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0040/MBF 103
ASSINGMENT
FALL 2014
LC-02009
Ans :
3. Analysis of data : The data presented has to be carefully analyzed to make any
inference from it. The inferences can be of various types, for example, as measures
of central tendency, dispersion, correlation or regression. Measures of central
tendency will cluster around the figure which is in the central location. In case of
population, the measures are the parameters and in case of the sample are statistics
that are estimates of population parameters. The three most common ways of
measuring the Centre of distribution is mean, mode and median. In case of
population, the measures of dispersion are used to quantify the spread of the
distribution. Range, interquartile range, mean deviation and standard deviation are
four measures to calculate the dispersion.
4. Interpretation of data : The final step is to draw conclusions from the analyzed
data. Interpretation requires a high degree of skill and experience. Thus, Statistics
contains the tools and techniques required for collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data. Thus, we can conclude that this definition is precise and
comprehensive.
Q2) What do you mean by Statistical Averages? List various requisites of a Good Average.
Ans) Statistical average : The statistical average or simply an average refers to the
measure of middle value of the data set.
According to Coxton and Cowden, "An average is a single value within the range of
the data that is used to represent all the values in the series. Since an average is
somewhere within the range of data, it is sometimes called a measure of central
value".
According to Sipson and Kafka, "A measure of central tendency is a typical value
around which other figures congregate”. The following are the requisites of a good
average
different persons obtain the same value for a given set of data.
Q3) Explain the concept of combined mean .Find the mean for the entire group
of workers from the following data
Group – 1 Group – 2
Combined arithmetic mean can be computed if we know the mean and number of
items in each group of the data.
The following equation is used to compute combined mean. Let 󠇆 󠇆͞x1 & 󠇆͞x2 of first and
second groups of data containing N1 and N2 terms, respectively.
̅̅̅+N2X
NıXı ̅2
Then, combined mean = X12 - 𝑥= Nı+N2
COMBINED MEAN :
165000
= 950
= 173.6
Q4) what is Chi-square test? Point out its application under what condition this
test is applicable?
Ans. Standard deviation is the root of sum of the squares of deviations divided by their numbers.
It is also called mean square error deviation (or) root mean square deviation. It is a second
moment of dispersion. Since the sum of squares of deviations from the mean is a minimum, the
deviations are taken only from the mean (But not from median and mode).The standard deviation
is root mean square (RMS) average of all the deviations from the mean. It is denoted by sigma
().
Ʃ (x−x̅ ) ²
Variance =
N
Standard deviation = √𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
ii) Deviation Taken from Assumed Mean: When the Arithmetic Mean is a
fractional value the method explained in (i) will be tedious and time consuming.
Hence we use the following formula.
Ʃd2
Variance = − (d̅ )²
Ʃf
Where, d stands for the deviation from assumed mean dX A, A is assumed mean, f = N
Discrete series:
i) Actual Mean Method:
Ʃf (x−x̅ ) ²
Variance =
Ʃf
Standard Deviation () = √𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Variance = [ Ʃfd²
Ʃf
Ʃfd
− [ Ʃf ]² ] x (i)²
𝑥−A
Where d , A = assumed mean, f = N, i = class width
𝐼
2)
Addition rule
The addition rule of probability states that:
i) If ‘A’ and ‘B’ are any two events then the probability of the occurrence
of either ‘A’ or ‘B’ is given by:
ΡΑ Β=ΡΑ+ΡΒΡΑ Β
ii) If ‘A’ and ‘B’ are two mutually exclusive events then the probability of
occurrence of either ‘A’ or ‘B’ is given by:
ΡΑ Β= ΡΑ+ΡΒ
iii) If ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ are any three events then the probability of occurrence
of either ‘A’ or ‘B’ or ‘C’ is given by:
ΡΑΒC= 󠇆ΡΑ+ΡΒ+ΡCΡΑΒΡΒCΡΑC+ΡΑΒC
1. Sampling errors
The sample results are bound to differ from population results, since sample
is only a small portion of the population. It is also known as inherent error
and cannot be avoided. It is not worth to eliminate them completely. These
errors may be due to the following factors:
Faulty selection of sample
Substitution of units to be studied
Faulty demarcation of sampling units
Error due to bias in estimation
However, the sampling errors follow random or chance variations and tend
to cancel out each other on averaging.
2. Non-sampling errors
Non-sampling errors are attributed to factors that can be controlled and
eliminated by suitable actions. They are due to the following factors:
Faulty planning, faulty definitions
Defective methods of interviewing
Personal bias of investigator
Lack of trained and qualified investigators
Respondents failure to answer
Improper coverage
Compiling errors
Publication errors
Q5.
Ans )
MARKS (C.I) Frequency Less than C.F
10 – 20 2 2
20 – 30 8 10
30 – 40 6 16
40 – 50 14 30
50 – 60 3 33
60 – 70 10 43
70 – 80 7 50
N = 50
N 50
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = = = 25
2 2
Median = l +
h
f
[ N
2
– c.f ]
40 +
10
14
[ 25 – 16 ] =
40+10
14
= 16
fı−f0
Mode : L + xI
2fı −f0−f2
14−6
Mode = 40 + x 10
2x14−6−3
8
= 40 + 19 x 10 = 44.2
Q6.
Ans)
Year sales X XY X²
2014 125 0 0 0
When Ʃx = 0 and
Ʃy 975
Ʃy = Na, therefore A = = = 139.2
n 7
Ʃxy 200
Ʃxy 󠇆= 󠇆bƩx², 󠇆 󠇆therefore, 󠇆b 󠇆= 󠇆 = = 7.8
Ʃx² 28