ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely express indebtedness to esteemed and revered guide of ‘ HRD Department and
Electrical engineers department of ‘ POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD. ,
BASSI ‘ for their invaluable guidance and support throughout the industrial training.

I take opportunity to express deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Pankaj Pachauri, Manager of
PGCIL ( Bassi ) for guidance and support during training and providing the best available
facilities.

I owe thanks to all the engineers in Electrical Engineering Department for their advice and support
time to time.

DATE: 14 JULY 2018 ASHISH KUMAR WAIMAD

PLACE : BASSI

pg. 1
 CONTENT PG.NO

ABOUT POWER GRID CO. OF INDIA LTD 3

POWER ACCOUNTABILITY IN INDIA 4

ABOUT BASSI STATION 5

SWITCHYARD COMPONENTS OF A STATION 13

BUS CONFIGURATIIONS 28

PROTECTIVE RELAYING AND SYSTEM 29

GROUNDING SYSTEM 35

SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM 37

AUXILIARY SYSTEM IN A SUBSTATION 46

UPCOMING PROJECTS 49

pg. 2
 POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA

The Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) is an Indian state- owned electric
utilities company head quartered in Gurgaon, India. POWERGRID transmits about 65% of the
total power generated in India in its transmission network. its subsidiary company, Power System
Operation Corporation Ltd. (POSOCO) handles Power management for power grid.

Power grid also operates a telecom business under the name POWERTEL. Shri I. S. Jha, an
alumnus of National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur serves as the Chairman and
Managing director of the company

In Rajasthan about 60% of the electricity is transmitted by Power Grid.

There are total 11 Region in India-

Northern Region -l (RAJ.), Northern Region -ll , Northern Region -lll ,

Southern Region -l Southern Region -ll,

Eastern Region -l Eastern Region -ll,

Western Region-l Western Region-ll,

Northern Eastern Region, Corporate center (C.C)

There are total 13 Substation in Rajasthan-

1. Bassi (400 KV)

2. Bhiwadi (400 KV)

1. Sikar (400 KV)

2. Kotputli (400 KV)

3. Chaksu (400 KV)

4. Kota (400 KV)

5. Kakroli (400 KV)

6. Bhinmal Jalore (400 KV)

pg. 3
 7. Ajmer (765 KV)

8. Bikaner (765 KV)

9. Chittorgarh (765 KV)

ABOUT BASSI SUBSTATION

LOCATION

400 KV BASSI Substation is situated on the outskirts of the pink city. The station is 35Kms. from
Jaipur. The acquired land for the Substation complex is approximately 129 acres out of which 78.0
acre is used for switchyard & township and 51.0 acre is balance for expansion.

NEED OF SUBSTATION

400 KV Bassi Substation on is the nodal point for supply of power to the state of Rajasthan from
pit-head Thermal Power Generating station located at singrauli an Rihand as well as the combined
cycle gas based generating station at Auraiya & Dadri in the Northern Region -ll through Bassi -
Bhiwadi -Hissar Line for drawl of power from Hydro projects. Power is supplied to Rajasthan
Rajya Vidhuyat Parsaran Nigam Limited through 400 KV &220KV transmission lines to
Heerapura, Bagru, I.G Nagar, Kukus, Kunda ki Dhani and Dausa Substation from Bassi. Earlier
the power generated by Anta based power plant was being fed to Dausa/Heerapura at 220 KV level
by a 220 KV D/C Anta -Dausa-Heerapura line. Now after commissioning of 02 Nos. 315 MVA,

400/220 KV AUTO -Transformer and loop-in -out of 220 KV Dausa -Heerapura D/C Line at Bassi
along with 220 KV Switchyard, power is being fed to Dausa and Heerapura ends through Bassi at
220 KV level too which provided additional system reliability.

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF NR-l

MRS -SEEMA GUPTA

DEPUTY GENERAL MANAGER (BASSI)

Su. K. MISHRA

MANAGER (BASSI)

Mr. PANKAJ PACHAURI

pg. 4
TECHNICIAN (BASSI)

Mr. Sandeep Kumar

Mr. Ram Kumar Jangid

Mr. Netram Verma

2.POWER ACCOUNTABILITY IN INDIA

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION CORPORATION LIMITED (POSOCO) is a wholly

owned subsidiary of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL). It was formed in march
2010 to handle the power management functions of PGCIL. It is responsible to ensure the
integrated operation of the Grid in a reliable, enceinte and secure manner. It consists of 5 regional
load dispatch centers and a national load dispatch center (NLDC). The subsidiary may eventually
be made a separate company, leaving the parent with only the task of settings up transmission
links. The load dispatch functions, earlier handled by PGCIL, will now come to POSOCO.
The subsidiary was set up on the recommendations of a government committee headed by G.B.
Pradhan, additional secretary in the union ministry of power. To make load dispatch centers
financially self-reliant and autonomous, the committee recommended independent and sustainable
revenue streams. The Pradhan committee had recommended settings up a separate representative
board structure overseeing the functions of the active regional load dispatch centers (RLDCs) run
by PGCIL—the northern, eastern, north-eastern, western and south regions at the me.
POSOCO mainly comprises-
1. National load dispatch center (NLDC)
2. Five regional load dispatch centers.
 Northern regional load dispatch center(NRLDC)
 Western regional load dispatch center(WRLDC)
 EASTERN regional load dispatch center(ERLDC)
 Southern regional load dispatch center(SRLDC)
 North -Eastern regional load dispatch center(NERLDC)

NATIONAL LOAD DISPATCH

The main functions assigned to NLDC are:
 Supervisions over the regional load dispatch centers.
pg. 5
  Scheduling dispatch of electricity over the inter-regional links in accordance with grid
standards specified by the authority and grid code specified by central commissions in
coordination with regional load dispatch centers.
 Monitoring of operations and grid security of the national Grid.
 Supervisions and control over the inter regional links as may be required for ensuring
stability of the power system under its control.

RIGIONAL LOAD DISPATCH CENTERS

The main responsibilities of RLDCs are:
System parameters and security.
To ensure the integrated operations of the power system grid in the respective regions.
System studies, planning and convergence analysis.
Daily scheduling and operational planning.
Facilitating bilateral and inter-regional exchanges.
Computation of energy dispatch and withdrawal values using SEMs.

Based on the availability of existing fiber optics(FO) communication link as well as FO link under
implementation, it is proposed that implementation on may be undertaken in two (2) phases; phase
-1 where substations with FO link to be established. The following highlights the information about
northern region:
NORTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DISPATCH CENTRE
NR-PH-I
NR-PH-II

pg. 6
Network in Northern region. And other regional load dispatch center, all state has own state load
dispatch center (SLDC):
STATE LOAD DISPATCH CENTERS
The main function of state load regional load dispatch center (SLDC):
 Real time monitoring
 Frequency management
 Voltage management
 Monitoring of generation and withdrawal
 Operational system study
SCADA/EMS system is hierarchical in nature having four levels of hierarchies. At national level,
SCADA/EMS systems of all five (5) RLDCs report to NLDC. Data from each RLDC is transmitted
to NLDC in real time on dedicated communication lines. At regional level, RLDC coordinates all
the inter-state activities of SCADA/EMS systems of a region. SCADA SYSTEM OF ALL THE
SUB-LDCsof a state report to the SLDC of the state. The hierarchy of grid management

pg. 7
 NORHTHERN REGION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM-I, 400/220 KV SUSTATION,
BASSI(JAIPUR)
MILE STONES
S.NO PARTICULAR DATE
1. ACQUISTION OF LAND FEB’86
2. COMMISSIONING OF BASSI S/S SEP’88
3. CHARGING OF 400KV BASSI- SEP’88
HEERAPURA CKT.II
4. CHARGING OF 400KV BASSI-BLB LINE SEP’88
(400KV BASSI BHIWADI LINE) FEB2003
5. CHARGING OF 400KV AGRA LINE AUG’90
6. CHARGING OF 400KV HEERAPURA SEP’90
CKT.I
7. CHARGIMG OF BUS REACTOR SEP’92
8. CHARGING OF 400KV KOTPUTALI LINE JUL’97
(400 KV BASSO-BHIWADI-II LINE) MAR’09
9. CHARGING OF 220 KV DAUSA-1 LINE SEP’2000
10. CHARGING OF 220 KV HRP-1 LINE SEP’2000
11. CHARGING OF 400/220 ICT-1 SEP’2000
12. CHARGING OF 220 KV DAUSA –II LINE SEP’2000
13. CHARGING OF 220 KV HRP-II LINE SEP’2000
(220 KV PHULERA LINE) JUNE’2000
14. CHARGING OF 400/220 KV ICT-II FEB’2001
15. CHARGING OF 220 KV KUKAS-I&II LINE DEC’06
16. CHARGING OF 220 KV SIKAR-I LINE FEB’17
(LILO AT JAIPUR SOUTH) MAY’12
17. CHARGING OF 400 KV SIKAR LINE FEB’17
(LILO AT JAIPUR SOUTH) AUG’12
18. CHARGING OF 400 KV JAIPUR SOUTH I AUG’12
LINE
19. CHARGING OF 400 KV JAIPUR SOUTH II AUG’12
LINE
20. CHARGING OF 400 KV FAGI-I&II LINE FEB’17

