Loss of Pre-Stress

1. Introduction:
The initial prestress in concrete gradually reduces with time due various reasons. The different types of
losses encountered in concrete are as follows.

Pre-Tensioned Post-Tensioned
No losses if all the tendons are simultaneously
stressed.
Elastic Deformation of Concrete
If the tendons are successively tensioned there will
be losses of prestress.
Relaxation of Stress in Steel Relaxation of Stress in Steel
Shrinkage of Concrete Shrinkage of Concrete
Creep of Concrete Creep of Concrete
Friction Loss
Anchorage Loss

In addition to the above there will be losses due to temperature, which should be allowed in the design.
1.1 Classification:
The losses can be classified as
 Short-Term Losses &
 Long-Term Losses
1.1.2 Short-Term Losses:
The losses are calculated immediately after the transfer of prestress to the concrete. This involves checking
of forces acting on concrete that is will below its 28day strength and the stress are limited accordingly.
1.1.3 Long-Term Losses:
The losses are calculated during service stage after the concrete has reached its full characteristic strength.
and the stress are limited accordingly.
2. Short-Term Losses:
2.1 Friction Losses:
The occur in post-tensioning the curved tendon due to friction between tendon and ducts. They occur in
following effects:
 Due to curvature effect
 Due to wobble effect (i.e. unavoidable misalignment)
Px=Poe-(μα+kx).
4e
L
Where α= , e=d1-d2 d1 and d2 are depth of the tendon @ supports and midspan
L-face to face dst/2
Derivation:
Consider a small length dx of tendon which follows an arch of a circle of radius R
The change in the angle dα=dx/R

for a small length the stress in tendon may be considered

constan F, then the nominal component (vertical component) of pressure produced by stress F
N=Fdα=Fdx/R
The amount of friction loss dF for length dx
dF=-μN=-μFdα, where μ-Coeff friction
∫dF/F=-μdα
logeF=-μα
F=e-μα
using the Limits F1 and F2
F2=F1e-μα

The same can be applied for wobble effect where –μα is replaced by –KL
So the combined effect of friction and wobble effect
F2=F1e-(μα+KL)

2.2 Anchorage Losses:

In post-tensioning, when the anchors are released they slip through a small distance causes the losses of
prestress. In-Site this allowed by over extending the tendon provided the stress within 80-85% of ultimate
tensile strength of the wire.
Loss of Stress
The losses is caused by definite amount of shortening, the percentage of losses is large in short members.
2.3 Elastic Shortening of Concrete:
The losses of prestress depends on the modular ratio and avg, stress in concrete at the level of steel.
Loss of prestress=αefc
where, modular ratio αe =
In post-tensioning system the total loss due sequential tensioning can be estimated as 0.5*(αefc).
3. Long-Term Losses:
3.1 Relaxation of tendon:
The creep of steel causes the losses of stresses in the steel, the values vary from 0 to 90N/mm2 for stress
varying from 0.5fpu to 0.8 fpu.
3.2 Creep of Concrete:
The continuous prestress in concrete results in creep of concrete which reduces the stress in steel.
 Ultimate Creep strain Method:
Loss of Pre-Stress=εccfcEs
 Creep Coefficient Method:
Loss of Pre-stress=φfcαe.
Where
εcc-Ult. creep strain for a sustained unit stress.
αe-modular ratio
φ-creep coefficient =

4. Total Losses Allowed in Design:

The recommended level of stress after all losses should be
 Pre-tensioned-0.75
 Post-tensioned-0.80.
Percentage of total losses
where
-effect stress in tendons after losses.
-stress in tendon at transfer.
 Moment Capacity & Shear Resistance
1.1 Moment Capacity :(IS 1343-Appendix-B)
The Bending moment capacity of a member due to tendon at a section can be calculated by
M=fpuAp(d-0.42x)
where
M- Moment of resistance of the secton
fpu- Ult. tensile stress in tendon
Ap- Area of pre-stressing steel
d- Eff. Depth
x- Neutral axis depth.
And
Total Moment Capacity= Moment Capacity of tendon + Moment Capacity of rebar.
Moment capacity due to rebar:
Mu=0.87 fy Astd[1-]
1.2 Shear Resistance: (IS 1343-Cl22.4)
Uncracked Section:
Vco=0.67bD
where,
b,D- breath and overall depth of the section
- Minimum tensile strength 0.24√fck.
-Comp. stress at the centroidal axis due to pre-stress.

Cracked section:
Vcr=(1-0.55)ζcbd+Mo
where
b- Breath of the member
fpe- Eff. pre-stress after all losses <0.6fp
fp- Characteristic strength of tendon
ζc- Ult. shear stress capacity of concrete
d- Distance from the extreme comp. fibre to the centroid of the tendons at the section considered
Mo- Moment required to produce zero stress in concrete at that depth
Mo=0.8fpt
fpt- Stress due to pre-stress at the depth d
V&M-Ult. shear and Moment at the section
 Deflection
1.1Short-term Deflection:
Deflection due to load:
Δ=
where w- Ult. load combination
Upward Deflection due to tendons:
 Parabolic tendons (central anchors):
a=-
 Parabolic tendons (eccentric anchors):
a=
1.2 Final Long term defelection:

where
ail- Intial deflection due to transverse load
aip- Intial deflection due to prestress
Pt- Prestress after all losses
Pi- Intial Prestress
φ- Creep Co-efficient
1.3 Limitations:
 Short term deflection < 20mm
 Long term deflection Span /deflection<250
Reference:
1. Design of prestress concrete by Krishnaraju
2. Design of prestress concrete by T.y Lin
3. Bs:8110
4. IS 1343
 Stress Limits: [Ref BS-8110-1:1997(2007)]
Limit State of Service: (Cl-4.3.4)

Compression:
 @Span-0.33*fcu.
 @Supp-0.4*fcu.
 Direct Comp-0.25*fcu.

