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Guided Reading & Analysis: Ch18- Russia Unifies and Expands
ey Concepts For Period 4 1450-1750
K
Key Concept 4.1: Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange
KEY CONCEPT 4.2 New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production
I. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for
labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and
finished products.
KEY CONCEPT 4.3 State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion
I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power.
II. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to
establish large empires in both hemispheres.
III. Competition over trade routes (such as Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean and piracy in the
Caribbean), state rivalries (such as the Thirty Years War or the Ottoman-Safavid conflict), and local
resistance (such as bread riots) all provided significant challenges to state consolidation and expansion.
European
Interests in the Notes page 335-338 Analysis
Americas
What is considered the dividing line between Would you consider Russia to be
Europe and Asia? more tied to Europe or Asia?
Key Concept 4.1: The Ural Mountains are considered the dividing Explain
Globalizing line between Europe and Asia. I would consider Russia to be more
Networks of connected to Europe as most people
Communication What form of Christianity was practiced in live in Europe and consider
and Exchange Russia? themselves to be Europeans.
Russia practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
How would that connect Russia to
What impact did Mongol rule have on Russia? the Byzantine Empire/Eastern
1.Due to Mongol rule Russia didn’t go through the Europe?
Renaissance and Reformation. Both the Byzantine Empire and
2. Due to Mongol Rule Russia was taxed and the Russia believed in the Orthodox
Boyars got wealthy enough through being Christian Church further connecting
Mongolian tax collectors that they were able to these two empires as the only two
shake off the Mongols. Empires to believe in this form of
Christianity.
What commodity did Russia mainly trade with
Europe & China? How did the tribute system created
Russia mainly traded furs to Europe and China. by the Mongols lead to Russians
taking back control?
What did Russia import from England? The Russians used the same system
Russia imported cloth from England. for taxation and therefore Moscow
was able to take over and rule
What did Russia export along the Silk Road?
Russia exported leather, tar, grain, iron, hemp, What challenges would Russia face
wood, potash, and pitch. in trying to build a sea-based
empire?
Why did Peter the Great bring in technicians Russia did not have any warm water
from Western Europe into Russia? ports so they would have to invade the
Peter the Great brought these technicians to Crimean peninsula to get a warm
oversee the buildings of the first shipyards in water port.
Russia.
How does this term show the
Key Figures connection between the Byzantine
Ivan III empire and Russia? What image is
Define autocratic: Ivan III trying to project by using
relating to a ruler who has absolute power this term?
This term connects to the Byzantine
How did Ivan III obtain power and rule Russia? Empire because the Byzantine Empire
Ivan III did not pay tribute to the Mongols. Then, he believed themselves to be the Roman
unofficially called himself Tsar and married Zoe a Empire and made up the eastern
niece of the last Byzantine Emperor giving him portion of the Roman Empire. Ivan III
KEY CONCEPT religious legitimacy. Last, he connected all the is trying to project himself has the heir
4.3 State separate cities of Russia giving him prestige. to the Roman Empire and the sole
Consolidation ruler of Russia.
and Imperial Where does the term tsar come from?
Expansion
The term Tsar comes from Caesar and Tsar is
II. Rulers used a Russian for Caesar. Russians believed they were
variety of the third Rome and this is why their ruler was Why did Moscow replace Kiev as
methods to called Tsar. the political/economic center of
legitimize and Russia?
consolidate their Where and how did Ivan III expand Russia? The Russians were not a unified
He gained control over there longtime rival empire when Moscow rose as the
power.
Novgorod. Russia fought many wars and capital, individual principalities ruled
diplomacy to triple their size as a state. local areas and Kiev was essentially
the spiritual center of Rus and the
How did Ivan III use architecture to legitimize home of the most powerful Grand
his power? Support with examples: Princes. As such, it wasn't a capital,
Ivan the III made physical changes in Moscow by per se, but it was always a crossroads
building the Kremlin which allowed the city to grow for battles between rival leaders. And
in status and social power. This allowed the city to being between the Mongols, the