pg. 8
NORHTHERN REGION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM-I, 400/220 KV SUSTATION,
BASSI(JAIPUR)
TRANSMISSION LINE UNDER BASSI GROUP
S. No. Name of line Total length(KM) Line length under Date of
bassi group(KM) commissioning
1. 400 KV Bassi Heerapura 47.941 47.941 17.08.90
(RSEB) ckt-II
2. 400 KV Bassi-Heerapura 48.990 48.990 19.09.88
(RSEB) ckt-II
3. 400 KV Bassi-Bhiwadi-I 236.159 114.938 19.089.88/04.02.03

4. 400 KV BAssi-Agra 212.229 90.184 16.07.90

5. 400 KV Bassi-Bhiwadi-II 220.261 125.705 16.07.97/31.03.2009

6. 400 KV Agra- 253.487 145.756 04.08.12

Jaipur(South)-I
7. 400 KV Agra- 253.487 145.756 04.078.12
Jaipur(South)-II
8. 400 KV Bassi-Jaipur 39.519 37.519 04.08.12
(South)-I
9. 400 KV Bassi-Jaipur 37.519 37.519 04.08.12
(South)- II
Total 220 KV lines Circuit 794.308
KMs
6. 220 KV Anta-Dausa 215.721 92.747 Jan’1991

7. 220 KV Bassi-Dausa-1&2 29.721 20.109 Sep’2000

8. 220 KV Bassi-HRP-1&2 48.593 47.353 Sep’2000

9. 220 KV S. Madhopur-Dausa 120.227 92.747 Dec’1989

Total 220 KV lines Circuit 320.418

KMs
Total Circuit KMs 1114.726

pg. 9
 NORTHEN REGIO TRANSMISSION SYSTEM –I 400/220KV SUB-
STATION
SALIENT FEATURE OF SUBSTATION
400 KV SYSTEM
01 S/S BUS BAR SCHEME ONE AND HALF BREAKER

02 NO. OF BUSES
02 Nos.
03 BAYS COMMISINED 30 Nos.

04 BAYS PROVISION 33 Nos.

05 NO. OF TRANSMISSION LINES 11 Nos.

06 NO. OF BUS REACTERS 04 Nos.

07 NO. OF LINE REACTERS 03Nos.

08 400/220 KV,315 MVA,500 MVA 03 Nos.

TRANSFORMERS

pg. 10
 NORTHEN REGION TRANSMISSION SYSTEM -1 400/220 KV SUB-
STATION
BASSI(JAIPUR)
EQUIPMENT DETAILS OF SUBSTATION
400 kv system 220 kv system
A. TRANSFER-400/220 KV,315 MVA Auto Transformer 02 NOS. ---------
(TELK MAKE)
400/220 KV,500 MVA (M/S CGL) 01 NOS. ---------
B. REACTORS
-50MVAR (FUJI MAKE) 01 NOS.
-50MVAR (MELCO MAKE) 02 NOS. ----------
-50MVAR(BHEL MAKE) 03 NOS.
Total 125 MVAR ALSTOM 06 NOS.
C. CIRCUIT BREAKER(SF6)
-M&g MAKE 09 SETS ----------
- BHEL MAKE 01 SETS
-CGL MAKE 07 SETS 0 2 SETS
-TELK MAKE ----------- 08 SETS
Total ALSTOM 17 SETS 10 SETS

D. CURRENT TRANSFORMER(CT)
-WSI MAKE 30 NOS.
-BHEL MAKE 06 NOS.
-TELK MAKE 11 NOS. 24 NOS.
-CGL MAKE 12 NOS. 06 NOS
- ABB MAKE 01 NOS.
Total ________ 60 NOS. 30 NOS.

E. CVT
-WSI MAKE 16 NOS. 18 NOS.
-BHEL MAKE 04 NOS
-CGL MAKE 07 NOS 06 NOS
Total___________ 27 NOS 24 NOS .

F. ISOLATERS
-RADE KOCAR MAKE 26 NOS.
-S&S MAKE 13 NOS. 29 NOS.
-ELPRO MAKE 10 NOS. 08 NOS.
Total__________ 49 NOS. 37NOS.

G. LIGHTNING ARRESTER
-ELPRO MAKE 14 NOS.
-WSI MAKE 06 NOS.
-OBLUM MAKE 06 NOS. 18 NO S.
-CGL MAKE 19 NOS. 06 NOS.
-Total ________ 39 NOS. 24 NOS .

H. WAVE TRAP(WT)
-WSI MAKE 08 NOS. 04 NOS.
pg. 11
 -BBC MAKE 02 NOS.
-AREVA MAKE 04 NOS. 02 NOS.
-BPL MAKE 02 NOS.
-Total 14NOS. 08 NOS.

pg. 12
 4. SWITCHYARD COMPONENTS OF SUBSTATION

A wide range of component are used to design design the switchyard of a substation. The range
usually comprises of the following components:

TRANSMISSION LINES

An overhead power line is structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to transmit
electrical energy along large distances. It consists of one or more conductors (commonly multiples
of there) suspended by towers or utility poles. Since most of the insulation is provided by air,
overhead power lines are generally the lowest-cost method of power transmission for large
quantities of electric energy.

Towers for support of the lines are made of wood (as-grown or laminated), steel (tabular poles),
concrete, aluminum, and occasionally reinforced plastics. The bare wire conductors on the line are
generally made of aluminum (either plain or reinforced with steel or composite materials such as
carbon and glass bar), though some copper wires are used in medium-voltage distribution and low-
voltage connections to customer premises. A major goal of overhead power line design is to
maintain adequate clearance between energized conductors and the ground so as to prevent
dangerous contact with the line, and to provide reliable support for the conductors, resilient to
storms, ice load, earthquakes and other potential causes of damage. Today overhead lines are rou
newly operated at voltages exceeding 765kV between conductors, with even higher voltages
possible in some cases.

CLASSIFICATION OF OPERATING VOLTAGES

Overhead power transmission lines are classified in the electrical power industry by the range of
voltages:

# Low voltage(LV)-- less than 1000 volts used for connection between a residential or small
commercial customer and utility.

# Medium voltage (MV; distribution) -- between 1000volts (1 kV) and to about 33kV, used for
distribution in urban and rural areas.

# High voltage (HV; sub transmission less then 100kV, sub transmission or transmission at voltage
such as 115kV and 138kV) used for sub transmission and transmission of bulk quantities of electric
pg. 13
power and connection to very large consumers.

# Extra high voltage (EHV; Transmission) -- over 230kV, up to about 800kV; used for long
distance, very high power transmission.

# Ultra high voltage(UHV)-- higher than 800kV.

TYPE OF CONDUCTORS

There are four major type of aerial conductors used for electrical transmission and distribution.

 AAC : All aluminum conductor

 AAAC : All aluminum Alloy conductor
 ACSR : Aluminum Conductor steel reinforced
 AACSR : Aluminum Alloy Conductor Steel Reinforced

The conductor shall be chosen based on current rating and stringing conditions (span length, sag,
mechanical and electrical stress, and environmental conditions including ambient temperature and
wind velocity).

Furthermore, the designer shall use most suitable conductor based on conductor characteristics
such as strength to weight ratio ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, area, coefficient of
linear expansion, AC resistance.

The conductors shall be sized to a maximum demand without exceeding the conductor current
rating.

The Arial conductors shall be positioned on structures such that the swing and sag of the
conductors in operational mode does not cause injuries or demand to personal or other structures.

I. AAC (ALL ALUMINIUM CONDUCTORS:

APPLICATIONS

AAC are used primarily overhead transmission and primary and secondary distribution, where
ampacity must be maintained and a lighter conductor (compared to ASCR) is desired, and when
conductor strength is not a critical factor, Classes B and C are used primarily as bus, apparatus
connectors and jumpers, where additional edibility is required.

