publishing 2006(https://books.google.com/books?i
d=M3A-xgf1yM4C&pg=PA1007) ISBN 978-0-81606078-8), p. 1007.
15. Law Library Journal, volume 99:3, p. 590 (http://www.aallnet.org/main-menu/Publications/llj/LLJ-Archives/Vol-99/pub
_llj_v99n03/2007-34.pdf).
16. "How the Vatican built a secret property empire using Mussolini's millions"(https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/
jan/21/vatican-secret-property-empire-mussolini) , The Guardian, 21 January 2013.
17. Vatican Journal, p. 59 (entry dated June 14, 1931).
18. Kertzer, Prisoner of the Vatican, p. 292
19. Rhodes, The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, p. 46
20. The National Encyclopedia, Vol. 10, p. 266
21. "Patti lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 - Segreteria di Stato, card. Pietro Gasparri"
(http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/s
ecretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19290211_patti-lateranensi_it.html) . www.vatican.va.
22. "The Constitution of the Italian Republic, article 7"(http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1613/file/b4
371e43dc8cf675b67904284951.htm/preview).
23. [home.lu.lv/~rbalodis/Baznicu%20tiesibas/Akti/.../~WRL3538.tmp The American Society of International Law
,
"Agreement between the Italian Republic and the Holy See" (English translation)]
24. Article 8 of the revised concordat
25. Articles 41–42 of the 1929 concordat
26. Article 15 of the 1929 concordat
27. Article 19 of the 1929 concordat
28. Elgood, Giles (2008-12-31)."Vatican ends automatic adoption of Italian law" (https://www.reuters.com/article/worldN
ews/idUSTRE4BU3BD20081231). Reuters. Retrieved 2009-01-09. "The Vatican will no longer automatically adopt
new Italian laws as its own, a top Vatican official said, citing the vast number of laws Italy churns out, many of which
are in odds with Catholic doctrine."
29. Zuccotti, 2000, p. 37.
30. Zuccotti, 2000, p. 48.

Bibliography
Kertzer, David I. (2004). Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes' Secret Plot to Capture Rome from the New Italian State
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company).
Kertzer, David I. (2014). The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe .
Oxford University Press.
Latourette, Kenneth Scott.Christianity in a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century:
Vol. 4 The 20th Century in Europe(1961) pp. 32–35, 153, 156, 371
McCormick, Anne O'Hare (1957).Vatican Journal: 1921-1954(New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy)
Pollard, John F. (2005). The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–32: AStudy in Conflict. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 978-0521023665.
Pollard, Jonh F. (2014). The Papacy in the Age of Totalitarianism, 1914–1958. Oxford University Press.
ISBN 9780199208562.
Rhodes, Anthony (1974),The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 1922-1945, New York, Chicago, San Francisco:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Riccards, Michael (1998).Vicars of Christ: Popes, Power, and Politics in the Modern World. New York: Crossroad.
ISBN 0-8245-1694-X.
Suzzallo, Henry, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D., Editor inChief, The National Encyclopedia: Volume 10, (New York, P. F. Collier
& Son Corporation, 1935)
Zuccotti, Susan (2002).Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy. New Haven: Yale
University Press. ISBN 0-300-09310-1.

External links
Text of the Lateran Treaty
Text in the original language of the Lateran Pacts, including the financial convention and the concordat
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lateran_T
reaty&oldid=852144236"

This page was last edited on 26 July 2018, at 23:04(UTC).

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