Tension:
a. Class 1: No Tensile stress
b. Class 2: Pre-tensioned- Design flex tensile stress=0.45*√ fcu.
Post-tensioned-0.8*(Design flex tensile stress=0.36*√ fcu).

If design service load is temporary and exceptionally high than normal

then tensile stress can be increased up to 1.7N/mm2 .

c. Class 3: Hypothetical tensile stress for pre-tensioned and Grouted post-tensioned

Limiting Design Stress for Conc. Strength

Group Cracking width
C30 C40 C50 & over
mm
0.1 - 4.1 4.8
Pre-tensioned
0.2 - 5.0 5.8
Grouted Post- 0.1 3.2 4.1 4.8
tensioned 0.2 3.8 5.0 5.8
The cracking depends on the depth so the above Hypothetical stress can be

multiplied by appropriate Depth factor

Depth of member
Factor
mm
200 & under 1.1
400 1.0
600 0.9
800 0.8
1000 & over 0.7
For 1% of additional rebar the stress may be increased by 4N/mm2 for Class 1 & 2.

3N/mm2 for Class 3.

For other percentage of additional rebar the stress may be increased to 0.25*fcu.

Stress Limitation @ Transfer:(Cl:4.3.5)

Compression:
 Design Compressive Stress<0.4* fci.

Tension:
Design tensile stress

a. Class 1: 1.0N/mm2.
b. Class 2: pre-tensioned-0.45*√ fci.
post-tensioned-0.36*√ fci.

c. Class 3: design tensile stress should not exceed class 2. (Note: fci=0.75* fcu.)

STRESS LIMITS M35 M40 M45 M50 M55 M65

@Service:

@Span 11.55 13.2 14.85 16.5 18.15 21.45

Compression

@Supp 14 16 18 20 22 26

Tension 8.75 10 11.25 12.5 13.75 16.25

@Transfer

Compression 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5 19.5

Tension 1.84 1.97 2.09 2.2 2.31 2.51

Load Combination:
Bs8110-1-2004

Bs 8110-2-2005

tr-43
EN1990-1
 is

Is 1343-2012
 Calculation of Tendon action

Calculation of tendon force at Mid-Span: (i.e. parabola curve length)(Ref: geo sir manual calculation)

Upward force due to tendon on the span of the element.

@Support (down ward force due to tendon): (Ref- anto sir -Muthu)
OR (Ref Vimal na)

@support w= (wMiddle) x(lparabolic profile)x(length of the straight profile from the centre of the span)

Conpect: the upward force due to tendon profile must be in equilibrium with the downward force @supports
Reason for Providing Minimum radius of Curvature?
(ref: IS 1343-2012-cl:12.1.2.1 pg-13)

The minimum radius of curvature for curved cables shall be specified to ensure that bursting of side cover

both perpendicular to the plane of curvature and in the plane of the ducts do not take place.

End Zone anchorage and Busting Rebar: (Bearing stress)

INDIAN-(IS 1343-2012-cl-19.6.2.1-pg-26)

19.6.2.2 Bursting tensile forces

a) The bursting tensile forces in the end blocks, or regions of bonded post-tensioned members, should be
assessed on the basis of the tendonjacking load. For unbonded members, the bursting tensile forces should
be assessed on the basis of the tendon jacking load or the load in the tendon at the limit state of collapse,
whichever is greater (see Annex D).

The bursting tensile force, F existing in an individual square end block loaded by a symmetrically placed
square anchorage or bearing plate, may be derived from the equation below:

The force F will be distributed in a region extending from 0.1 y0 to y0 from the loaded face of the end
block. Reinforcement provided to sustain the bursting tensile force may be assumed to be acting at its design
strength (0.87 times characteristic strength of reinforcement) except that the stress should be limited to a
value corresponding to a strain of 0.001 when the concrete cover to the reinforcement is less than 50 mm.
In rectangular end blocks, the bursting tensile forces in the two principal directions should be assessed on
the basis of 19.6.2.2. When circular anchorage or bearing plates are used, the side of the equivalent square
area should be used. Where groups of anchorages or bearing plates occur, the end blocks should be divided
into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism treated in the above manner. For designing end
blocks having a cross-section different in shape from that of the general cross-section of the beam, reference
should be made to specialist literature.

Concept :( Ref: Pre-stressed concrete Krishnaraju 4th edition - ch-10.2-pg-265)

Anchorage zone (Ref: prestressed-concrete-a-fundamental-approach-5th-ed-nawy-Pg-144)