CONSTRUCTION

Aluminum 1350-H19 wires, concentrically stranded

II. AAAC (ALL ALUMINIUM -ALLOY CONDUCTORS

pg. 14
APPLICATIONS

Used as bare overhead conductor for primary and secondary distribution. Designed utilizing a
high-strength aluminum alloy to achieve a high strength-to-weight ratio; affords good sag
characteristics. Aluminum -alloy gives 6201-T81 gives AAAC higher resistance to corrosion then
ACSR.

CONSTRUCTION

Aluminium-alloy 6201-T82 wires, concentrically stranded

III ACSR (ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR STEEL REINFORCED )

APPLICATION

Used as bare overhead transmission conductor and as primary and secondary distribution
conductor and messenger support . ACSR overs optimal strength for line design. Variable steel
core stranding enables desired to be achieved without sacrificing ampacity.

CONSTRUCTION

* Aluminum 1350-H19 wires, concentrically stranded about a steel core. Stranded core wire for
ACSR is class A galvanized.

* Class A core stranding is also available in zinc-5% aluminium-michmetal alloy coating.

* Additional corrosion protection is also available through the application of graze to the core or
infusion of the complete cable with grease.

* ACSR conductor is also available in non-specular.

TYPES OF CONDUCTORS

S.No. Name size(mm)*

1 Rabbit 6/1/3.55

2 Panther 30/7/3.00

3 Zebra 54/7/3.00

4 Moose 54/7/3.53

* No. of strands/no. of steel strands/ diameter of strands

pg. 15
IV.ACAR (ALUMINIUM CONDUCTOR ALUMINUM ALLOY REINFORCED)

APPLICATIONS

Used as bare overhead transmission cable and as primary and secondary distribution cable. A
good strength -to -weight ratio makes ACAR applicable where both ampacity and strength and
ampacity then ACSR.

CONSTRUCTION

Aluminum 1350-H19 wires, concentrically stranded about an aluminum- alloy 6201-T81 core.
Although the alloy strands generally comprise the core of the conductor, in some constructions
they are distributed in layers throughout the aluminum 1350-H19 strands.

TYPES OF SUPPORTS

WOODEN POLES –

They are made of seasoned wood and are suitable for lines of moderate X-sectional
area, provide insulating properties and, therefore are widely used for distribution purpose in rural
areas as an economical proposition. The wooden poles generally tend to rot below the ground level,
causing foundation failure. In order to prevent this, the portion of the poles below the ground level
is impregnated with preservative compounds like creosote oil. Double pole structures of the 'A' or
'H' type are often used to obtain a higher transverse strength then could be economically provided
by means of single poles.

STEEL POLES –

The steel poles are often used a substitute for wooden poles.They possesss greater
mehanical strength , longer life and permit longer spans to be used. Such poles are generally used
for distribution purposes in the cities. Here type of supports need to be galvanized or painted in
order to prolong its life. The steel poles are of three types- rail poles, tabular poles and rolled steel
joints.

RCC POLES—

They have a greater mechanical strength ,longer life and permit longer spans then
steel poles. Moreover , they give good outlook , require little maintanance and have good insulating
properties . The holes in the poles facilitate the climbing of poles and at the same time reduce the
weight of line supports. The main dificulty with the use of these poles is the high cost of transport
owing to their heavy weight. Therefore , such poles are often manufactured at the site in order to
avoid heavy cost of transportation.
pg. 16
STEEL TOWERS—

For long distance transmission at higher voltage, steel towwers are invariably used
.They have grater mechanical strength, longer life,can withstand most severe climatic conditions
and permit the use of longer spans. The risk of interrupted service due to broken or punctured
insulation is consideraly reduced owing to longer spans.Tower footings are usually grounded by
driving rods into the earth .This minimizes the lightning troubles as each tower acts as a lightning
conductor.

TYPE OF INSULATORS

These are the common classes of insulator:

PIN TYPE INSULATORS—

As the name suggests, the pin type insulator is mounted on a pin on the
cross-arm on the pole. There is groove on the upper end of the insulator. The conductor passes
through this groove and is added to the insulator with annealed wire of te same material as the
conductor. Pin type insulators are used for transmission and the pin type insulators become too
bulk yard hence uneconomical.

SUSPENSION INSULATORS: --

For voltages greater then 33k, it is usual practice to use suspension type
insulators shown in figure. Consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by metal
links in the form of a string. The conductor is suspended at the bottom end of this string while the
other end of string is secured to the cross-arm of the tower. The number of disc units used depends
upon the voltage.

STRAIN INSULATORS—

A dead end or anchor pole or tower is used where a straight section of

line ends, or angles on in another direction. These poles must withstand the liberal (horizontal)
tension of the long straight section of wire. In order to support this lateral load, strain insulators
are used. For low voltage line (less then 11kV), shackle insulators are used as strain insulators.
However, for high voltage transmission lines, strings of cap-and-pin(disc) insulators are used, a
ached to the cross-arm in a horizontal direction. When the tension load in lines is exceeding high
as at long spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.

SHACKLE INSULATORS: --

In early days, the shackle insulators were used as strain insulators. But now
pg. 17
a days, they are frequently used for low voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be used
either in a horizontal opposition or in a vertical position. They can be directly used to the pole with
a bolt or to the cross-arm.

OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES

An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of extruded glass ( sillica) or plastic, slightly
thicker then a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or ''light pipe '' to transmit light between
the two winds of the fiber. Power over Fiber (POF) optical cables can also work to deliver an
electric current for low-power electric devices. The field of applied science and engineering
concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics.

Optical fibres are widely used in fibre-optic communications, where they permit transmission over
longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates ) then wire cables. Fibres are used instead of
metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to
electromagnetic interference. Fibre are also used for illumina on and are wrapped in bundles so
that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in conned spaces. Specially designed
fibres are used for a variety of other applications, including sensors and fibre lasers.

Optical fibres typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material
with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by total internal reflection.

This causes the fibre to acts as a waveguide. Fibres that support many propagation paths or
transverse modes are called multi-mode fibres(MMF), while those that only support a single mode
are called dingle mode fibres (SMF). Multimode fibres generally have a wider core diameter, and
are used for short-distance communication links and for applications communication links longer
then 1000(3,300 ).

ADVANTAGES OVER COPPER WIRING

The advantages of optical fibre communication with respect to copper wire system are:

Broad bandwidth - A single optical fibre can carry 3,00,0000 full-duplex calls or 90,000 TV
channels.

Immunity to electromagnetic interference-- Light transmission through optical fibres is

unaffected by other electromagnetic radiation nearby. The optical fibre is electrically non-
conductive , so it does not act as an antenna to pick up electromagnetic signals. Information
travelling inside the optical fibre is immune electromagnetic interference, even electromagnetic
pulses generated by nuclear devices.

Low Attenuation Loss Over Long Distance-- Attenuation loss can be as low as 0.2 dB/km in
pg. 18
optical fibre cable, allowing transmission over long distances without the need for repeaters.

Electrical Insulator -- Optical fibres do not conduct electricity, preventing problems with ground
loops and conduction of lightning . Optical fibres can be strung on poles alongside high voltage
power cables.

Material cost and the preventation-- conventional cable systems use large amounts of copper.
In some places, this copper is a target for the due to its value on the scrap market.

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR

Surge arresters are devices that help prevent demage to apparatus due to high voltages. The arrester
provides a low-impedance path to ground for the current from a lightning strike or transient voltage
and then restores to a normal operation condition.

When a high voltage (greater then the normal line voltage) exists on the line, the arrester
immidiately furnishes a path to ground and thus limits and drains of the excess volatge.The arrester
must provide this relief and then prevent any further low of current to ground.The arrester has two
functions; it must provide a point in the circuit at which an over-voltage pulse can pass to ground
and second, to prevent any folloe-up current from owing to ground. It is connected in parallel nd
it is equipped with a surge counter which counts that how many times it is operated. LA is generally
connected at the starring/end of the line in parallel. Fig below shows the basic form of a surge
diverter.

It consists of a spark gap in series with a non-linear resistor. One end of the diverter is connected
to the high volatge terminal and the other end is effectively grounded. The length of the gap is so
set that normal volatge is not enough to cause an arc but a dangerousely high volatage will break
down the air insulation and from an arc.The property of the non-linear resistaance is that its
resistance increases as the volatge ( or current ) increases

pg. 19
This is clear from the volt/amp characteristics of the resistor shown in figure above .The action of
the LA or surge diverter is as under:

1. Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is on the line i.e. it conducts no current to earth
or the gap is non-conducting

2. On the occurrence of over volatge, the air insulation across the gap breaks down and an arc is
formed providing a low resistance path for the surge to ground. In this way, the excess charge on
the line due to the surge is harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being
sent back over the line.