become a major trading center. Ottoman Turks, the Swedes, Poles,
Lithuanians and other competing
Describe the social hierarchy of Russian empires there were a few hundred
society: years when the territory around Kiev
1. Boyars: was ruled from somewhere else.
The boyars who were landowning nobles stood at
the top of the social pyramid. They would
III. Imperial experience tensions with the rulers. The Boyars of How was Russian serfdom different
expansion relied Novgorod had opposed Ivan’s polices so Ivan from European serfdom? (pg 223)
punished them after Ivan’s army conquered their While conditions had improved for
on the increased
land serfs in Western Europe by the 14th
use of
century, in Russia, wars weakened the
gunpowder,
3. Serfs: central government and increased the
cannons, and
Serfs were peasants who received a plot of land power of the nobility. This lead harsh
armed trade to and protection from a noble. In return the serfs conditions for serfs in Russia. They
establish large bound to the land and had little personal freedom had longer and more oppressive lives.
empires in both They became serfs after losing their
hemispheres. How did Ivan keep the Boyars from securing money as peasants from all the taxes
too much power? the government imposed. They had
He took their land and forced them and their fewer and fewer rights, and people
families to move to Moscow where he could keep were treated more terrible than the
a eye on them Western European serfs.
Ivan IV
What weapon did Ivan IV use to expand the Why is Russia sometimes referred
Russian empire? to as a “gunpowder” empire during
The expansion came to rely more and more upon this time period?
the use of gunpowder. Ivan used gunpowder to Was had a very large army during this
power the machines like guns and cannons to time period and they were also able to
defeat their enemies. conquer cast amount of land. The
reason they were able to do this is
How did Ivan IV use architecture to legitimize because of the weapons that they
his rule? used .The weapons that they usd
Ivan IV commissioned the building of St. Basil’s needed gunpowder to work. Russia
Cathedral that served as a visual reminder to the
nation that the tsar and the Church was united. used a vast amount of gunpowder to
The Russian Government made good efforts into conquer all the land.
converting people of Kazan to Orthodox
Christianity.
Who were the Cossacks? How did they help Why was control over the Volga
Russia expand? river important to Russia?
Cossacks are fierce peasant warriors who fought
the local tribes and the Siberian Khan. This helped The Volga River flowed directly into
Russia to gain control of the Volga RIver that flows the Caspian Sea. This allowed for
into the Caspian Sea. Russians to possess the outlet of the
sea, and Moscow can now trade
How far east did Russia expand to? directly with Persia and the Ottoman
Russia would continue moving east into Siberia Empire without having to deal with the
after the rule of Ivan IV and Russia would expand strong forces of the Crimean Tartars.
until the Pacific ocean and then cross the ocean to
reach Alaska.
Who were the Oprichnina? Who were they What impact would the
sent to oppress? missionaries have on creating a
Oprichnina are a parliamentary force loyal to Ivan. Russian identity?
They were dressed in black and traveled quickly The missionaries helped convert many
on horseback that showed fierce royalty to Ivan. people to Eastern Orthodoxy, and they
They were sent to oppress the boyars and assure helped transform Russia into a
their loyalty to Ivan. Eastern Orthodox nation.
KEY Who are the Romanovs? How long did they rule?
CONCEPT The Romanov family w725, Russia had 48 ships Why do you think he promoted
4.3 State of the line and 800 galleys. The officers in the navy more inclusion for women in the
Consolidation were foreign but the crews were Russian.Peter the nobility?
and Imperial Great took the best parts of both systems and One reason he may have included
Expansion introduced a standing army in 1699. All soldiers more women is because after
Rulers used a received similar training so that the army had journeying to western Europe he
variety of uniformity. The Streltsy was abolished. Two new found out that in order to modernize
methods to his state, he would need to have
elite Guards regiments were created – the
legitimize and more women playing an active role
Preobrazhenskii and the Semeovskii. These were
consolidate in his society.
closely watched by an elite. From 1705 on, both
their power.
nobles and serfs could be conscripted for life long
service in the army. By 1725, Russia had 130,000
men in the army. Discipline was savage but by the
death of Peter, the army was up to European
standards though untested in western Europe.
KEY
CONCEPT What was the significance of St.Petersburg’s
4.2 New location?
Forms of limate of Saint Petersburg is close to the climate
C How would this limit the power of
Social of Helsinki, although colder in winter and warmer in the Boyars?
