Communications systems 2016-2017

Question one

Draw a well labeled diagram of a basic communication model describing the

function of each element in model.

Sender:
To transfer an image to another person, the sender first must transpose or translate the images
into symbols that receivers can understand. Symbols often are words but can be pictures, sounds,
or sense information (e.g., touch or smell). Only through symbols can the mental images of a
sender have meaning for others.
Encoder:
The process of translating images into symbols is called
Encoding.
Or The encoding of a message is the production of the message

Once a message has been encoded, the next level in the communication process is to transmit or
communicate the message to a receive
Decoder:
The decoding of a message is how an audience member is able to understand, and interpret the
message.
When a message is received by another person, a decoding process occurs. Just as a sender must
encode messages in preparation for transmission through communication channels, receivers
must sense and interpret the symbols and then decode the information back into images,
emotions, and thoughts that make sense to them.
Communication channels.
During the communication process, information flows forward, backwards and sideways. This
flow of information is called communication. Communication channels refer to the way this
information flows within the sender and the receiver.
Show that doubling the transmission frequency or between transmitting antenna and
receiving antenna received by 6dB
Solution
Explain why countries are advocating for migration from analog to digital Transmission

Solution:
What is digital migration?
Digital Broadcasting Migration is a process in which broadcasting services offered on the
traditional analog technology are replaced with digital based networks over a specific period.
The transition or switch from analog television to digital television is referred to as the Digital
Migration.

What are the benefits of digital migration?

Digital broadcasting is the way the world is moving. Migration will enhance the lives of the TV
viewing public and Ugandans as a whole through the following benefits:
BETTER QUALITY TV
The digital broadcasting experience, enabled by a Set Top Box (STB) connected to your analog
TV set or viewed via a digital TV set, offers a sharper, brighter picture, with reduced "ghosting”
and interference. What’s more, the audio signal is much clearer, so you enjoy improved sound
quality.
MORE CHOICE
Digital signals take up much less bandwidth than the analogue signals. That means we can
broadcast up to 10 TV channels in the space currently used to carry one - giving potential
entrants to broadcasting greater ease of entry, while viewers will have many more channels to
choose from, with more content.
MORE ACCESS
Digital broadcasting will ensure TV viewers in Uganda have improved television reception,
particularly in areas with poor signal strength.
MORE SERVICES
Because digital signals use less bandwidth than analogue signals, digital TV broadcasting will
free up spectrum for other uses that will ultimately benefit Ugandans, e.g. wireless broadband,
telephony, etc.
 VIEWING OPTIONS
Digital Migration will enable interactive video and data services that are not possible with
"analog” technology. Broadcasters will be able to incorporate special functions to the viewing
experience, such as audio description and subtitles for those with hearing impairments, amongst
others.
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
Digital Migration will help reduce on the environmental impact of broadcast infrastructure by the
ability to use single broadcast infrastructures with multiple broadcasters instead of independent
parallel networks.
JOB CREATION
Digital Migration will allow new business opportunities and more players in the market, and in
turn provide more jobs for Ugandans in broadcasting and digital content-generation.

Extending the transmission coverage area:

The digital transition provides the opportunity to extend the signal coverage area within a
country so that more people can share the same television programmes.

Question Two

Compare Shannon and Nyquist in the study of communication channel.

1. solution

A very important consideration in data communications how fast we can send data. In bits per
second, over a channel. Data rate depends on three factors –

(i) The band width available

(ii) The level of the signals we use

(iii) The quality of the channel (the level noise).

Two theoretical formulas were developed to calculate the data rate- one by Nyquist for a
noiseless channel, another by Shannon for a noisy channel.
Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate – For a noiseless channel, the

Nyquist bit rate formula defines the theoretical maximum bit rate

r = 2 *B * log2 L

In this formula, B is the bandwidth of the channel, L is the number of signal levels used to
represent data, and r is the bit rate in bits per second.

According to the formula, we might think that, given a specific bandwidth, we can have any bit
rate we want by increasing the number of signal levels.

Although the idea is theoretically correct, practically there is a limit. When we increase the
number of signal levels, we impose a burden on the receiver. If the number of levels in a signal is
just 2, the receiver can easily distinguish between a 0 and a 1. If the level of a signal is 64, the
receiver must be very sophisticated to distinguish between 64 different levels. In other words,
increasing the levels of a signal reduces the reliability of the system.

Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity

In reality, we cannot have a noiseless channel; the channel is always noisy. In 1944, Cloude-
shannon introduced a formula called the Shannon capac1fy, to determine the theoretical highest
data rate for a noisy Channel.

C = B * Iog2 (1 + SNR)

In this formula B is the bandwidth of the channel, SNR is the signal-to noise ratio, and C is the
capacity of the channel in bits per second. Note that the Shannon formula there is no indication
of the signal level, which means that no matter how many levels we have.

We cannot achieve a data rate higher than the capacity of the channel. In other words, the
formula defines a characteristic of the channel, not the method of transmission.

In conclusion, we can say for channel capacity that the Shannon capacity gives us the’
upper limit while the Nyquist formula tells us how many signal levels we need.

Both rely on increasing the date rate by increasing the signal strength or bandwidth
A radio station has been assigned frequencies ranging from 90 Khz to 90.3 Khz
and operates in the presence of white thermal noise. If the signal to noise ratio is
3dB, calculate the channel capacity of the radio channel

Solution
Determine the probability density function of the output Y(t) at a particular
(b) Determine whether or not Y{t) is stationary.
(c) Determine whether or not Y{t) is ergodic.
With the aid of a well labeled diagrams, explain the term multiplexing and
the different multiplexing techniques used (5 marks)

Multiplexing is a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are combined into one signal over a
shared medium. The aim is to share a scarce resource. For example, in telecommunications, several
telephone calls may be carried using one wire.
The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel such as a cable. The multiplexing
divides the capacity of the communication channel into several logical channels, one for each message
signal or data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known as demultiplexing, extracts the original
channels on the receiver end.

There are two basic forms of multiplexing used:

 Time division multiplexing (TDM)

 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)

Frequency Division Multiplexing

The FDM is an analog multiplexing that combines analog signals. Frequency division multiplexing
is applied when the bandwidth of the link is greater than the combined bandwidth of the signals to
be transmitted.

In this type of multiplexing, signals are generated by sending different device-modulated carrier
frequencies, and these modulated signals are then combined into a single signal that can be
transported by the link. To accommodate the modulated signal, the carrier frequencies are
separated with enough bandwidth, and these bandwidth ranges are the channels through which
different signals travel. These channels can be separated by unused bandwidth. Some of the
examples for the time division multiplexing include radio and television signal transmission.

Time-Division Multiplexing

Time division multiplexing is a technique used to transmit a signal over a single communication
channel by dividing the time frame into slots – one slot for each message signal.

Time-division multiplexing is primarily applied to digital signals as well as analog signals, wherein
several low speed channels are multiplexed into high-speed channels for transmission.

Based on the time, each low-speed channel is allocated to a specific position, where it works in
synchronized mode. At both the ends, i.e., the multiplexer and demultiplexer are timely
synchronized and simultaneously switched to the next channel

Question four

Three screws are drawn at random from a lot of 100 screws, 10 of which are defective. Find
the probability of the event that all 3 screws drawn are non-defective, assuming that we
draw
a) With replacement
with replacement its 0.9 * 0.9 * 0.9 = 0.729
b) Without replacement
Without replacement its 90C3 / 100C3 = 0.7265

A batch of 200 iron rods consists of 50 oversized rods, 50 undersized rods, and 100 rods of
the desired length. If two rods are drawn at random without replacement, what is the
probability of obtaining

(a) Two rods of the desired length

So the odds of getting one rod of the desired length is 100/200 = 1/2

then the total number is now 199 with 99 of the desired length. So the odds of the second being the
desired length are 99/199

So the odds of the two happening are (1/2)*(99/199) = 24.87%

(b) Exactly one of the desired length
let's say we get it right on the first try. The odds again are (1/2). Now we must get a non-desired length
rod. There are 100 of those left out of 199.
So the odds of the first being the right length and the second being not the right length are
(1/2)*(100/199) = 25.13%. Now the odds of the first being wrong and the second being right are
(1/2)*(100/199). So we sum the two probabilities to get 50.26%.
(c) None of the desired length?
This is the same as 1-P(1 of desired length)-2(desired length) = 1 - 24.87-50.26 = 24.87%