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

A capacitor volatge transformer (CVT ), or capacitance- coupled voltage transformer(CCVT),

is a tranformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low
voltage signal, for measurement or to operate protective relay.

pg. 20
In its most basic form, the device consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the
transmission line signal is split , an inductive element to tune the device to the line frequenc, and
a transformer to isolate and further step down the volatge for the instrumentation or protective
relay. The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less sensitive
to changes in the burden of the connected metering or protect devices. The device has at least four
terminals; aconnection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals
which connect to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices
used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kVs where the uses of wound primary
voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C1 is open constructed as a
stack of smaller capacitors connected in series . This provides a large volatge drop across C1 and
relatively very small volatge across C2.
It convert 110V (L to L)for 400kV and 220kV. And line to ground 63 V and it can be used for
measuring and protection of the system.
The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in communication with wave traps are
used for High-frequency communication signals from power frequancy. This forms a carrier
communication network throughout the transmission network.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of alternating electric currents. Current
transformers, together with voltage transformer (VT) (potential transformer (PT)), are known as
instrument transformers. when current in a circuit is too high to apply directly to measuring
instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the
current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measure and recording instruments.
A current transformer isolates the measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in
the monitoring circuit. Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays
in the electrical power industry.
Like any other transformer, a current transformer has a primary winding, a magnetic core and a
secondary winding. The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field
pg. 21
in the core, which then induces an alternating current in the secondary winding circuit. an essential
objective of current transformer design is to ensure the primary and secondary circuits are anciently
coupled, so the secondary currents is linearly proportional to the primary current.
The most common design of CT consists of a length of wire wrapped many mess around a silicon
steel ring passed ‘around’ the circuit being measured. The CT’S primary circuit therefore consists
of a single ‘turn’ of conductor, with a secondary of many tens or hundreds of turns. The primary
winding may be a permanent part of the current transformer, with a heavy copper bar to carry
current through the magnetic core. The secondary current is taken from the coils which are
mounted around the primary conductor. The number of secondary coils may vary based on the
requirement. Standard is 3 and 5 coils. Secondary current is normally 1A or 5A.
Normally the purpose of the various secondary coils are as given below –
A) Coil or Core – 1: Protection D) Core-IV : Bus Protection I
B) Core -II : Protection E) core-V : Bus Protection II
C) Core-III : Metering
D) TYPES OF CT’S
A) Dead tank type- primary conductor(insulated) extended to tank at bottom.

B) Live tank type- primary conductor & secondary windings in top tank. Secondary cabels
brought down to terminal box at bottom.

pg. 22
 CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is defined as “a mechanical switching device capable of making, carrying, and
breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying, and breaking for a
specified me, and breaking currents under specified abnormal conditions such as a short circuit”.
Circuit breaker are generally classified according to the interrupting medium used to cool and
elongate the electrical arc permitting interruption. The types of circuit breakers are:
 Air magnetic
 Vacuum
 Air blast
 Oil
 SF6

Gas circuit breakers employ SF6 as an interrupting and insulating medium. In “single puffer”
mechanisms, the interrupter is designed to compress the gas during the opening stroke and use the
compressed gas as a transfer mechanism to cool the arc and also use the pressure to elongate the
arc through a grid (arc chutes), allowing extinguishing of the arc when the current passes through
zero. In other designs, the arc heats the SF6 gas and the resulting pressure is used for elongating
and interrupting the arc. Some older dual pressure SF6 breakers employed a pump to provide the
high – pressure SF6 gas for arc interruption.
Gas circuit breaker typically operate at pressures between 6 and 7 atm. The dielectric strength and
interrupting performance of SF6 gas reduce significantly at lower pressures, normally as a result
of lower ambient temperatures.
Breaker ratings need to be checked for some specific applications. Applications requiring reclosing
operation should be reviewed to be sure that the duty cycle of the circuit breaker is not being
exceeded. Some applications for out-of-phase switching or back-to-back switching of capacitor

pg. 23
banks also require review and may require specific duty/special purpose circuit breakers to ensure
proper opera on during fault interruption.

ISOLATER
In electrical engineering isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-
energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical distribution and
industrial applications, where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for
adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow
isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for
maintenance. The isolator is usually not intended for normal control of the circuit, but only fot
safety isolation. Isolator can be operated either manually or automatically (motorized isolator).
Unlike load break switches and circuit breakers, isolators lack a mechanism for suppression of
electric arc, which occurs when conductors carrying high currents are electrically interrupted.
Thus, they are on-load devices, intended to be opened only a recurrent has been interrupted by
some other control device. Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the
isolator while it supplies a circuit. Standards in some countries for safety may require either local
motor isolators or lockable overloads (which can be padlocked).
Isolators have provision for a padlock so that
inadvertent opera on is not possible (lockout-tag out).
In high-voltage or complex systems, these padlocks
may be part of a trapped-key interlock system to ensure
proper sequence of opera on. In some designs, the
isolator switch has the additional ability to earth the
isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety.
Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which
inter-connect power distribution on systems where
both ends o of the circuit need to be isolated.

pg. 24
 REACTOR
Main power system parameters are system voltages and frequency which normally indicate the
healthiness level (they indicate the level of generated active and reactive powers against the power
requirements).in a healthy system, voltage and frequency are close to the rated system values.
Increased active and reactive load tends to decrease the system frequency and voltage levels
respectively. It then becomes essential to generate additional active and reactive power.
Synchronous generators respond to the demand by means of governor/AVR control systems.
In order to preserve MVA capability of generators (stator thermal limit) it ir preferred to have
reactive load support from other sources of reactive power like fixed capacitor banks or other
FACTS. Due to their inductive nature of the shunt reactor, it is used whenever there is need for
compensation of capacitive reactance. Power system loads are predominantly inductive in nature
and capacitor banks are used to compensate for the inductive loads. During system light load
condition, open voltages increase beyond the normal operating levels and such a condition
demands additional inductive loads to maintain system voltage levels within the normal range
In power grid we have 2 shunt reactors working in the switchyard.
 LINE REACTOR: This reactor is placed in the lines which are longer than 200 km in
length e.g. Agra line where the line crosses the length of 200 km. this reactor consumes
about 10-15 KVA power developed by the transmission lines.
 BUS REACTOR: This reactor is placed in parallel to the bus bars of 400 KV line. This
reactor basically cancels the capacitance developed between the bus bars and the earth.
This reactor consumes about 2-3KVA of power produced by their act

pg. 25
 NEUTRAL EARTHING REACTOR (NGR)
Neutral grounding reactor is one of the mean to ground the earth. There is no idea in purposely
increasing the grounding reactance of the system beyond that required to keep currents within
nondestructive range, except of course for the special case of ground fault neutralizers using
resonant grounding. In the transmission system which require the single pole opening reclosing of
the EFV lines from the consideration of transient stability successful finger pole reclosing system
require that extension of the secondary arc and the deionization of arc path and quality phase
should occur before reclosing is a affected. In this case it may be necessary to reduce secondary
arc current and does may call for compensation of phase to phase and phase to ground capacitance
of the line. In EHV system this is achieved by installing a single phase shunt reactor (neutral
grounding reactor) between neutral point of EHV and the earth. Study carried out have indicated
that for 400 kv lines , basic insulation of 550kvp may be adequate for the line terminal of the
neutral reactor .