Organization summer because of its more eastern location. The Boyars would no longer be
able to plot behind his back in
and Modes of
How did he modernize St. Petersburg? attempts to overthrow him. He
Production
Peter made the layout of the city into a rectangular grid could keep a constant watch on the
I. Traditional
pattern instead of random patterns like the old cities Boyars.
peasant
such as Moscow. He drained the marshes and began to
agriculture How is this similar to the plans
build streets as well as government buildings.
increased and that Genghis Khan implemented?
changed, Genghis Khan also selected the
What reforms did Peter the Great pass for Russia?
plantations people who were artisans and
He wanted his aristocrats to look like the ones he had
expanded, encountered in Western Europe so he order all his specialized in something to join his
and demand nobility to have their beards trimmed and sleeves empire. He beheaded the others.
for labor tailored. He also wanted his boyars to have their sons
increased. educated so he made education mandatory.
These
changes both Who did Peter the Great’s reform impact? Who did
fed and not benefit?
responded to Peter the Great’s reforms mostly impacted the Why is it surprising that she
growing global noble/boyar class. His reforms did not benefit the serfs ruled Russia?
and he actually lowered the status of serfs by making The society was very patriarchal
demand for
them pseudo-slaves. and hard for a women to begin
raw materials
ruling the land. The Boyars also
and finished
What new industries did he promote? would’ve used this as a reason to
products.
One of the new industries he promoted was shipyards in take power away from the
St. Petersburg because he was so fascinated with monarchs.
western European naval technology. He also built mines
in the Ural mountains. On top of that, he also promoted What does this reveal about her
private industries. goals for Russia?
She was an educated women and
Why did he begin to raise taxes? How did this she knew what was wrong in
impact the serfs? Russia. She had Russia’s best
He began to raise taxes because his industries weren’t interest in mind when she began
bringing in enough profit. This put the peasants into an her rule.
even more depressed system.
Why did she convert to the Orthodox church? What does this tell you about the
It would help legitimize her rule over Russia if it looked strength of the Ottoman empire
like she was backed by God. in the 18th century?
What reforms did Catharine the Great implement? The strength of the Ottoman
She attempted to codify the Russian law codes as well Empire was pretty weak back then,
as ban torture as a punishment. She also exempted and they were not able to stand up
boyars from paying taxes. to the large Russian forces that the
Russian government have control
over.
What compromises did she make with the Boyars?
She allowed the boyars to stop serving the state service
they were obligated to since Peter’s reign. She also
exempted them from taxes so they would take her side
in case of a rebellion.
What were the similarities between France & Russia The Emancipation Proclamation.
in the 18th century?
Each country was ruled by a well-known ruler. Louis XIV
in France and Peter the Great in Russia. They didn’t Why would it take until the 20th
have a legislative body. Both rulers in each country had century for Russians to
an ambition for land expansion of their country. They overthrow their government
also had financial difficulties. despite similar conditions? The
peasants in Russia were so oppressed and
What differences existed between France & Russia put down with such authority that it
in the 18th century? suppressed uprisings until the 20th century
Russian culture didn’t yet focused on the ideals of when the government was weak enough.
Enlightenment such as progress, reason, and natural
law while France did. There was no reformation in
Russia while France did have one. Russian serfs were
set free a century later than the French.
Answer 1.
Include 1 A. Louis XIV built the
short palace of Versailles in
answer order to centralize his
1. Answer power and keep an
A,B and C eye on the nobles. He
made the nobles live
in the Palace of
Versaille for a
minimum of 6
months. This allowed
him to become
friends with his
nobles and keep an
eye on them so they
Palace of Versailles, outside the city of Paris, was built between
don’t rebel which
1678 and 1682
helped Louis XIV to
legitimize his rule.
Section2: HIPP
Historical Context:
Peter the Great wanted to modernize and add Western ideals into traditional and backwards
Russia. He often cut the beards off of the Russian autocracy because Western Europe
autocracy did not have beards.
Intended Audience:
This was intended for other Russians so they would learn to imbibe Western European qualities
into their life.
Purpose:
This was to make Russia more modern and embrace the modernization and rebirth through the
renaissance that Western Europe was experiencing.
Point of View
Traditionalist Russians wanted to go back to the old ways and they wanted to keep the ideals of
old Russia. They believed that Western Europe customs should stay in Western Europe and
Russian customs should be what we follow.