Wave Traps
Wave trap also is known as line trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication
signals sent on the line from the remote substation and diverging them to the telecom/teleportation
panel in the substation control room (through coupling capacitor and lmu). This is relevant in
power line carrier communication(plcc) systems for communications among various substations

pg. 26
without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleportation
signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.
The line trap high independence to the high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the
flow of these signals into the substation bus bar. If there were not to be there, then signal loss is
more and communication will be probably impossible.
Transformer
The transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which an electrical power is transferred
from one alternating current circuit to another with the desired change in voltage and current
without any change in frequency. It works on the principle of mutual induction, mutual states that
when two coils are changed informally then an e.m.f gets induced in the other oil. This emf can
drive a current, when a closed path is provided to it.
The accessories fir mineral-oil transformer generally consists of:
1. A conservator tank.
2. Buchholz relay (gas-detector relay) for conservator-type transformer. Buchholz relay is
located in the pipe between the highest part of the transformer tank and conservator. The
relay pipe between the highest part of the transformer tank and conservator. The relay
consists of two sets of contacts, one contact for trip upon surge and other alarm upon gas
accumulation.
3. Breather of dehydrating type for conservator-type transformers containing a color indicator
(usually silica gel), piped to the conservator and mounted in such a way that it is accessible
from ground level
4. Winding temperature-indicator.
5. Oil-temperature indicator.
6. Cooling equipment like radiators, fans for forced air cooling, and pumps for forced oil-and
water-cooled transformer.
7. Tap changer in order to change the voltage range of the transformer.
8. Bushings.
9. Drain and sample valves.
Transformer specification used in bassi substation:
1. MVA: V-189/252/315/500.
IV-189/252/352.
LV-63/84/105.
2. RATED VOLTAGE: HV – 400KV
IV-220KV
LV -33KV
3. AMPERE: HV -273/364/455 A
pg. 27
 IV – 497/662/828 A
LV – 1104/1471/839 A
4. NO. OF PHASES: 3
5. FREQUENCY: 50HZ
6. TYPE OF COOLING: ONAN/ONAF/OFAF
7. IMPEDENCE VOLTAGE: 11.38%
8. CONNECTION SYMBOL: YNaOd11
9. MASS OF CORE AND WINDINGS: 145000 KG
10. MASS OF OIL: 64470
11. TOTAL MASS: 268000
12. MASS OF HEAVIEST PKG: 180000 KG
13. UNTANKING MASS: 18000 KG
14. UNTANKING HEIGHT: 7805 MM.
15. VOLUME OF OIL: 71630 L

5. MAIN AND TRANSFER BUS ARRANGEMENT

 The main and transfer bus confugration connects all circuits between the main bus and a
transfer bus (sometimes referred to as an inspection bus). Some arrangements include a bus
breaker and others simply utilize switches for the between the two buses.
 During normal operations, all circuits are connected to the main bus. So the operating
reliability is low; a main bus fault will de-energize all circuits.
 However, the transfer bus is used to improve the maintenance process by moving the line
of the circuit breaker to be maintenance process by moving the line of the circuit breaker
to be maintained to the transfer bus. Some systems are operated with the transfer bus
normally de-energized.
 When a circuit breaker needs to be maintained, the transfer bus is energized through the
breaker. Then the switch, nearest the transfer bus, on the circuit to be maintained is closed
and its breaker and associated isolation switches are opened. Thus transferring the line of
the circuit breaker to be maintained to the bus breaker and avoiding interruption to the
circuit load.
 The cost of the main and transfer bus arrangement is more than the single bus arrangement
because of the added transfer bus and switching devices.
 An operational capability of this configuration is that the main bus can be taken out-of-
service without an outage to the circuits by supplying from the transfer bus, but obviously,

pg. 28
 relay protection (recloser or fuse) immediately outside the substation should be considered
to minimize faults on any of the line circuit from causing station outages.
 This configuration is used for 220KV bus arrangements in bassi substation with an
exception that instead of one main buses and a transfer bus are used as shown in figure.

6. PROTECTIVE RELAYING AND SYSTEMS

Protection systems have a significant role in maintaining the stability and reliability of the electric
power grid. Their optimal performance plays a vital role and becomes more critical when the power
system is operating near its limits. Protection systems are used to detect and isolate faults or to
arrest adverse conditions that occur on the grid. Subsequently, misoperation of these systems must
be kept to a minimum. A primary objective of all power systems is to maintain a very high level
of continuity of service, and when intolerable conditions occur, to minimize the extent and me of
the outage. Loss of power, voltage dips, and overvoltage will occur, however, because it is
impossible, as well as impractical, to avoid the consequences of natural events, physical accidents,
equipment failure, or misoperation owing to human error. Many of these result in faults:
inadvertent, accidental connections and washovers between the phase wires or from the phase
wires to ground.

RELAYS
The institute of electrical and electronic engineers(IEEE) arelay as “an electric device that is
designed to respond to input conditions in a prescribed manner and, a specified conditions are met,
to cause contact operation or similar abrupt change in associated electric control circuits.” A note
adds: “ inputs are usually electric, but may be mechanical, thermal, or other quantities or a
combination of quantities. Limit switches and similar simple devices are not relays.” The IEEE
defines a protective relay as “ a relay whose function is to detect defective lines or apparatus or
other power system conditions of an abnormal or dangerous nature and ti initiate appropriate
control circuit action”.

LOGIC REPRESENTATION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

pg. 29
Logic representation of an electric relay is shown in figure. The components can be
electromechanical, electronic, or both. The logic functions are general in nature, so that in any
particular unit they may be combined or, n occasion, not required.

BASIC OBJECTIVES OF SYSTEM PROTECTION

the fundamental objective of system protection is to provide isolation of a problem area in the
power system quickly, so that the shock to the rest of the system is minimized and as much as
possible is left intact. Within this context, there are five basic facts of protective relay application.
The five basic facts are:
1) Reliability: assurance that the protection will perform correctly
2) Selectivity: maximum continuity of service with minimum system disconnection.
3) Speed of operation: minimum fault duration and consequent equipment demage and
system instability.
4) Simplicity: minimum protective equipment and associated circuitry to achieve the
protection objectives.
5) Economics: maximum protection at minimal total cost.

OPERATING CONDITIONS OF POWER SYSTEM

 Normal operation: under this condition, the power plant fukfils its dues and all
consumers receive both nominal voltage and frequency.
 Abnormal conditions: all consumers will be fed with voltage and/or frequency
which can be abnormal. Equipments parts of the plants are stressed out of limit
values. These operative conditions will me lead to a fault condition if not corrected.
 Fault condition: power plant will not be able to deliver/fulfill its functions. Due to
abnormal values, equipments will be stressed in such a way the sequential faults
will occur, and power system will collapse.
FAULT PROBABLITY
 Transmission lines 85%
 Bus bar 12%
 Transformer generator 3%

TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION

Transmission lines are used to transmit power from generation sources tobregional load areas or
adjacent power systems. Such lines are operated in network innotrder to provide the required
reliability. Transmission lines do not normally serve load directly to customers except in some

pg. 30
cases, when economically justified, to serve customers who relayed circuit breakers. These
breakers may use oil, gas , or vaccum as the interrupting and insulating medium.
Protection objectives for transmission lines should include the following:
1) Faults should be cleared as fast as possible in order to enhance the transient stability of the
power system, minimize voltage disturbance, and damage to equipment.
2) During a system fault condition, only those breakers required to isolate the fault should
trip, in order to minimize the scope of the resultant outage.
3) Overhead transmission lines should be re-energized automatically, following the clearing
of a fault in order to restore the line to service, if the fault is temporary in nature.
4) Protection should not restrict the line from being loaded to its maximum short-term
emergency load rang, to which it is operated.

TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT FOR LINE PROTECTION

 Non-directional overcurrent protection
 Instantaneous type
 Inverse-time type
 Definite-time type
1. Directional overcurrent protection
 Instantaneous type
 Inverse-time type
 Definite-time type
2. Distance protection
3. Differential protection
4. Phase comparision technique

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION( NON DIRECTIONAL AND DIRECTIONAL)

Overcurrent relaying is the simplest and cheapest, the most difficult to apply, and the quickest
to need readjustment or even replacement as a system changes. It is generally used for phase-
and ground-fault protection on station-service. It qwes its application from the fact that in the
event of fault the current would increase to a value several mesgreater than maximum load
current. It has a limitation that it can be applied only to simple and non - costly equipment. On
transmission lines, directional or non-directional relays are used as a backup protection.

No. Types of fault Operation of relay

1 Phase to ground fault (earth Earth fault relay
fault)

pg. 31
 2 Phase to phase fault not with Relate phase overcurrent
ground relays
3 Double phase to ground fault Relate phase overcurrent
relays and earth fault relays

 DISTANCE PROTECTION
Distance relays are one of the most important protection elements in a transmission line.
Distance relaying should be considerd when overcurrent relaying is too slow or is not
selective. Distance relays are generally used for phase-fault primary and backup protection
on sub-transmission lines, and on transmission lines where high-speed automatic reclosing
is not necessary to maintain stability and where the short time delay for end-zone faults can
be tolerated. Distance relays are preferred to overcurrent relays because they are not nearly
so much aspected by changes in short-circuit-current magnitude as over current relays are,
and hence, are much less expected by changes in generating capacity and in system
configuration.
These relays are set based in percentages of the line impedances, for example a typical
setting for zone 1 is 80% of the impedence of the line in order to not reach the remote end,
the zone 2 can be set at 120% of the impedance of the line in order to dependably overreach
the line, zone 3 sometimes are disabled or set to cover an adjacent line.

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
Current differential relaying is applied to protect many elements of a power system. The
simplest example of a current differential relaying scheme is shown in figure. Current
differential relaying scheme is as shown in figure. The protected elements, in this case, can
be a transmission line segment, to be protected.
As it can be seen from figure, for external faults the current in operating coil is zero and
hence, relay will not operate, while in figure, for internal fault, there is a difference current
through operating coil resulting in operation of relay.

 PHASE COMPARISON SCHEME

Phase comparision relaying blocks the operation of relay at both ends of line whenever the
carrier current signals are displaced in me so that there is little or nontime interval when a
signal is not being transmitted from one end or the other. Tripping of relay will occur when
the signals at both ends are concurrent and there is me between the consecutive concurrent
signals when no signal is being transmitted from both the ends. To achieve phase
comparision on these lines, the line CTs are so connected that their secondary current are

pg. 32
 180 degree out of phase when current is flowing in the feeder under both normal and/or
external fault conditions. It can be seen from the figure that the tripping will be achieved
only during internal fault conditions and not during external fault conditions. This scheme
is facilitated by power line carrier communication (PLCC) technology for carrier current
protection as shown in figure. This technique is an upgradation to pilot wire protection in
a way that for long overhead lines, the power line is itself used as the channel between
terminal equipments.
The coupling between line and earth is done through a series LC wide band filter tuned to
carrier frequency i.e allow only carrier frequency to pass through and others impedance to
power frequency. Wave traps are provided at the overhead line termination in series with
the phases used for signaling. They are tuned to power frequency. Hence over high
impedance to carrier frequency, thereby avoiding the interference between the carrier
signals of the adjacent lines provide continuity for the power circuit .
The signal is injected into the power lines as shown in figure through a coupling capacitor.
the signal is generated by a transmitter consisting of an electronic oscillator and an
amplifier at a frequency between 50KHZand 500KHZ. carrier current protection can only
be used for overhead lines because the capacitance of the cable would attenuate the carrier
signals to inectual values.

BUS BAR PROTECTION

The majority of bus faults involve one phase and earth, but faults arise from many causes
and a significant number are inter-phase clear of earth. In fact, a large proportion of bus
bar faults results from human error rather than the failure of switchgear components.
There is a need for a separate bus-bar protection on scheme. In its absence, the fault
clearance takes place in zone II of distance relay by remote end tripping. This results in
slow and unselective tripping and wide spread black out.
To overcome the above mentioned difficulties, differential bus bar protection scheme with
an operating time less than 0.1 sec., is commonly applied to many bus systems.

CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

The scheme of bus-bar protection, involves, kirchoff’s current law.total current leaving the
bus section. The principle of differential bus-bar protection is that secondaries of CTs are
connected parallel. The means,S1 terminalsof all CTs connected together and forms a bus
wire. Similarly S2 terminals of all CTs connected together to form another bus wire. A
tripping relay is connected across these two bus wires. It can be seen by kcl that under
normal conditions, no difference current flows through relay hence it doesn’t operate.
pg. 33
 During fault outside the protected area, he faulty current will pass through primary of the
CT of thayt feeder. This fault current is contributed by all other feeders connected to the
bus. So, contributed part of fault current flows through the corresponding CT of respective
feeder. Hence at that faulty condition, if we apply KCL at node K, we will still get, Ir=0.
Consider a situation on when faultis occurred on the bus itself. At this condition, also the
faulty connected to the bus. Hence, at this condition, sum of all contributed fault current is
equal to total faulty current. Now, at faulty path there ia no CT.
The sum of all secondary currents is no longer zero. It is equal to secondary equivalent of
faulty current. Now, if we apply KCL at the nodes, we will get a non-zero value of Ir. So
at this condition current starts flowing through relay and it makes trip the circuit breaker
corresponding to all the feeders, connected to this section of bus bar . as all the incoming
and outgoing feeders connected to this section of bus are tripped, the bus becomes dead.
This differential bus -bar protection scheme is also reffered as current differential
protection of bua-bar.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Transformers are critical and expensive component of the power system. Due to the long lead time
for repair of and replacement of transformers, a major goal of transformer protection is limiting
the damagr to a faulted transformer.
Some protection functions, such as over-excitation protection and temperature- based protection
may aid this goal by identifying operating conditions that may cause transformer failure. The
comprehensive transformer protection provided by multiple function protective relays is
appropriate for critical transformers of all applications.
It is common practice to provide buchholz relay protection to all 0.5 MVA and above transformers.
While for all small size distribution transformers, only high voltage fuses are used as main
protective device. For all larger rated and important distribution transformers, over current
protection along with restricted earth fault protection is applied. Differential protection should be
provided in the transformers rated above 5MVA.

BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Buchholz relay function is based on very simple mechanical phenomenon. It is mechanically
actuated. Whenever there will be a minor internal fault in the transformer such as an insulation
faults between turns, break down of core of transformer insulating oil will be decomposition of
transformer insulating oil will accumulate in the upper part the buchholz container which causes
pg. 34
fall of oil level in it fall of oil level means lowering the position of boat and thereby the mercury
switch .the contacts of this mercury switch ae closed and an alarm circuit energized.
More sever types of faults, such as short circuits between phases or to earth and faults in the tap
changing equipment, are accompanied by a surge of oil which striles the plate and causes the
mercury switch of the lower element to close. This switch energized the trip circuit of the circuit
breakers associated with the transformer and immediately isolate the faulty transformer from the
rest of the electrical power system by inter tripping the circuit breakers associated with both LV
and HV sides of the transformer.

7. GROUNDING SYSTEM
SUBSTATION GROUNDING
The substation grounding system is an essential part of all the electrical system. An electrical
system must have grounding to ensure safety. The proper grounding of a substation is important
for the following two reason:
1. It provides a mean of dissipating electric current into the earth without exceeding the
operating limits of the equipment.
2. It provides a safe environment to protect personnel in the vicinity of grounded facilities
from the dangers of electric shock under fault conditions.
If the over current device operates slowly,or not at all,during the occurrence of the ground fault,the
following may happen:

1. Damage of equipment
2. Ignition, fire,
3. Electrocution of personnel
Of the these factors,increased consideration must be given to electrocution of personnel and,
therefore, a high degree, of grounding protection should be implemented to safeguard human life.
SAFETY IN GROUDING
In principle, the objectives of a grounding design are as follows:

pg. 35
 1. To provide means to carry electric current into the earth under normal and fault conditions
without exceeding any operating and equipment limits,or adversely affect continuity of
services.
2. To make sure that a person in the vicinity of grounded facilities is not exposed to the danger
of critical electric shock.

CIRCUMSTANCES THAT GENERATE ELECTRIC SHOCK:

the circumstances that make electric shock accident possible are:
1. Relatively high fault current to ground in relation to the area of ground system,and its high
resistance to remote earth.
2. Soil resistivity and distribution of ground current such that high potential gradients may
occur at certain points at the surface.
3. Presence of an individual at such a point in me, and in such a position , that the human
body is bridging two points of high potential difference.
4. Absence of sufficient contact resistance, or other series resistance , which would limit
current through the human body to a safe value under the above circumstances.
5. Duration of fault and body contact, and hence, of the flow of current through a human body
for enough me to cause harm at the given intensity.

GROUNDING OF SUBSTATION
The primary objective in the design of substation grounding is to provide safe conditions for
personnel operating in and around the substation. Accidents to personnel result from grounding
potential rise(GPR) of the ground system during fault conditions on the connected power systems.
Therefore the grounding system must be designed to:
1.limit the potential rise of the substation on ground mat to an acceptable value for an
possible fault condition.
2. limit the resulting step, touch, and transfer potential in and around the substation to an
acceptable value.
DESIGN PARAMETER
The parameters that primarily determine the performance of the grounding system are:
1. Soil resistivity in the vicinity of earth embedded grounding conductors
2. Grounding grid area and geometry
3. Elements of connected power system including : transformer connections , overhead
connections , overhead ground wires , transmission tower grounding , counterpoise wires
and wires and use of URD cables.

pg. 36
 8.SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM
There are basically two types of equipment in a substation:
 Primary equipment and
 Secondary equipment

Primary equipment s include transformer, switchgear, etc. secondary equipment include

protection, control and communication equipment. Further, secondary equipment are categorized
into level in IEC 61850 standards. These are
 Station level
 Bay level
 Process level
The typical diagram indicating the above three levels of equipment shown:

Human Machine Interface (HMI) and communication units (comU) reside in the station level.
HMI is the interface to the operator at the substation. Here, an operator can control and monitor
the substation locally in the substations. ‘comU’ is the interface between substation and master
control center (MCC). These devices are connected to bay level devices via station bus. The
substation control system will communicate with protective device and bay processing unit
through station bus. The station bus is specified in the IEC-61850-8-1 part of the standard.

pg. 37
The main focus of IEC-61850 standard is to support the substation functions through the
communication of (numbers in bracket refer to those in above diagram):
 Sampled values for CTs and PTs (1)
 i/o data for protection and control (2)
 control and trip signals (3)
 Engineering and supervision signals (4)
 Data to control- center (6)
 Time – synchronous signals, etc.
An electric utility substation (SA) system depends on the substation and its associated
equipment to provide and maintain the high level of confidence demanded for power system
operation and control.
The electric utility SA system uses any number of devices integrated into a functional array
by a communication technology for the purpose of monitoring, controlling, and congregating
the substation. SA system incorporate microprocessor-based intelligent electronic devices
(IEDs), which provide inputs and outputs to the system while performing some primary
control or processing service. Common IEDs are protective relays, load survey and/or
operator indicating meters, revenue meters, programmable logic controller (PLCs) and power
equipment controllers of various descriptions. Other devices may also be present, dedicated
to specific functions for the SA system. These may include transducer, position sensor, and
cluster of interposing relays. Dedicated device open use a controller (SA controller) or
interface equipment such as a conventional remote terminal unit (RTU) as a means to connect
into the SA system. The SA system typically has one more communication connection to the
outside world.

pg. 38
 Common communication connections include utility operations centers, maintenance and
engineering centers. A substation display or users station, connected to or part of a substation
on host computer, may also present. Most SA systems connect to a traditional supervisory
control and data acquisition (SCADA) system master station serving the real needs for
operating the utility network from one or more operations center.SA systems may also
incorporate a variation of SCADA remote terminal unit (RTU) for this purpose or the RTU
function may appear in SA controller or substation host computer. other utility users usually
connect to the system through a bridge, gateway, or network processor
Communication has always played a critical role in the real operation of power system.
Telephone based remote control units were available as early as the 1930’s and were able to
provide status and control for a few points. As digital communication became a viable
optioning 1960’s, data from the substation syste3m (DAS) were installed to automatically
collect measurement data from the substations. Since bandwidth was limited. as we move into
the digital age, literally thousands and digital data points are available in a single intelligent
Electronic Device (IED) and communication bandwidth is no longer a limiting factor.
Consequently, a key component of a communication system is the ability to describe
themselves from both a data and services (communication functions that an IED performs)
perspective. other “key” requirements include:

 High-speed IED to IED communication

 Networkable throughout the utility enterprise
 High-availability
 Guaranteed delivery mes
 Standards based
 A multi-vendor interoperability
 Support for voltage and current samples data
 Support for file transfer
pg. 39
 SCOPE AND OUTLINE OF STANDARD IEC 61850
The document the various aspects within the substation communication network in 10 major
sections. Part 3, 4, and 5 of the standard start by identifying the general and specific functional
requirements for communication in a substation. These requirements are then used as forcing
function to aid in the identification of the services and models needed, application protocol
required, and the underlying transport, network, data link, and physical layer that will meet the
overall requirements. The major architectural construct that 61850 adopt is that of” abstracting”
the definition of the data items and the services. The abstract definitions the n allow “mapping” of
the data objects and services requirements. In order to facilitate this process and to eliminate much
of the human error component, an XML based substation configuration language
(SCL) was depend. It allows the formal description of the substation (switchyard). Each device
must provide an SCL that describes the configuration on of itself. Finally, part 10 of the document
defines a testing methodology in order to determine “conformance” with the numerous protocol
definitions and constraint in the document.

MODELING APPROACH
Legacy protocols have typically depended how bytes are transmitted on the wire. However, they
did not specify how data should be organized in devices in terms of the application. IEC 61850
provides a comprehensive model of how power system devices should organize data in a manner
that is consistent across all types and brands of devices.
Some devices use an SCL to configure the objects and the engineer need only import the SCL into
the device to configure it. Then, the IEC 61850 client application can extract the object from the
device over the network. The IEC 61850 devices model begins with a physical device. Within each
physical device, there may be one or more logical devices. And each logical device contains one

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or more logical nodes. A logical node is a named grouping of data and associated services that is
logically related to some power system functions
LOGIC NODES
 Function or equipment used in power system are represented in logical nodes, LN.
 An information and function in a substation in structured in atomic units, the LNs.
 Each LN provides a list of well-organized and named information complex functions use
for a circuit breaker has the generic name XCBR.
 New logical nodes can, if required, be created according rules demined in the standard.

LOGICAL NODES – IN TOTAL 92 DEVIDED INTO 13 GROUP

There are logical nodes for automatic control the names of which all begin with the layers “A”.
there are logical nodes for metering and measurement the name3s of which all begins with the
letter “M”. likewise, there are logical nodes for supervisory control (C), generic functions(G),
interfacing/arching (I), system logic nodes (L), protection (P), protection related (R), sensor (S),
instrument transformer (t), switchgear (X), power transformer (y).
The standard name of the logical node for a measurement unit for 3-phase power is MMXU. To
delineate between the measurements for these two feeders the IEC 61850 logical node may also
use an optional application specific LN-prefix to provide further identification on the purpose of
logical node. Each logical node contains one or more elements of data. Each element of data has a
unique name.

These data names are determined by the standard and functionally related to the power system.
For instance, a circuit breaker is modelled as an XCBR logical node. It contains variety of data
including Loc for determining if operational is remote or logical, opcnt for an operation count, pos
for the position, blkopn block breaker open commands, blkblc block breaker close commands, and
CBOpCap for the circuit breaker operating capability. Each element of data within the logical node
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conforms to the specification on of a common data class (CDC). Each CDC describe the type and
of the data within the logical node. For instance, there are CDCs for status information, measured,
information, controllable status information, measured information, controllable analog set point
information, status settings, and analog settings. Each individual a rebate of a CDC belongs to a
set of CDC a rebate into categories. For instance, in the single point status (SPS) CDC, there are
functional constraints for status (ST)a ributes, substituted value (SV) a ributes. In this example the
status a ributes of SPS class consists of a status value (stval), quality (Q), and a stamp (t).
For example, suppose that you have logical device named “relay1” consisting of a single circuit
breaker logical node XCBR1 for which you want to determine if the breaker is in the remote or
logical mode of operation. To determine this, you would read the object shown in figure.

RELAY/XCBR1$ST$Loc$stVal

SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION (SCADA)

As the demands for reliable power became greater and as labor became a more significant part of
the cost of providing electric power, technologies known as “supervisory control and data
acquisition “, or SCADA for short, were developed that would allow remote monitoring and even
control of key system parameters. SCADA system began to reduce and even eliminate the need
for personal to be on the handed at substation.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1. Early SCADA system provided remote indication control of substation parameter using
technology borrowed from automatic telephone switching system.
2. In 1932 Automatic Electric was advertising “remote control” products based on its
successful line “strowger” telephone switching apparatus.

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 3. In 1960 REDAC system that used telephone circuit (slow data rate and latency of data was
very poor – 10bit/s- so only the limited amount of data could be transferred using this
technology).
4. Early SCADA the marriage of teletype technology with digital electronics gave to birth to
remote terminal unit (RTU’s)

SCADA FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT

1. It will contain such information as system status point to be monitored, desired control
points, an analog quantity to be monitored.
2. It will also include identical on of acceptable delays between when an event happens
and when it is reported, required precision for analog quantities and acceptable
reliability levels.
3. It will also include a determination of the no of remote points to be monitored and
controlled.
4. It will also include a formal recantation of the physical, electrical, communication and
security environment in which the communication expected to operate.

SCADA COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT

Communication requirement include those elements that must be include in order to
meet the function requirements.
1. Identification of communication on traction source / destination/quantity.
2. Overall system topology for example star mesh.
3. Device /processor capabilities.
4. Timing issue.
5. Device addressing scheme.
6. Application data format.
7. Qualification of electromagnetic interference withstand requirement.
8. Application data format.
9. Qualification of electromagnetic interference withstand requirement.
10. Application data formats.

RELAY COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENT

Communication system is vital component of wide area power system relaying. They provide the
information links needed for the relay and control systems to operate. Relay system perform vital
functions to isolate local failures in genera on, transmission, and distribute on system so that they
will not spread to other of the interconnected power system. Because of potential loss of
communication, relay system must be designed to several communication systems, which can be
pg. 43
used for relay or SCADA communication. It should be noted that frequently relay application have
more stringent requirements for speed, latency than do SCADA application. Electric utilities use
a combination of analog and digital communication system for their operation consisting of
following:
 Power line carrier (PLC)
 Radio
 Microwave
 Leased phone lines
 Satellite system
 Fiber optics

COMPONENTS OF SCADA SYSTEM

SCADA systems employ a computerized SCADA master in which the remote information is either
displayed on an operator’s computer terminal or made available to a larger “energy management
system “through network communication. The substation RTU is either hardwired to digital,
analog and control point of frequently acts as sub “master” or data “concentrator” in which
connection to intelligent devices inside the substation are made using communication link.
With the introduction of network able communication protocols type by the IEC 61850 series of
standard, it is now possible to simultaneously support communication with multi clients located at

pg. 44
multiple remote locations.

SCADA COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

The fundamentals task of a SCADA communication protocol is to transport “payload” of

information (both analog and digital) from the substation to the control center and to allow remote
control in the substation of selected operating parameters from the control center. From a
communication perspective, all communication protocols have at their core a payload of
information that is to be transported. That payload is then wrapped in either a simple addressing
and error detection envelope and sent over a communication channel or is wrapped in additional
layers of application and networking protocols, which allow transport over wide area networks.
The OSI reference model breaks the communication task into seven logical pieces.
All communication links have a data source (application layer 7 information) and a physical path
(layer 1). Most links also have data link layer (layer 2) to provide message integrity protection.
Security can be applied at layer 1 or 2 if networking is not required but must be applied at or above
the network layer (layer 3) and is often applied at the application layer (layer 7) to allow packets
to be routed through a network. More sophisticated, networkable, protocols, add one or more of
layers 3-6 to provide networking, session management, and some mess data format conversion
services. In the middle - the networking – layers, interoperability over a common network can be
achieved if all applications agree on common networking protocols. For example, the growing
common use of the internet protocols TCP/IP represent a worldwide agreement to use common
networking practices to route messages of multiple types over multiple physical media in order to
achieve interoperability over a common network.

pg. 45
This figure show how device information encapsulated (starting at the top of the diagram) in each
of the lower layers in order to finally form the data packet at the data link layer, which is sent over
the physical medium. The encapsulated packet- the header and trailer and each layer’s payload --
- provides the added functionality at each level of the model, including routing information and
message integrity protection.

9.AUXILIARY SYSTEMS IN A SUBSTATION

The auxiliary systems in a substation comprises of following:
1. DC Distributed system
2. AC Distributed system
3. Diesel generator set for emergency conditions
4. Firefighting system
5. AC System

FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

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Since the cost of equipment installed in a substation is quite high, it becomes imperative to take
necessary measures to prevent the form spreading into other equipment during a mishap.
Firefighting systems used in the Bassi Substation are
1. Emulsifier system for transformer/reactor
2. Hydrant systems for transformer /reactor and buildings
3. Fire extinguishers
4. Fire buckets

EMULSIFIER SYSTEM
1. Used to protect transformer/reactors from fire
2. The transformer is surrounded by two lines of which one line consists of fire detectors
(quartz bulbs that blow at around 79 c) and the other line consists of nozzles to spray the
emulsifier (small water droplets) onto the transformer.
3. Deluge valve connects these two lines and remains balanced in normal conditions.
whenever a fire occurs, the bulb is broken and water is sprayed onto the transformer.

HYDRANT SYSTEM
 The hydrant is which allows the remain to connect his hose or standpipe to
the water main and also to control the of water as he requires
 It consists of a short length of pipe connected to water main, a valve and
outlet.
 A hose box is provided near hydrant. In hose box branch pipe and hose pipes
of required length are provided.
 Whenever it occurs hose pipe and branch pipe is taken from hose box and
connected to hydrant. The valve is opened to extinguish the fire.
Both the above mentioned system require a mechanism to pressurize water which consists of:
 Diesel Engine
 HVW motor
 Jockey pump
 Pressure switches
 Air vessel strainers
 Hydro Pneumatic Tank
 Hydrant pump

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The high velocity motor is used to pressurize the water. In case of AC supply failure, DG set is
used to run these pumps.
FIRE EXTENGUISHERS
 These are portable type extinguishing placed in reprove area for extinguishing small, which
can become bigger.
 These extinguishers may have dehydrate type of mediums for type of fires.

TYPE CONSTITUENT TYPE OF FIRE

EXTINGUOSHED
Water type Water and CO2 for CLASS A,
pressurizing the water
Foam type Al Sulphate and Sodium CLASS A, B
Bicarbonate producing CO2
Dry Chemical Powder Sodium or Potassium CLASS B, C, D
(DSP) Bicarbonate along with gas
cartridges
Carbon-Di oxide CO2 in pressurized CLASS B, C, Electrical Fire
condition

FIRE ALARM SYSTEM

In control room, smoke detectors are provided, which senses the fire and give alert alarm
for next action taken by persons. Complete system comprises of
 Detectors (ionization photoelectric heat type)
 Fire alarm panel
 Hooters

DC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The supply to all the switching equipment in a substation need to be continuous and
resilient to any system outages. For that purpose, we use dc supply using battery banks to
operate various equipment like trip coils of CB and relays etc.

There are two type of supply in PGCIL substation:

1) 220V 10 Cell with 600Ah capacity of each cell.
2) 50V x cell with 700Ah capacity of each cell
The cells used in the battery banks are either LMLA type (top-up of electrolytes reqd.)
or VRLA type (which has solid electrolytes.)

pg. 48
 1. 3.) There are two sets of battery chargers for each kind of supply to ensure
continuity in any convergence.
Each circuit breaker has two trip coils which are fed from separate DC distribution boards.
Similarly, there is separate supply for main-1 and main-2 protection.
Battery charger- The battery is charged using a charging unit consisting of SCRs, filters and a ring
system which is resend pulses to the thyristors periodically in a specific fashion.

AC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
AC supply is needed for various lighting, air-conditioning within the substation. It is also required
for operation of circuit breaker, isolators, earth switches etc. The single line diagram has two major
components namely the ACDB (AC distribution board) and the MSB (main switch board)
The system works at 415v and there is no requirement of isolators as the supply to CBs can be cut
by opening the CB at the bus coupler.
The MSB receives supply from RSEB and ICT and then supplies power to ACDB1, ACDB2,
colony, firefighting and lightning transformer.
The ACDBs in turn supply power to BMB (which supplies to CB, isolators, Earth switches etc.)
battery charger and illumination purpose loads.
The ACDB is also connected do DG set which ensures uninterrupted power supply to the
equipment attached to the ACDB in case the main AC supply fails.

10.UPCOMING PROJECTS
NATIONAL TRANSMISSION ASSET MANAGEMENT CENTRE (NTAMC)
 The emphasis on the power sector to ensure the growth in GDP has bought in many changes
in the business environment of power sector. The transmission sector being the integral
part is also facing multiple challenges like active bidding for transmission project, lack of
experienced manpower, stringent demands by the regulator etc.
 The technological development couple with failing prices of communication system and
information technology provides us the opportunity for virtual manning of substation
pg. 49
 thereby optimizing the requirement of skilled manpower and managing the asset with the
available skilled workforce.
 Thus, state of the art computerized control centers NTAMC & RTAMC with associated
telecommunication system and adapted substation for enabling remote centralized
operation, monitoring and control of POWERGRID transmission system has been
proposed.
 The aim is to have completely unmanned substation except security personnel. The
operations of the substations will be done from a remote centralized location i.e. NTAMC.
The RTAMC will co-ordinate the maintenance aspect of the substation from a centralized
location and will act as a backup to the NTAMC for operation. The maintenance activities
would be carried out by maintenance service hub (MSH). One MSH will cater to the
requirements of 3-4 substations in its vicinity in coordination with the respective RTAMCs.
 The substations and various control centers will be connected by redundant broadband
communication network through POWERGRID (Telecom) communication links.
 Telecom department to provide high speed communication links between NTAMC,
RTAMCs and substations.
 The connectivity status has been analyzed in association with LD&C for total protection.
Bandwidth requirement and connectivity scheme analyzed. At stations where this
connectivity is not possible, leased lines will be hired from other telecom operators up to
the nearest connection point.
 Total 192 substations connectivity will be planned in 2 phases.
>phase-1 120 substations
>phase-2 72 substations

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